Global Warming Emissions Research Articles

Investigating CO2 emissions from aviation in oil producing countries using a two-stage maximum entropy approach

The transportation sector plays a major role in the rapid economic growth of developing countries. Since this sector requires large amounts of fossil energy resources, it has a very important impact on global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. As aviation has a significant contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions among different type of transportation, there is considerable interest in policies, regulations and research to mitigate the adverse effects of aviation on climate [1]. This work investigates the role of air passengers and air freight on CO2 emissions from aviation for eight oil-producing countries in the middle east for the years 2013–2019. Maximum entropy bootstrap for time series and generalized maximum entropy estimation are used in this work, which represent two powerful techniques that lead to reliable and stable results in ill-posed models. The empirical results confirm the existence of a positive impact of air passengers on CO2 emissions from air transport in all the sample countries. But the connection between air freight and CO2 emissions from aviation is only confirmed for Iran and Qatar. The findings for the other countries regarding the impact of air freight on CO2 emissions from aviation depend on the significance levels considered.

Environmental Sustainability under E-Commerce: A Holistic Perspective

Following COVID-19 there was a transformation in how individuals purchase products and services, with a major shift and dependency. Websites such as Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba have changed the way products are sold and allowed for-profit companies to reach a much broader market. The most important effect of the rising use of e-commerce in green marketing is the increased need for research on the environmental consequences of e-commerce. This article addresses environmental sustainability in e-commerce with the aim of understanding changes in sustainable logistics, green packaging, and recycled products, as well as identifying issues such as reducing carbon emissions in a holistic manner by exploring the literature on secondary sources, which primarily served as a source of information for academics and practitioners (including conference papers, articles, and book reviews). According to Lin et al. (2020), most academic research in green marketing has focused on the environmental implications of e-commerce over the last several years. The Green Revolution has been a global movement for several years. E-commerce is part of the revolution. Some researchers suggest that e-commerce is more environment-friendly than traditional retail sales, whereas others support the opposite. Literature on e-commerce environmental sustainability proposes a holistic perspective aimed at contemplating environmental sustainability under the impact of e-commerce. In the future, companies should consider trade-offs in various dimensions to achieve e-commerce sustainability, thus facilitating the discovery of maximum benefits from integrating environmental aspects in e-commerce. In 2016, 194 parties (193 states and the European Union) around the world signed the Paris Agreement, which aims to reduce global warming and CO2 emissions.

Net Zero/Net Zero Carbon Emission

Every other day we hear about environmental and climate issues and the effect of global warming or carbon emission. Many companies are shifting their concerns from making profits to making sustainable profits. The idea of saving the environment has propelled many start-ups also. Organizations worldwide are concerned about the consequences of wasting natural resources and trying their best to find a solution as soon as possible. The Paris Agreement and the Net Zero Coalition are some of the treaties the UN organization is trying to implement. The problem is that some people are ignoring climate change altogether or still think this is not a big concern. So, this article answers the following questions: what is net zero or net zero emission, how does it create an impact on our lives, and what, as an individual, do we could do about it?

Machine Learning for Promoting Environmental Sustainability in Ports

Maritime transportation is one of the essential drivers of the global economy as it enables both lower transportation costs and intermodal operations across multiple forms of transportation. Maritime ports are essential interfaces that support cargo handling between sea and hinterland transportation. Besides, in this area, environmental protection is becoming extremely important. Global warming, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions are all having a detrimental influence on the environment and will most likely continue to do so for future generations. Hence, there is a growing need to promote environmental sustainability in maritime-based transportation. The application of machine learning (ML), as one of the main subdomains of artificial intelligence (AI), can be considered a component within the process of digital transformation to advance green activities in maritime port logistics. Thus, this article presents the results of a systematic literature review of the recent literature on machine learning for promoting environmentally sustainable maritime ports. It collects and analyses the articles whose contributions lie in the interplay between three main dimensions, i.e., machine learning, port-related operations, and environmental sustainability. Throughout a review protocol, this research is constituted on the major focuses of impact, problems, and techniques to discern the current state of the art as well as research directions. The research findings indicate that the articles using polynomial regression models are dominant in the literature, and the recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) are the most recent approaches. Moreover, in terms of environmental sustainability, emissions and energy consumption are the most studied problems. mAccording to the research gaps observed in the review, two broad directions for future research are identified: (i) altering attention on a greater diversity of machine learning approaches for promoting environmental sustainability in ports and (ii) leveraging new outlooks to perform more green practical works on port-related operations.

