Implications Of Global Warming Research Articles

Evaluating the effects of short-term low temperature on the growth and development of Trichopria drosophilae based on the age–stage two-sex life table

BackgroundThe effects of low temperatures on parasitic wasps are crucial for maintaining farmland biodiversity and enhancing biological control, especially given the implications of global warming and frequent extreme cold events.MethodsWe studied the effects of different low temperatures (−8 ± 1 °C, −4 ± 1 °C, 0 ± 1 °C, 4 ± 1 °C, and 8 ± 1 °C) on the mating frequency and duration of male adults of Trichopria drosophilae and the number of pupae beaten by female adults, and constructed the age–stage two-sex life table of T. drosophilae.ResultsThis study found that male T. drosophilae adults exposed to low temperatures for 12 h significantly altered their mating behavior, peaking between 15:00 and 17:00. As the temperature dropped during the exposure, both the mating frequency of T. drosophilae and the duration of pupal beating were affected. The survival rate of female adults dropped from 39.55% at 8 °C to just 21.17% at −8 °C. Low-temperature treatment shortened the development period and lifespan for T. drosophilae adults. They developed 4.71 days faster and had a total lifespan that was 10.66 days shorter than those in the control group after being exposed to −8 °C. Furthermore, the average number of eggs laid by females at −8 °C was 4.46 less than that at 8 °C and 6.16 less than that in the control group, which laid an average of 21.55 eggs. The net reproductive rate (R0) of T. drosophilae decreased with lower temperatures, reaching a low of 23.64 at −8 °C. Conversely, the intrinsic growth rate (rm) actually increased as temperatures dropped, with the lowest value being 0.21 at −8 °C.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that short-term exposure to low temperatures hampers the growth and population increase of T. drosophilae, thereby reducing their effectiveness as biological control agents.Graphical

Global warming: Causes, impacts and urgent strategies for a sustainable future: A review

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

Modulation of soil nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen leaching by hillslope hydrological processes

Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen (N) leaching are key pathways for soil N loss in hillslope ecosystem, with potential implications for global warming and water body eutrophication. While soil N loss in hillslope ecosystem has been extensively studied, there is limited understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and factors driving soil N2O emissions and N leaching from a hillslope hydrology perspective. This study investigated N concentrations in leachate and soil N2O fluxes and their responses to soil hydrological factors on a tea plantation (TP) hillslope and a bamboo forest (BF) hillslope. Four distinct precipitation patterns—spring rainfall (SR), plum rain (PR), summer flood rain (SF), and drought period (DR)—were identified based on precipitation intensity, duration, and cumulative precipitation. Results showed that, soil N2O flux and leachate N concentrations were 8.2 times and 18.0 times higher On TP hillslope compared to the BF hillslope. The greatest soil N2O fluxes occurred during the PR period, while the lowest were observed during the DR period. Precipitation increased soil water content (SWC) and water-filled pore space, stimulating soil N cycling for N2O production. Fertilization activities and precipitation led to peak N concentration in leachate during the SR period. Additionally, soil wetness index (SWI) shaped spatial patterns of SWC, resulting in distinct spatial patterns of N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Locations with higher SWI exhibited greater soil N2O flux and higher nitrate concentrations in leachate. This study emphasizes the significant effect of soil hydrological processes on soil N2O emissions and N leaching in hillslope ecosystems, providing valuable insights for N management in these environments.

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) Voltinism: Implications for Fruit Production in Southern Brazil.

