Global System For Mobile Communications Research Articles

Comparative Study of Third Eye for Visually Challenged with Alternate Solution

Deficiency that cannot be reformed in the eye is the blindness. This research aims to investigate the potential benefits and limitations of incorporating electronic sensors and assistive technologies into traditional blind sticks to create a smart blind stick. A smart blind stick is a wearable device that provides additional functionality and features to help visually impaired individuals navigate their surroundings more safely and independently. A smart stick is planned with impediment identification module and object detection. A stick is made in a way that it can sense obstacles and staircases by using sensors. It also intimates the presence of water and manhole. Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to locate the visually impaired person as it is incorporated in the stick used. Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) is also used. Status of the blind person will be notified to the guardian with the image and location. Overall, this research contributes to the development and improvement of assistive technologies for visually impaired individuals and provide insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers on how to better support individuals with visual impairments.

The GPS and GSM Based Office Cab Monitoring, Alerting and Logging System

To track a vehicle's movement from any location at any time, a tracking system for automobiles is quite helpful. To observe the movement of any equipped vehicle at any time from any location, an effective mechanism for vehicle navigation is created and put into use. The suggested solution effectively utilised the widely used combining technology that connects an Arduino UNO-equipped smartphone. It is inexpensive and simple to make in comparison to other options. One of the most popular methods for vehicle tracking, the built-in gadget uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technologies. The device is integrated within the vehicle, allowing for real-time location determination and tracking. The employee must switch the RFID card when the car arrives to pick them up. The microcontroller compares the RFID card number with the information in its database and then communicates the employee's ID, the cab's ID, and the cab's position coordinates to the company unit via the GSM module. The company unit's GSM Modem will receive the message through GSM. GPS offers geographic coordinates for the vehicle tracking system. The vehicle's location has been transmitted and updated to a database using the GSM module. By delivering SMS using a GSM modem, this article provides a minute-by-minute update on the location of the car.

A Background to a Methodology for Transport Mobile Applications Designing with a Focus on EU Interoperability

European rail transport policy aims to create a single railway area. European Union (EU) issues, for this purpose, sets of regulations and directives. Individual countries are involved in its implementation according to their capabilities. The aim of this article is to examine the current state of interoperability in the EU, especially in the Czech Republic, and to compare selected mobile applications regarding the possibility of unifying their design of mobile applications. A systematic literature research review methodology was used. The sources of information were mainly the scientific database Web of Science and the database of EU documents EUR-Lex. When examining one of the main parameters—the use of mobile networks—it was found that all of the selected applications use public mobile networks, none of them uses the Global System for Mobile Communications–Railway (GSM–R) network. This finding confirmed the theoretical assumption that this network is not currently ready for more or less massive operation of mobile applications. The possibility of using the next generation railway mobile network is open for discussion as one of the next steps to ensure interoperability in telematics applications.

Designing a Vertical Handover Algorithm for Security-Constrained Applications

In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the vertical handover (VHO) is an essential process for mobile users (MUs) aiming to secure ubiquitous connectivity and maintain the highest quality of service (QoS) across various types of radio access technology (RAT), such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), the global system for mobile communication (GSM), and the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). In the literature, many recent VHO research works have been proposed in which a number of critical issues still arise when performing seamless vertical handover, including VHO packet loss, VHO delay, and VHO throughput. Moreover, the security aspect of triggering VHO has not been carefully considered, particularly when an MU intends to use a payment application. In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance evaluation for a new secure VHO algorithm, taking into account all the above issues, for co-located Wi-Fi and UMTS networks. The simulation results are compared with the media independent handover (MIH) IEEE 802.21 standard, which facilitates the seamless transfer of connection among heterogeneous networks. We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MIH standard in terms of VHO delay, VHO packet loss, and VHO throughput in providing uninterrupted connection to security-constrained applications.

Plants health monitoring and prediction for precision horticulture

The hydroponic farming industry is growing rapidly, and it can solve major world food crisis problems. Health monitoring and diseases identification of the plant is very important for agriculture. Monitoring of health and disease on plant plays an important role in successful cultivation of crops in the farm. Identification of the plant diseases is the key to preventing the losses in the yield and quantity of the agricultural product. It is very difficult to monitor the plant diseases manually. Some diseases spread so rapidly they can affect an entire plant and crop. Early detection of a diseases can prevent an entire crop from harm and attention a farmer would need to place on their system. The proposed system is capable of detecting the disease at the earlier stage as soon as it occurs on the leaf, hence saving the loss and reducing the dependency on the expert to a certain extent is possible. The aim of this study is to design, implement and evaluate an image processing-based software solution for automatic detection and classification of plant leaf diseases. This technology helps the farmer to identify what type of diseases that the plant is being affected. The image has been processed in MATLAB and the status of the leaf has been identified with the help of neural network classification. Then the environment circumstances such as temperature, humidity and moisture has been monitored. After the image has been processed in the software it sends SMS to the user by using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). The SMS contains leaf status, particular solution and environmental conditions.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COST 231 AND HATA MODELS WITH MEASURED PATH LOSS FOR SOKOTO METROPOLIS (A CASE STUDY OF MTN)