Net Zero Energy Low Rise Apartment in Jakarta

In Indonesia, there is a growing movement to implement energy-efficient and energy-saving building designs to combat the excessive use of fossil fuel and carbon usage that will help minimize the impact of global warming, climate change, and carbon emissions. This paper will discuss the implementation and planning of a Net Zero Energy (NZE) in low-rise apartments with zero dependence on an external source of energy in Jakarta, by approaching energy-saving components with passive and active design as well as renewable energy with solar panel photovoltaic (PV). This research was conducted using a mixed-method and assisted by the help of energy simulation software technology to be the design indicator. The purpose of the research is to learn the design process and the feasibility of implementation, assembly, and development of NZE in Low rise apartments in Jakarta. The result of the study is low-rise apartment design that can achieve Net Zero Energy in Jakarta.
 

Promote Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality with The Concept of Global Warming and Carbon Emission Reduction

To achieve peak carbon neutrality, the authors propose an approach based on the concept of global warming carbon reduction. Based on the concepts of "existing carbon economy" and "low-carbon city", the author summarizes the research on low-carbon evaluation indicators at home and abroad and selects the Hierarchical Process (AHP) as an example. This has been proven by many studies. From 2013 to 2020, calculate and evaluate the low-carbon development level of Province A, and analyze the low-carbon development level of 11 provincial-level cities. Display: From 2013 to 2020, the low-carbon development index of cities in province A showed an upward trend. In 2020, the province's urbanization carbon development index reached 0.899, an increase of 41.2% over 2019 and five times that of 2020. Among them, the ecological environment index and low-carbon development index increased by 49 and 15 times respectively in the past six years, while the economic development index and social development index only increased by 5 times and 2 times respectively, it proves that while maintaining the steady growth of the social economy, province A is actively promoting the process of urban low-carbon development and has achieved table-top results. Blockchain technology can empower the digital transformation of traditional industries, optimize business processes, reduce operating costs, improve collaborative efficiency, provide a regulatory environment for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, build a credible and efficient carbon trading platform and market, and help carbon It is of great significance to achieve the goals of neutralization and carbon peaking and the green and high-quality development of my country's economy and society.

Systematizing Microbial Bioplastic Production for Developing Sustainable Bioeconomy: Metabolic Nexus Modeling, Economic and Environmental Technologies Assessment.

The excessive usage of non-renewable resources to produce plastic commodities has incongruously influenced the environment's health. Especially in the times of COVID-19, the need for plastic-based health products has increased predominantly. Given the rise in global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, the lifecycle of plastic has been established to contribute to it significantly. Bioplastics such as polyhydroxy alkanoates, polylactic acid, etc. derived from renewable energy origin have been a magnificent alternative to conventional plastics and reconnoitered exclusively for combating the environmental footprint of petrochemical plastic. However, the economically reasonable and environmentally friendly procedure of microbial bioplastic production has been a hard nut to crack due to less scouted and inefficient process optimization and downstream processing methodologies. Thereby, meticulous employment of computational tools such as genome-scale metabolic modeling and flux balance analysis has been practiced in recent times to understand the effect of genomic and environmental perturbations on the phenotype of the microorganism. In-silico results not only aid us in determining the biorefinery abilities of the model microorganism but also curb our reliance on equipment, raw materials, and capital investment for optimizing the best conditions. Additionally, to accomplish sustainable large-scale production of microbial bioplastic in a circular bioeconomy, extraction, and refinement of bioplastic needs to be investigated extensively by practicing techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. This review put forth state-of-the-art know-how on the proficiency of these computational techniques in laying the foundation of an efficient bioplastic manufacturing blueprint, chiefly focusing on microbial polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA) production and its efficacy in outplacing fossil based plastic products.

