Global Trade Agreements Research Articles

The Impact and Future of Generative Pre-trained Transformers: A Study of GPT in Enhancing Business and Technology

With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NIP) has clearly become the key to enhancing AI capabilities, especially through the deployment of GPT. This paper explores the major advances and related commercial applications of GPT, as it is at the cutting edge of AI technology with far-reaching capabilities in terms of text generation, language understanding, and human-machine interaction. Developed by OpenAI, GPT uses innovative transformer architecture to make breakthroughs in a variety of language tasks, marking a major evolution in the potential applications of AI in various industries. This research explores the integration of GPT in sectors, highlighting how its complex text processing capabilities can be utilized to improve efficiency and innovative service delivery. The study highlights the transformative impact of GPT on business efficiency, strategic decision-making, and customer engagement, thanks to its scalable and adaptable AI framework. Finally, the document reflects the need for a strong ethical framework and regulatory supervision to guide the deployment of GPT technologies. As the Global Trade Agreement evolves, it is committed to shaping the future of global industry by promoting innovation while calling for a balanced approach to ethical considerations and social impacts.

The Impact of Global Trade Agreements on National Sovereignty: A Legal Review

The Impact of Global Trade Agreements on National Sovereignty: A Legal Review

REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a historic trade deal that has had a huge impact on drastically reshaping the economic landscape of the entire world. Formally established in November 2020, it represents a monumental achievement in regional cooperation and integration. The European Union (EU) has been a pioneering force in forging global trade agreements that have far-reaching implications for the world economy. As one of the largest trading blocs, the EU plays a pivotal role in shaping international trade policies and fostering economic integration. This study investigates the crucial role that the European Union plays in global trade agreements, concentrating on their influence on the evolution of sustainable business practices, diplomatic ties, and economic growth and prosperity. The present study is a descriptive study on the implications of RCEP for the European Union, the challenges it poses and the available opportunities.

Economic diplomacy: Analyzing theories and models for informed policy

This paper examines the intricate relationship between economic theories, trade policies, and diplomatic engagements in the context of international relations. Utilizing theoretical frameworks such as the theory of comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin model, we analyze the foundational principles guiding global trade and policy-making. We explore the role of probabilistic models, including Bayesian statistics and regression analysis, in forecasting economic trends and their implications for international relations. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of trade policies, including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and global trade agreements, on economic dynamics and diplomatic interactions. Through case studies of economic sanctions, we assess the effectiveness of sanctions as a diplomatic tool and propose policy recommendations for their optimal implementation. Our analysis highlights the complexity of economic diplomacy and underscores the importance of quantitative analysis in informing policy decisions and fostering international cooperation.

Policy recommendations for integrating artificial intelligence into global trade agreements

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into global trade agreements presents a transformative opportunity to enhance efficiency, competitiveness, and innovation in international commerce. This review outlines policy recommendations aimed at facilitating the seamless incorporation of AI technologies into the framework of global trade agreements. As AI technologies continue to proliferate across various sectors, including manufacturing, logistics, and services, understanding the implications and challenges of their integration into trade agreements becomes paramount. This review provides insights into the current landscape of AI in global trade, highlighting both the existing challenges and opportunities for leveraging AI to drive economic growth and sustainable development. Key policy considerations include the harmonization of AI standards, addressing intellectual property rights and data ownership, facilitating cross-border data flows, ensuring transparency and accountability in AI decision-making, mitigating potential job displacement and inequality, and promoting ethical AI practices. Drawing on case studies and best practices from regional trade agreements and industry-specific implementations, this review offers actionable recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and international organizations. These recommendations emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts, capacity building, and monitoring mechanisms to effectively harness the benefits of AI while mitigating potential risks. By embracing AI as a driver of innovation and efficiency in global trade, stakeholders can foster a more inclusive and resilient trading environment that maximizes the benefits of technological advancements for all participants.

Effectiveness of Global Trade Agreements and International Law in the Modern World

Effectiveness of Global Trade Agreements and International Law in the Modern World

Impact of global trade agreements on agricultural producer prices in Asian countries

Following global trade agreements, Asian countries have been highly aggressive in implementing free trade. These conditions will impact all sectors, including agriculture. This study aims to examine the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization membership (WTO), and the Doha Round implementations on agricultural producer prices in Asian countries (PPI). The study was conducted using secondary data from 1991 to 2020. The data for 28 Asian countries were analyzed using the first difference General Method of Moments (GMM). The results show that implementing the GATT raises the PPI, but implementing the WTO has the reverse impact. PPI is unaffected by the Doha Round. Inflation, exchange rate, value-added, human capital, and land area equipped for irrigation are all positive contributors to PPI. Several recommendations are made to increase PPI in Asian countries: increasing commitment to agricultural fair trade, increasing agricultural value-added, improving educational opportunities for agricultural business players, and prioritizing agricultural infrastructure investment.