The leafroller Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) is an important pest of temperate fruits. Its biology and population dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature. In this context, this study aims to select a mathematical model that accurately describes the temperature-dependent development rate of A. sphaleropa and applies this model to predict the impact of climate change on the number of annual generations (voltinism) of the pest in southern Brazil. Nine mathematical models were employed to fit the species' developmental rate at different constant temperatures. Voltinism was projected using climate data from the current period (1994-2013) and projections for 2050 and 2070. The Brière-1 model (D(T) = aT(T-TL)(TH-T)1/2) provided the best fit for the temperature-dependent developmental rate of A. sphaleropa. According to this model, the regions with the highest voltinism under current climatic conditions are the northern and central areas of Paraná, the western and northeastern regions of Santa Catarina, and northwestern Rio Grande do Sul. The model also predicts a rise in A. sphaleropa voltinism as a consequence of climate change, especially in the mountainous regions of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, with projected increases of up to 25.1%. These regions encompass most areas where temperate fruits used as hosts by the leafroller are cultivated. This study represents a significant advancement in understanding the implications of global warming on A. sphaleropa voltinism and suggests that forthcoming climatic conditions will likely favor the species across much of southern Brazil.

Centennial-scale cooling-induced megadroughts in Myanmar's tropical arid region over the past 8000 years

The future impact of global warming on tropical arid regions is unclear due to uncertainties about the correlation between rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. A critical factor is the reliability of the sedimentary chronologies. Hence, to better understand the potential long-term consequences of climatic warming or cooling for tropical arid regions we compared a pollen record from the annually-laminated sediments of a crater lake in Myanmar with ice core records of the Siberian High, both of which have an annual resolution. Our findings reveal that over the past 8000 years, the Myanmar region experienced six significant drought events, three of which coincided precisely with intensifications of the Siberian High-pressure system. Furthermore, five out of these six events were synchronous with the North Atlantic Bond events within the limit of the dating uncertainties. Conversely, warm periods were associated with increased precipitation along with relatively short-lived drought events. Our findings suggest that regardless of the El Niño intensity, a cooling trend in the Northern Hemisphere may result in persistent extreme drought conditions in arid tropical regions. Therefore, as well as the environmental implications of global warming, it is also important to address the potential hazards associated with cooling, especially in arid tropical regions. To facilitate effective disaster management and to develop strategies for climate change mitigation, it is crucial to better understand the complex relationship between temperature fluctuations and drought. Overall, our findings are a reminder of the importance of not ignoring the potential disasters that may arise from cooling trends while focusing exclusively on warming.

Temperature and water stresses on antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants have implications for sustainable use and global warming

Some traditional healers believe that herbal medicines derived from wild populations have higher activity than cultivated medicinal plants. This has important implications for the conservation of medicinal plants if traditional healers do not want to use cultivated plants. We have previously shown that water and temperature stresses have little effect on antimicrobial activity acetone leaf extracts of Leonotis dysophylla Benth., Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. and Tulbaghia violacea Harv. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts may be important in treating several different diseases. We have therefore investigated the effect of water and temperature stresses on the quantitative and qualitative antioxidant activity of these species in plants with limited genetic variation using 6‑hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and l-ascorbic acid as positive controls. Activity was measured against two free radicals, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). All plant extracts had some antioxidant activity following 182 to 240 days of exposure to temperature (15 °C and 30 °C) and water (50–500 ml/pot every second day) treatments. The IC50 values across water treatments did not show any clear patterns, which suggests that water stress had little influence on the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the IC50 values under high temperature of 30 °C were statistically significantly higher than those under the temperature of 15 °C, which indicates that high temperature led to a reduced antioxidant activity. The effect of fluctuating temperatures higher than 30 °C because of prevailing global warming is more likely to lower the antioxidant activity of many important medicinal plants in nature. The results also indicate that plants in nature do not necessarily have higher activity to address concerns of traditional healers. Using cultivated plants may affect the quality and/or safety of medicinal properties to be used to treat different illnesses. As such, the establishment of optimal growth regimes for ex situ cultivation for important and especially threatened medicinal plants is recommended. It may help yield consistent supply of quality and quantity of bioactive material for self-medication and commercialisation. Cultivation may also contribute to conservation of species biodiversity.