Critical Analysis of Simulation of Misalignment in Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Batteries

The transition from conventional to electric transportation has become inevitable in recent years owing to the significant impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on energy sustainability, reduction of global warming and carbon emission reduction. Despite the rapidly growing global adoption of EVs in today’s electrical and transportation networks, energy storage in EVs, particularly in regards to bulky size and charging process, still remains a major bottleneck. As a result, wireless charging of EVs via inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) through coupled coils is becoming a promising solution. However, the efficiency of charging EV batteries via wireless charging is hugely affected by misalignment between the primary and secondary coils. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of various key factors affecting the efficiency of EV battery charging. Finite element analysis (FEA) using Ansys Maxwell® is performed on commonly used coil designs such as circular and rectangular coils under various misalignment conditions. In addition, various reactive power compensation topologies applied in ICPT are investigated and the behavior of each topology is observed in simulation. It is revealed that circular structures with S–S compensation topology show more robustness in misalignment conditions and maintain the desired efficiency for a wider range of displacement. A critical analysis of coil designs, compensation techniques and the combination of both factors is accomplished and conclusions are presented.

Life Cycle Environmental Impact Assessment of Aquaculture Products in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

This study used the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the environmental impacts resulting from aquaculture ponds and associated activities. The assessment focused on eutrophication, acidification, global warming, energy use, and local nutrient emissions. Two farms, Fish Fresh and Al-Bahar, were analyzed to determine the contribution of different components in fish farming systems to various impact categories. Data on fish feed, onsite electricity, feed milling electricity, fuel intensity, water input, and fish production were meticulously collected through a comprehensive questionnaire and insightful interviews conducted over a one-year period in 2020. Furthermore, valuable information was diligently gathered regarding the nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in aquaculture ponds, with a focus on feed inputs. Environmental indicators were evaluated using a functional unit of 1 ton and 1 kg of live fish weight. Results reveled that global warming impacts varied between the two farms, with feed production being the primary contributor, accounting for 74.73% and 76.30% of total emissions, respectively. Acidifying emissions were mainly generated through fish production, accounting for 74.8% and 76.3% of the total for Fish Fresh and Al-Bahar farms, respectively. Eutrophication was primarily driven by fish production, while feed production and transportation operations also made noticeable contributions. The average emissions per kilogram of fresh fish were higher for the Fish Fresh farm compared to Al-Bahar in terms of global warming, acidification, and eutrophication. Energy consumption and water dependence also varied between the farms. These findings emphasize the importance of considering environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of fish farming in the Gaza Strip.

A research agenda for nonvascular photoautotrophs under climate change.

Nonvascular photoautotrophs (NVP), including bryophytes, lichens, terrestrial algae, and cyanobacteria, are increasingly recognized as being essential to ecosystem functioning in many regions of the world. Current research suggests that climate change may pose a substantial threat to NVP, but the extent to which this will affect the associated ecosystem functions and services is highly uncertain. Here, we propose a research agenda to address this urgent question, focusing on physiological and ecological processes that link NVP to ecosystem functions while also taking into account the substantial taxonomic diversity across multiple ecosystem types. Accordingly, we developed a new categorization scheme, based on microclimatic gradients, which simplifies the high physiological and morphological diversity of NVP and world-wide distribution with respect to several broad habitat types. We found that habitat-specific ecosystem functions of NVP will likely be substantially affected by climate change, and more quantitative process understanding is required on (1) potential for acclimation, (2) response to elevated CO2 , (3) role of the microbiome, and (4) feedback to (micro)climate. We suggest an integrative approach of innovative, multimethod laboratory and field experiments and ecophysiological modelling, for which sustained scientific collaboration on NVP research will be essential.