Network causal effects of deepening global trade agreements on embodied carbon emissions

With the deepening vertical specialization of production networks and value chains among countries, the problem of global embodied carbon emission leakage under multilateral trade agreement cooperation is becoming increasingly prominent. This study measures the index of “World Trade Organization+" and “World Trade Organization-X,” finds the complex impact of the two types of deep integration of trade agreements on embodied carbon emissions from the network perspective, and compares them to draw conclusions and suggestions. First, the global trade-embodied carbon transfer link spontaneously diversifies, with most countries moving from the network's perimeter to its center. Second, more trade agreements can help carbon-absorbing, and carbon-spillover countries narrow the “production side” and “consumption side” divide. Third, “World Trade Organization+" and “World Trade Organization-X" deep integration influence embodied carbon emission linkages differently for countries with different embodied carbon emission attributes, with “World Trade Organization-X" having a more significant impact. At the policy level, free trade agreements have deepened to a certain extent to provide a consistent and synergistic path for trade governance and climate globalization. Countries should actively introduce relevant provisions based on the governance of trade-embodied carbon emission reductions in “World Trade Organization+" and “World Trade Organization-X", especially in “World Trade Organization-X", and some of the relevant policy provisions can be appropriately weighted in favor of developing countries.

EXAMINING PESTEL ANALYSIS OF EVENT BUSINESSES IN MALAYSIA

This study aims to examine the impact of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (PESTEL) factors on event businesses in Malaysia. Using qualitative interpretive methods and data from in-depth interviews with 15 event managers, the study identified several external factors affecting event operations. The results show that political factors such as government policies, small business funding grants, and global trade agreements or restrictions can significantly impact event businesses. Economic factors such as exchange rates, labor costs, globalization, and economic growth or decline can also affect operations, while social factors such as consumer trends, tastes, buying habits, lifestyle factors, and population demographics can also play a role. Technological factors, including tools and technological advancements, incentives, and the widespread use of social media, are also identified as important. Moreover, environmental factors such as supply chain management, procurement, future pandemics, ethical sourcing, sustainable resources, weather and climate, risk assessment, multiracial sensitivity, and geographical location are found to impact event businesses as well. Finally, legal factors such as health and safety regulations, employment laws, common laws, and consumer protection laws can also affect event operations. Overall, this study highlights the importance of conducting PESTEL analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of external factors that can impact event businesses. By using this analysis, event managers can develop strategies to mitigate risks and adapt to the changing market conditions. The findings suggest that event managers must remain vigilant in monitoring and responding to political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors to ensure the success of their operations.

Taiwan’s Critical Position in Indo-Pacific: India’s Response to China’s Reactions

“China Factor,” has always been a crucial element that shapes India’s attitude towards Taiwan. According to number of China experts, the journey of India- Taiwan relations have happened under the shadow of China only. Taiwan never featured prominently within India’s Act East Policy as always been overshadowed by much bigger Sino-Indian ties. In the last few years, the concept of Indo-Pacific region has received immense political, economic and strategic attention. Undoubtedly, India is among the politically and strategically major players in the region along with China, Japan, Australia, South Korea, the United States and countries of Southeast Asia. Taiwan constitutes a vital component of Indo-Pacific due to its crucial geographical position in the region. To a significant extent, it is also due to the island nation’s critical position in relation to Sino-US relations. Taiwan’s strategic location links the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and the Sea of Japan. Most importantly, they are used as critical sea routes for exporting and importing of goods worth $ 5.5 trillion annually, according to Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). These routes are extremely important for the import of energy resources to three East Asian countries – China, Japan and South Korea. Since the Indo-Pacific has turned into the center of global dynamism and trade agreements, undisruptive sea lines of communication are crucial for region’s growth and prosperity. However, China’s assertive policies and actions make Taiwan restless and worried. India looks at the Indo-Pacific as an open, libertarian and democratic zone. In the face of assertive China, assessing India’s reaction is crucial as it advocates rules -based, open, balanced liberal order and stable trading environment in the Indo-Pacific region. Being the largest democracy and among the fastest growing economies of the world, it is important for India to acknowledge Taiwan’s democratic position and economic capability. In fact, power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific have recently altered, and it’s the appropriate time for New Delhi to engage more politically and economically with Taiwan.