Rare bioerosion in large benthic foraminifera in the Eocene of NE Iran: Implications for global warming and trophic regime

Bioerosion is rare in large benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Eocene of Ziarat Formation, Iran. Three bioerosion ichnotaxa have been identified, including more common Trypanites isp. and Entobia isp., and rare Meandropolydora sulcans. The rare bioerosional traces in LBF tests support the scenario of an oligotrophic nutrient regime during the studied interval. The sedimentation rate may have also been among the controls on the bioerosion of LBF in the Middle Eocene of Iran, but the oligotrophic nutrient regime likely had a stronger effect. The bioerosion of LBF tests during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) was rather low or at maximum moderate, suggesting that an oligotrophic nutrient regime could compensate for the increase in bioerosion caused by ocean acidification and warming.

Patterns of summer ichthyoplankton distribution, including invasive species, in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

A multidisciplinary survey was carried out in the Pacific Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the North Pacific Ocean on the Korean icebreaking research vessel Araon. During this survey, ichthyoplankton fishes in the Pacific Arctic and sub-Arctic region ranged from the Bering Sea to the northern Chukchi Shelf in summer. The most dominant species was Gadus chalcogrammus, followed by Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus and Boreogadus saida. Gadus chalcogrammus and P. quadrituberculatus were particularly abundant near the Bering Sea and Bering Strait, whereas B. saida was dominant in the Chukchi Sea. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four distinct ichthyoplankton communities in Pacific Arctic and sub-Arctic regions based on geographical regions. However, Eleginus gracilis, which was previously known to be seen between latitudes 66.5°N and 69.5°N, was found above 70°N, suggesting that its distribution extends further north. Furthermore, we noticed that Benthosema glaciale, which is usually found in the Atlantic sector of Arctic Ocean, was observed in the northern Chukchi Sea. In addition to these unusual species distributions, several species that are mainly observed in coastal areas are observed in the Chukchi Sea region. The observed influx of various uncommon fish species into the Chukchi Sea can be attributed to multiple factors, including freshwater inflow from the East Siberian Sea and the intrusion of warm Atlantic and Pacific waters, which are strongly affected by global warming. Consequently, it is imperative to conduct rigorous monitoring of the Pacific Arctic region, with a particular focus on the Chukchi Sea, to better understand the implications of global warming.

Influence paradigms of soil moisture on land surface energy partitioning under different climatic conditions

Soil moisture (SM) directly controls the land surface energy partition which plays an important role in the formation of extreme weather events. However, its dependence on specific climatic conditions is not thoroughly understood due to the complexity of soil moisture effects. Here, we examine the relationship between SM and surface energy partitioning under different climate conditions, and identify the influence paradigms of soil moisture on surface energy partition. We find that temperature changes can explicitly determine the impact paradigm of different physical processes, i.e. evapotranspiration, soil freezing and thawing, and such influence paradigms are also affected by atmospheric aridity (VPD). Globally, there are five paradigms that effects on surface energy partitioning, including the warm-wet paradigm (WW), transitional paradigm (TP), warm-dry paradigm (WD), cool-wet paradigm (CW) and cold paradigm (CP). Since 1981, the global area proportion for TP is observed to increase pronouncedly. We also find that the critical SM threshold exhibits regional variations and the global average is 0.45 m3/m3. The identified paradigms and their long-term change trends provide new insights into the global intensification of land-atmosphere interaction, which has important implications for global warming and the formation of heatwaves.