Sustainability in construction: The urgent need for a new ethics

AbstractThis paper introduces the key concepts of sustainability in the construction industry, together with a call for an urgent action to change the culture of all implied agents. The work presents an objective framework to evaluate sustainability through the analysis of the stages of the Integrated Life Cycle Assessment (ILCA). Such approach is applied to the global warming emissions indicator, and different aspects are investigated to support designers toward more sustainable designs. First, the principles for ILCA are introduced and sound values for the emissions of different structural materials are critically discussed and filtered taking into account the recently increased sensitivity to environmental aspects. On that basis, objective comparisons are presented for practical examples related to buildings and bridges. Specific design alternatives, based on the use of different materials and structural typologies, are also illustrated and compared to the original solution. The conclusions help the designer to identify which are the critical decisions leading to projects respectful of sustainability considerations. Specifically, material selection, structural efficiency, and a sound conceptual design are identified as the key aspects of sustainability.

Mechanical Behavior of Strain Hardening Cement Based Composite Concrete

Abstract: In this research work we had to enhance the compressive as well as tensile strength of concrete with retrofitting method using the SHCC (strain hardening cement based composite). There are two critical issues with this type of cement replacement i.e. the changes in physical properties of concrete with respect to compressive, tensile strength and cost analysis of alternatives. The first stage of this research looks at the change in physical properties of concrete when cement is replaced by PVA fiber with respect to compressive strength and tensile strength. The result from this research shows a linear diminution in strength with linear increase in the relative %age of PVA fiber to cement. A traditional cost analysis looks only at the first or construction cost without considering the long-term cost to palliate for the increased global warming emission resulting from the manufacturing process of Portland cement. Experiments were performed on concrete mixtures with varying PVA fiber contents in concrete i.e. 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 6% and 9%. For SHCC the cubes specimens of size (150mmx150mmx150mm) with mild steel rods were used to early setting and hardening. We have to check the compressive strength at 3days, 7days and 28days and Tensile Strength at 28 days after the curing of sample.

Impact of Carbon Tax and Environmental Regulation on Inbound Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Volume: An Evidence from India

Climate change, global warming, and carbon emission are global issues. Countries are strengthening their environmental regulations to mitigate the emission problem. According to the pollution haven hypothesis, rich countries invest in emerging economies where the institutional framework is weak to migrate the emissions. With this background, this study examines the impact of the introduction of the carbon tax in India and environmental regulation restriction distance on India’s inbound cross-border mergers and acquisitions (a form of foreign direct investment) volume using a 979 country-pair-year observation sample. The Tobit regression model findings suggest that carbon tax introduction and environmental regulation distance negatively impact India’s inbound cross-border mergers and acquisitions volume. Furthermore, control of corruption intensifies its impact by effectively moderating them. The results indicate that India can avoid becoming a pollution haven by strengthening its environmental policies and controlling corruption. These results provide insight into strengthening the policies relating to environmental regulations and continuing the efforts required to control corruption in India.

Evaluation of environmental sustainability matrix of Deepgen tidal turbine

Tidal energy is a reliable, consistent and abundant source of renewable energy. However, there are many concerns with different tidal energy devices relating to their environmental impacts over the lifetime. It is essential to address these issues by assessing the environmental impacts of these technologies throughout all phases of life cycle. In this context, a cradle to grave life cycle assessment (LCA) study is performed hereby on 1 MW Deepgen tidal turbine. ReCiPe LCA method has been used to evaluate 18 different environmental impacts; i.e., global warming in 100 years horizon, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionising radiation, ozone formation (human health), fine particulate matter formation, ozone formation (terrestrial ecosystems), terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity, human non-carcinogenic toxicity, land use, mineral resource scarcity, fossil resource scarcity and water consumption. According to the findings, steel, copper and glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) carry the highest contributions across all impact categories. Steel contributes about 30%, on average, across all impact categories; copper contributes significantly to eutrophication and toxicity impacts while GFRP contributes significantly to marine eutrophication. Total global warming emission of the turbine stands at approximately 1 ktCO2 eq which establishes the turbine as a lower GHG impact carrying solution. Findings from the study will serve as a benchmark to deploy more tidal power turbines around the world.