Investment effect of regional trade agreements: an analysis from the perspective of heterogeneous agreement provisions

Global regional trade agreements (RTAs) are experiencing unprecedented rapid development in terms of number and content of provisions, and China’s RTAs are no exception. With the increase in the depth of RTA provisions, as an important form of economic and trade relations between countries, investment is bound to be affected. Taking the RTAs signed by China as the research object and using the bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) data provided by the International Monetary Fund CDIS database and the relevant data from the World Bank RTA text depth database, this paper constructs various indexes to measure the depth of RTA provisions and analyzes the effects of changes in the depth of RTA provisions on inward FDI stocks to China. The study finds that the improvement of all four depth indexes, namely, total depth, core depth, depth of WTO+ provisions, and depth of WTO-X provisions, significantly promotes China’s inward FDI stocks. This conclusion still holds after a series of endogenous problem analysis and robustness tests. Further analysis shows that the improvement of the depth of RTA provisions has a relatively greater effect on FDI stocks from developing countries and countries along the “Belt and Road”. At the same time, there exists significant heterogeneity in the effects of different RTA provisions on the FDI stocks. The insights that we obtain in this paper enable us to provide policy recommendations for the construction of China’s global high-standard free trade agreement (FTA) network.

COVID-19: The Challenge of Global Vaccine Inequity

Several safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed, evaluated, and made available in record time during the pandemic. But hopes of equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines were dashed by corporate greed, political expediency, global trade agreements, and intellectual property ownership, delaying or denying access for poor countries. Once vaccines became widely available, their benefits were curtailed by anti-science sentiment and anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. Building trust in science is key to preparing for the next pandemic.

Auction Algorithm: Peer-To-Peer System Based on Hybrid Technologies for Smallholder Farmers to Control Demand and Supply

The demand for agricultural goods could be affected by variables such as population growth and consumer tastes. Environmental and zoonotic risks jeopardise crop yields as well as the dependability of distribution and storage networks. Governments can aid in addressing issues of supply and demand by enacting policies like price controls and subsidies. Climate change threatens agricultural output and livestock health, while other climate variables have been polluted by outside sources. Pesticides not only endanger wildlife that isn't intended to be harmed, but they also poison the environment, killing beneficial insects and other organisms. The rising costs of agricultural goods may be mitigated, at least in part, through regional and global trade agreements. When third parties intervene in farming, farmers stand to lose money. One example is the utilisation of low-quality inputs, while another is predatory financing. So we are proposing an Auction Algorithm: peer-to-peer system based on hybrid technologies for smallholder farmers to control demand and supply. To implement an auction algorithm, you need to set up the auction platform and back-end systems. You may also need to integrate the platform with hybrid technologies such as block chain and machine learning. Together, machine learning and blockchain technology can help agriculture companies improve their forecasts of demand and supply, make it easier to keep track of inventory, and reduce risks and inefficiencies in the supply chain. Designing and constructing the blockchain, establishing the P2P network, testing and deploying the system these are the stages of bringing a peer-to-peer system to life using blockchain technology. When we implement the above technologies in the agriculture sector, they have the potential to improve efficiency, promote transparency, and eventually help farmers increase their earnings. This technology can help increase agricultural quality by enhancing industrial efficiency, transparency, and sustainability.

The effects of freer trade on global agriculture

AbstractIntransigency among developed and developing countries to reduce trade‐distortive policies—domestic subsidies, export subsidies, and import tariffs—created deadlock in the Doha Round negotiations. Because of this impasse, many countries continue to heavily subsidize their agricultural production and high import tariffs continue to persist in the world market. This study empirically quantifies the benefits of a global free trade agreement utilizing a large‐scale computable general equilibrium model. The results show that a global trade agreement increases welfare by $60 billion as commodity production and consumption adjust to reflect their comparative advantage patterns, accentuating the benefits of completing a global free trade agreement.