Technological Advancements and the Changing Face of Crop Yield Stability in Asia

Recent technological advancements have revolutionized agriculture in Asia, leading to significant changes in crop yield stability. This study examines the changing face of crop yield stability in Asia resulting from the increasing adoption of innovative technologies in agriculture. Through a review of current research and case studies, the impact of technology-driven changes on yield levels, variability, and predictability is explored. The study applies a yield stability index (YSI) to evaluate the yield stability of six crops in seven Asian countries during two periods (1961–1994 and 1995–2020), comparing the countries, crops, and stability changes between the two segments. The novelty of the research is the application of YSI, which, contrary to usual stability metrics, can distinguish between rare large extreme yields and frequent minor fluctuations, and based on this feature, evaluates the suitability of the prevailing technologies to local environmental conditions. The YSI is used to evaluate the stability of technologies, indicating whether the technologies can respond well to the annual variations of environmental conditions. Positive YSI values indicate stable technologies that can respond well to the annual variations of environmental conditions, and the concept of a well-technologized crop is used for crops in countries with stable positive YSI values, indicating the suitability of the actual crop to the actual geographical environment. These results can guide production technology developments and the introduction or abandonment of certain crops in certain geographical zones, especially regarding the implications of climate change and global warming. This study highlights the transformative power of technology in improving crop yield stability and food security in Asia, while discussing the potential challenges associated with these changes and the need for continued research to address them.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Is shareholder interest in corporate social responsibility driven by pecuniary motives (abnormal rates of return) or nonpecuniary ones (willingness to sacrifice returns to address various firm externalities)? To answer this question, we summarize the literature by focusing on seven tests: ( a) costs of capital, ( b) performance of portfolios, ( c) ownership by types of institutions, ( d) surveys and experiments, ( e) managerial motives, ( f) shareholder proposals, and ( g) firm inclusion in responsibility indices. These tests predominantly indicate that shareholders are driven by nonpecuniary motives. To stimulate further research on welfare implications for global warming, we assess whether estimates of the foregone returns for shareholders willing to reduce carbon emissions (or “greeniums”), along with the wealth pledged to firms that become sustainable, are consistent with the growth of aggregate investments in the decarbonization sector.

Exploring the nexus of climate variability, population dynamics, and maize production in Togo: Implications for global warming and food security

Maize, which serves as the primary staple crop in Togo, plays a crucial role in supporting rural communities and ensuring food security. Comprehending the complex relationship between Togo's maize production, population dynamics, and climate variability is crucial for mitigating the impacts of global warming and guaranteeing long-term food security. The present study examines the climate patterns and their impact on maize cultivation in Togo for the period spanning from 1990 to 2020. During this temporal interval, significant variations were seen in important climate indices. The levels of rainfall and the frequency of wet days exhibited notable fluctuations, whereas the temperature and concentrations of air pollutants, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), had a persistent rising trajectory. The recorded temperature exhibited an increase from 27 ​°C in 1990 to 29 ​°C in 2020. The levels of CO2 emissions had a substantial increase from 1000 ​kt in 1990 to an estimated 2500 ​kt in 2020. Similarly, the emissions of N2O witnessed a notable rise of more than 800 ​kt over the same time frame. Using time series analysis, we examined the temporal characteristics and employed ARIMA predictive models to project maize production over the upcoming decade, considering the gradual decrease in rural population density. The studies highlight the significant implications of global warming on a worldwide scale, exerting a profound impact on the Earth. The agriculture sector, specifically maize production, had notable variations in yield and overall output. Notwithstanding the inherent fluctuations in output, maize continues to maintain its position as the most widely consumed and preferred crop in Togo, even in the face of the country's rapidly expanding population. As a result, Togo has increased its imports of maize to satisfy the growing demand. The present study sheds light on the intricate relationship between production parameters, including yield and quantity, and a range of environmental variables such as the frequency of precipitation, temperature, and levels of N2O, in addition to rural and urban population density. The statement underscores the pressing necessity to confront the issue of global warming and its subsequent impacts on agricultural methodologies. Furthermore, the results underscore the significance of considering population dynamics and climate variables in the prediction of forthcoming agricultural outcomes.

Smaller, lighter coloured and less hairy Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) in warmer climate

The relationship between body size, colour and hairiness of Procladius of the Diptera family Chironomidae and climate measured as annual mean air temperature was analysed. The study was based on 453 males representing 31 species from 253 localities in 27 countries in Europe and six elsewhere. Wing length as well as three other characters reflecting body size showed significant decrease with warmer climate conditions. The results are in line with several other studies of insects concluding that adult insects are smaller in warmer climate, also considering the implications of global warming. Likewise, all five characters representing colour lightness showed significantly lighter coloured Procladius specimens with warmer climate. The relationship between hairiness and annual mean air temperature was weaker than that of size or colour and temperature, but all five characters studied showed a statistically significant decrease in hairiness with warmer climate. The biological relevance of smaller size, lighter colour and less hairiness in warmer climate can be related to several factors regulating flight and swarming, including less need of protection against cold weather, overheating avoidance, mating success agility and predator escape.