Mitigating Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Stored Pig Slurry Using Chemical Additives and Biochars

Slurry storage is a significant source of NH3 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of this laboratory study was to assess the effects of different chemical additives and biochars on the emissions of NH3, N2O, CO2, and CH4 during the short-term storage of pig slurry. The experiment was performed using Kilner jars filled with raw slurry as control and six treatment additives (5% w/w): acidified slurry, alkalinized slurry, neutralized slurry, agroforestry biochar, cardoon biochar, and elderberry biochar. The gas emissions were measured for 30 days, and the composition of the slurries was determined. During short-term storage, the results of this laboratory study indicated that the NH3 emissions were reduced by 58% by acidification and by 20% by the biochars (Agroforestry, Cardoon, and Elderberry treatments), while neutralization reduced this loss by only 12%. Nitrous oxide emissions were not reduced by the chemical additives (Acidified, Alkalinized, and Neutralized treatments), while this loss was increased by 12% by the biochars. Carbon dioxide, CH4, and global warming potential emissions were not affected by the chemical additives and biochars. Furthermore, the absence of differences between the biochars may be related to their similar composition. Regarding the influence of the studied additives on NH3 losses, it can be concluded that acidification was the best mitigation measure and the biochars were quite similar due to their composition. Furthermore, neutralization had the advantage of sanitizing the slurry, but only had a mild impact on NH3 preservation.

Green Supplier Selection in a Fuzzy Environment: FIS and FPP Approaches

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is the integration of economic, social, and environmental concerns into the supply chain practices that plays an important role to minimize industrial pollution, global warming, and carbon emission and make a supply chain green. In the present article, a novel fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as a fuzzy preference programming (FPP) approach has been combined with fuzzy inference system (FIS) for evaluating the performance of suppliers considering carbon management (CM) indicators. To do so, 12 indicators are classified in four basic perspectives applying the Delphi method. The importance weights of perspectives and their related indicators are calculated performing FPP. Accordingly, the weighted performance values that are inputs of FIS are calculated and finally, the weighted fuzzy system will be applied to obtain the total environmental performance of the suppliers. Moreover, we implemented our model within a home appliances manufacturing company in Iran to examine its efficiency. Results approve that the proposed approach can apply efficiently in real situations and are reliable-enough. Furthermore, findings provide more insight for the managers of the company toward the concept of the CM and make them able to find their weaknesses and work with their partners to fix them.

Preferred green home features by potential buyers in Sibu Sarawak

Green concept was gaining attention since 1960s, with research and development initiatives been allocated to ensure its evolvement, for enhancing the minimization on the impact of global warming and greenhouse gases emissions. Enormous green home features be introduced worldwide, but such features were not collated into a single piece of information, and the preference of home buyers varies according to the culture, living environment, and personal preferences. This research aims to examine the relative importance of green home features to potential home buyers in Sibu, Sarawak. Purposive and random sampling methods were adopted as the participants need to meet the requirement of having intention to purchase a house in Sibu in the next five years. Quantitative online questionnaire survey was distributed to the potential home buyers with 118 valid responses returned (response rate 29.57%). The results indicated that air quality, energy saving lighting, and energy efficient air conditioner were the three most preferred features by the respondents. This research could contribute to the knowledge gap of the preferred green home features by the potential home buyers in Sibu, and hence, serve as a piece of supporting document to the developers, to meet buyers’ demand and further increase the supply of green home in Sibu.

Does firms' carbon disclosure increase consumers' recycling willingness and firms' recycling performance?