Socioeconomic Characteristics and Perspectives on Cargo Handling: A Study of Tin Can Island Port, Apapa, Nigeria

This research examines the socioeconomic and cargo handling characteristics of the Tin Can Island Port in Nigeria. The rise in global trade agreements has led to a cargo handling crisis in Nigeria. However, the perspectives of the socioeconomic characteristic have not yet been studied. The sampling method used was simple random sampling, with 100 questionnaires given to all the employees and consumers who use the terminal. However, the study was based on 93 respondents who completed the survey satisfactorily. In addition, it includes in-depth interviews with some of the port-terminal employees, a few customers, and neighborhood residents on the use of intelligent port systems. The data instruments' validity and reliability were checked with a Cronbach alpha reliability test of 0.80-0.89 and found to be accurate for all the parameters. The information was analyzed using descriptive, qualitative, and chi-square statistical methods. The study found that socioeconomic factors, especially the age of the cargo handling staff, impacted the port's capability. The level of port automation and the adoption of intelligent port systems are still relatively low, though remarkable since the reforms. The research shows a significant relationship between the perception of cargo traffic level and change in the cargo handling procedure at Tin Can Island Port. In addition, it reveals a substantial connection between policy adoption and cargo handling improvement at the port.

The Changes and Impact of China’s Tariff Concession Policy in the Context of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

The COVID-19 outbreak and the Russia-Ukraine conflict are significant economic challenges for China. Meanwhile, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) entered into force on 1 January 2022, establishing the world’s largest free trade zone with the world’s largest population, the most diverse mix of members, and the highest development potential for reviving China’s economy. The RCEP’s second chapter goes beyond current global and regional free trade agreements, stipulating tariff reductions and their methods, which have had a noticeable impact on member countries’ imports and exports. This study investigates the impact of RCEP tariff concessions on China’s imports and exports, as well as industry development, by examining the various types of tariff concessions and tax cuts available.

Next-Generation Agreements and the WTO

AbstractThis paper reviews the trade agreement landscape and argues that the conventional understanding of trade agreements as encapsulated in the WTO Agreements is now outdated. This misperception about trade agreements is not just an institutional insufficiency. Concentration on those agreements has led many practitioners and commentators to underestimate the variable texture of the global trade agreement fabric. But these shortcomings have not inhibited states from concluding innovative alternatives to regulate and manage the cross-border movement of goods and services. As this paper shows, trade-related agreements that do not fit the perceived traditional mold have proliferated. Given these advances, more policy and scholarly attention is required. Accordingly, this paper serves as a roadmap for the accommodation of trade agreements within the WTO and as an agenda for additional research.

El engorde del ganado español en el siglo XX: Los modificadores metabólicos, cara y cruz de una panacea

Among the factors that have influenced livestock industrialization in the 20th century, the implications of substances that promote fattening and animal growth (growth promoters) have not been thoroughly addressed. Their role in the transformation of Spanish farming is the key question of this article. A wide range of these substances became available in the mid-twentieth century and use peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. We compared veterinary, livestock, and specialized sources to analyze market penetration and use of the main growth promoters as well as the consequences on global trade policies and agreements. Complex links between public health effects and impacts on trade policies led to their prohibition as protectionist agri-food measures were introduced in the European Union. This analysis reveals how growth promoters played an important role in promoting industrial livestock, but their misuse and the food surpluses they have generated add weight to the trend that calls for critique and revision of the intensive production model.

Global Sustainable Development and Trade Agreements: Toward a Green Bargain

Global Sustainable Development and Trade Agreements: Toward a Green Bargain

Global supply chains, trade agreements and rules of origin

AbstractFree Trade Agreements (FTAs) usually come with restrictions on the use of intermediate inputs in order for final goods to qualify for free trade. I focus on Rules of Origin (RoO), which limit expenses on nonmember country's intermediate inputs. In a three‐country FTA formation game, I introduce international trade in intermediate inputs and RoO restrictions. In the case of symmetric countries, I show that as countries become more involved in global supply chains, measured by their input shares in foreign final goods production, global free trade is less likely to be a stable equilibrium outcome. Free riding is the main problem preventing countries from liberalising trade. Countries are better off being nonmembers of FTAs between the other two countries relative to global free trade. Rules of Origin can solve this problem by limiting the benefits countries get from other countries' free trade agreements. In the case of asymmetric countries, an additional incentive exists for the smaller country not to join: such a country gives up more than it gains from joining an FTA for a sufficiently high degree of asymmetry in country sizes. I show that global free trade is a stable Nash equilibrium under a larger region of asymmetric country parameter space in the case of RoO than without it. Therefore, it is shown that RoO is essential in order to attain global free trade.