Peering down the sink: A review of isoprene metabolism by bacteria.

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is emitted to the atmosphere each year in sufficient quantities to rival methane (>500 Tg C yr-1 ), primarily due to emission by trees and other plants. Chemical reactions of isoprene with other atmospheric compounds, such as hydroxyl radicals and inorganic nitrogen species (NOx ), have implications for global warming and local air quality, respectively. For many years, it has been estimated that soil-dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene (~20 Tg C yr-1 ), but the mechanisms underlying the biological sink for isoprene have been poorly understood. Studies have indicated or confirmed the ability of diverse bacterial genera to degrade isoprene, whether by the canonical iso-type isoprene degradation pathway or through other less well-characterized mechanisms. Here, we review current knowledge of isoprene metabolism and highlight key areas for further research. In particular, examples of isoprene-degraders that do not utilize the isoprene monooxygenase have been identified in recent years. This has fascinating implications both for the mechanism of isoprene uptake by bacteria, and also for the ecology of isoprene-degraders in the environments.

Global warming will change the thermal structure of Lough Feeagh, a sentinel lake in the Irish landscape, by the end of the twenty-first century.

ABSTRACT: Recent developments in impact modelling of global warming on lakes have resulted in a greater understanding of how these vital ecosystems are likely to respond. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of this in an Irish context, despite the importance of lakes in the island's landscape. Here, we explore the impact of global warming on the hydrodynamics and thermal structure of a sentinel Irish lake under future climate scenarios. A 1D lake model, Simstrat, was calibrated and validated using water temperature data collected from Lough Feeagh, a site of long-term ecological research in the west of Ireland. Once validated, the model was then driven by daily climate model projections to generate informative thermal metrics for the time period of 2006–2099. Despite the moderating influence of the Atlantic, projections indicate that global warming will have a marked effect on the thermal structure of Feeagh, with surface water temperatures set to warm by 0.75°C under a more stringent mitigation pathway (RCP 2.6) and 2.42°C under a non-mitigation pathway (RCP 8.5). While warming was projected to be greatest in summer in the epilimnion, winter warming was greater than in other seasons in the hypolimnion. Stratification is projected to become more stable and earlier, and the growing season to be longer by 11 to 47 days, depending on mitigation pathways. Future studies could use a similar modelling workflow to investigate the possible implications of global warming on other Irish lakes, particularly those of specific societal importance or those of conservation interest.

Characterisation of Meteorological Drought in Northern Nigeria Using Comparative Rainfall-Based Drought Metrics

Meteorological droughts occur when there is deficiency in rainfall; i.e. rainfall availability is below some acclaimed normal values. Hence, the greater challenge is to be able to obtain suitable methods for assessing drought occurrence, its onset or initiation and termination. Thus, an attempt was made in this paper to evaluate the performance of Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardised Precipitation Anomaly Index (SPAI) to characterise drought in Northern Nigeria for purposes of comparison and eventual adoption of probable candidate index for the development of an Early Warning System. The findings indicated that despite the fact that the annual timescale may be long, it can be employed to obtain information on the temporal evolution of drought especially, regional behaviour. However, monthly timescale can be more appropriate if emphasis is on evaluating the effects of drought in situations relating to water supply, agriculture and groundwater abstractions. The SPAI can be employed for periodic rainfall time series though; it accentuates drought signatures and may not necessarily dampen high fluctuations due to implications of high climatic variability considering the stochastic nature and state transition of drought phenomena. On the other hand, the temporal evolution of SPI and SPAI were not coherent at different temporal accumulations with differences in fluctuations. However, despite the differences between the SPI and SPAI, generally at some timescales, for instance, 6-month accumulation, both spatial and temporal distributions of drought characteristics were seemingly consistent. In view of the observed shortcomings of both indices, especially the SPI, the Standardised Nonstationary Precipitation Index (SnsPI) should be looked into and too, other indexes that take into consideration the implications of global warming by incorporating potential evapotranspiration may be deemed more suitable for drought studies in Northern Nigeria.