AbstractNowadays, firms are expected to actively respond and take actions to respond to global warming and carbon emissions reduction. As a part of a circular economy, recycling improves waste management and reduces carbon emissions for firms. In the development of firms' strategies, the problem of enhancing the recycling performance becomes a challenge. This paper explores how carbon disclosure influences firms' recycling performance from consumers' purposive inference of firms' recycling behaviors. First, based on a sample of 442 firms' data, we demonstrate that firms' carbon disclosure increases firms' recycling performance. To further explain this effect from the consumer's point of view, two online experiments (N1 = 445 and N2 = 433) show that firms' carbon disclosure increases consumers' recycling willingness, as it acts as an environmental appeal that raises consumers' communal intention inference about firms' recycling and thus enhances consumers' recycling willingness. Furthermore, we find that economic incentives do not increase consumers' recycling willingness. Our study suggests that firms should be cautious in using economic incentives when developing strategies to improve recycling performance and actively improve their carbon disclosures. Carbon disclosure can be used as an environmental appeal to increase consumers' recycling willingness and firms' recycling performance. It is also important to note that these findings have practical implications for governments, policy‐making authorities, and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). The results of our study contribute to the literature on firms' recycling performance in circular economy (CE) and carbon disclosure from a theoretical perspective.

Introduction of a novel evolutionary neural network for evaluating the compressive strength of concretes: A case of Rice Husk Ash concrete

The construction industry is facing challenges from the hazardous nature of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production as one of the main contributors to global warming and CO2 emission. Given its increasing demand, the need to replace OPC with sustainable alternatives for green concrete production is essential. The promising results of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in concrete mixtures as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) have attracted great attention. However, conventional laboratory procedures for the analysis of concrete properties like Compressive Strength (CS) are laborious and expensive. Therefore, developing a reliable and accurate model for its prediction can save time and reduce operational costs. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was hybridized with a robust optimization technique called Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with Two Differential mutations (PSOTD) to predict the CS of RHA concrete. To compare the results of the PSOTD over classical optimization techniques, three other algorithms, including the best reported conventional Back-Propagation algorithm (i.e., Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)), Differential Evolution (DE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were employed. For the training dataset, the coefficients of determination obtained for the ANN-LM, ANN-DE, ANN-PSO, and ANN-PSOTD were 0.9797, 0.9389, 0.9462, and 0.9803, while for the testing dataset, the values were 0.9682, 0.9198, 0.9223, and 0.9697, respectively. Overall, the error measures show the superiority of the ANN-PSOTD in predicting the CS of RHA concretes. To further enhance the prediction accuracy and reliability, the hybrid model of ANN-LM and ANN-PSOTD (i.e., ANN-PSOTD-LM) was also proposed. However, there is a trade-off between the computational time and the accuracy of models when the ANN-PSOTD-LM technique is chosen.

Stochastic multi-stage multi-objective expansion of renewable resources and electrical energy storage units in distribution systems considering crypto-currency miners and responsive loads

In order to mitigate the influence of global warming and greenhouse gasses emission, different proceedings are suggested such as utilizing renewable energies and demand response programs. This paper investigates the expansion of renewable resources and electrical energy storage units in distribution systems towards reducing investment costs and environmental pollution. Since the development of components is not possible in a single-stage due to the limitation of staff and funds, a multi-stage programming is applied to consider various restrictions. According to the penetration of crypto-currency miners in recent years, their impact is evaluated on the problem as the high-rate energy consumers. Moreover, the demand side management strategy and risk-averse scenario-based approach are implemented to analyze the role of responsive loads and model the renewable resources uncertainty, respectively. The results approve that simultaneous expansion of wind turbines, photovoltaics and electrical storage systems decreases the total pollution and cost by 100% and 99.98% after the third year, respectively. The simulations also validate that crypto-currency miners reduce the total revenue by 4.16%, whereas the responsive loads increase it by 9.89%. As well, the fluctuations of wind and solar power decrease the total revenue by 13.27%, in return, the robustness notably improves.