Effect of global warming on Western Mediterranean seagrasses: a preliminary agent-based modelling approach

The Mediterranean Sea is warming more rapidly than the global average, leading to dire consequences for its inhabiting organisms. Seagrasses are key structural elements in coastal ecosystems, and studying how temperature affects these species is crucial to anticipate the implications of global warming. In this work, we use an empirically based numerical model to study the combined dynamics of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa and their resilience to sea warming. The model is parametrised using seagrass growth rates measured in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Under favourable growth conditions, our simulations predict the emergence of a coexistence region at the front between monospecific meadows. This region can be characterised by its width and local shoot densities, which depend on the coupling parameter between P. oceanica and C. nodosa. Such regions have been empirically observed in Ses Olles de Son Saura (Balearic Islands). A comparison between the field measurements at the study site with the model predictions was used to fit the value of the coupling parameter. Field data also relate the width of the coexistence region to the average length of P. oceanica leaves at the front. Remarkably, a linear relationship was found between the coupling parameter and leaf length. In the presence of sea warming, the model predicts an exponential decay in the population of P. oceanica, which is highly sensitive to temperature. This behaviour is a direct consequence of the clonal nature of the plant and can be characterised by the model parameters. Considering a scenario of high greenhouse emissions, our model forecasts that P. oceanica meadows will experience a 70% population decline by the year 2050. C. nodosa, with higher thermal resilience, acts as an opportunistic species and will colonise the space left by the degraded P. oceanica.

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENTS

Global warming and Climate change are the twin growing concern as far as world nations are concerned. These two phenomenon make a lot of serious implications on living organism across the world. Unless a world wide discussion has been undertaken to tackle this issue, it would become disaster that carve the living things in the globe. Through this paper an attempt has been made to know the implications of global warming and climate change on earth . Various national and international level committees and conventions those shed light on issue of climate change also come under the scope of this study. Even though a lot of movements have been undertaken to tackle the issue at national and international level, the concentration of green house gas in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate day by day. KEY WORDS: Global warming, Climate change, Kyoto Protocol

Changes in IPCC Scenario Assessment Emulators Between SR1.5 and AR6 Unraveled.

The IPCC's scientific assessment of the timing of net-zero emissions and 2030 emission reduction targets consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C rests on large scenario databases. Updates to this assessment, such as between the IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5) of warming and the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), are the result of intertwined, sometimes opaque, factors. Here we isolate one factor: the Earth System Model emulators used to estimate the global warming implications of scenarios. We show that warming projections using AR6-calibrated emulators are consistent, to within around 0.1°C, with projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5. The consistency is due to two almost compensating changes: the increase in assessed historical warming between SR1.5 (based on AR5) and AR6, and a reduction in projected warming due to improved agreement between the emulators' response to emissions and the assessment to which it is calibrated.

Potential Impact of Global Warming on Climate and Streamflow of Adhaim River Basin, Iraq

Global warming induces to increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and plays a crucial role in determining the future trend in climatology and hydrology of a watershed. This paper aims to investigate the implications of global warming on future climate and its consequents on streamflow of the Adhaim River Basin (ARB). For this purpose, the Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)-Based models were implemented. The climate and hydrologic records for the period 1990-2019 were used as a Reference Period (RP) and projected to 2080 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) and five Global Climate Models (GCMs). The results show that the region of ARB tends to become hotter and drier with an increase in mean temperature by 1.2, 2.9, and 4.6 °C under the considered RCPs, respectively. However, precipitation tends to decrease from 366 mm/y in RP to 320.2, 302, and 300.5 mm/y by 2080 under the considered RCPs. Consequently, the streamflow will decrease to about 28, 26, and 24 m3/s by 2080 under the considered RCPs, respectively, compared with 28.96 m3/s in RP. Therefore, adaptation strategies are highly recommended to alleviate the negative impacts of climate change, and the implications of climate change on groundwater, water demand, and adaptation plans should be investigated in future studies.