For optimal characterization of radio communication channel, key parameters and a mathematical model are essential for predicting or determining the signal coverage, channel efficiency and capacity. Path loss prediction plays a basic role in planning and designing of every radio communication link. This paper investigates a suitable model capable of planning a better global system for mobile communication (GSM) network (MTN) with a view to address numerous complain of poor quality service by the subscribers, within Sokoto city using measuring tape, Basic Transreceiver System (BTS) app on mobile phone and mobile device distance. Received Signal Strength (RSS) were obtained from MTN base stations (network) located in State and path loss was analyzed. The experimental measurement of path loss was compared to theoretical models of COST231 and Hata models. The results showed that the COST231 was found most suitable path loss prediction model for Sub-urban region of Sokoto based on the validation test; however, the Hata model also produces reasonable estimates and can be use for path loss prediction model in the location.

LEGAL REFLECTIONS ON THE DOWNSIDES OF GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION AS A BOOST TO CRIME OF KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM IN NIGERIA

The advent of global system for mobile communication otherwise called GSM is no doubt a mixed blessing to humanity. Just as the relevant security agencies are appropriating the benefits offered by the global system for mobile communication in the policing, detecting and preventing acts of criminality in the society, so also the criminal elements are beneficially misusing the communication device for criminal purposes. It is a known fact that crime is continually evolving and adapting. Kidnapping as a form of crime in Nigeria is not novel as there were reported cases of kidnapping even before the advent of colonialism for either rape, ritual or hostage taking during tribal conflicts among other reasons which then certainly excluded ransom payment. The current spate of crime of kidnapping for ransom is however one of the misfortunes unleashed on the citizenry through the advent of mobile communication device. Kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria would have been a fruitless criminal indulgence but for the advent of global system for mobile communication through which kidnappers are able to establish contact with relatives or family members of their victims to demand, for ransom payment. The diametrically opposing usage of this communication device as a handy tool in the hands of law enforcement agents towards checkmating crimes in the society and as a tool of criminal engagement for committing crime of kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria constitutes the thrust of this paper. This study concluded that despite the efforts of government in curbing this menace, it has remained a thorn in the flesh of victims and their relatives.

GSM Based Electricity Meter with Instant Billing System

The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system is a project designed to provide an efficient and convenient method for monitoring and billing electricity consumption. This system utilizes the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology to enable remote monitoring and control of electricity meters. The main objective of this project is to overcome the limitations of traditional electricity metering systems, such as manual meter reading and delayed billing processes. By integrating GSM technology, the system enables real-time communication between the electricity meter and the utility provider, allowing for instant meter readings and billing calculations. The proposed system consists of three main components: the GSM-based electricity meter, a central server, and a user interface. The GSM-based electricity meter is installed at the consumer's location and is equipped with a GSM module, which enables it to transmit meter readings to the central server. The central server receives the meter readings from multiple electricity meters and performs billing calculations based on predefined tariff rates. The server also stores the consumption data for future reference and generates instant bills for each consumer. These bills can be sent to the consumer's mobile phone via SMS or accessed through a web-based user interface. The user interface provides consumers with access to their consumption data, billing information, and payment options. Consumers can view their current and historical electricity usage, monitor their bills, and make payments through various payment gateways integrated into the system. The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system offers several advantages over traditional metering systems. It eliminates the need for manual meter reading, reduces billing errors and delays, and provides consumers with real-time information about their electricity consumption. Additionally, it enables utility providers to optimize their billing processes and improve overall customer satisfaction.

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMILAR TRAFFIC IN GSM STANDARD MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS

P/M/1, which models the service processes of self-similar GPRS packet traffic in GSM standard mobile telecommunication networks, including Pareto and limited Pareto distributions, and fBM/D/1/∝ type single-channel mass service system, which takes into account the self-similarity of this traffic, has been viewed. Development of telecommunication networks. has gone through many different stages of development to the current modern networks, which eventually resulted in a large number of different types of mobile telecommunication networks. One of such networks is GSM (Global system for mobile communication) standard mobile telecommunication networks. In these networks, the directions of rapid development of modern service services are observed recently, one of these directions is the GPRS (General packet radio service) superstructure service, which is considered the superstructure of the GSM mobile network and carries out the transmission of data in packets. Analytical models of these systems are developed based on them Analytical methods have been proposed for evaluating relevant quality of service characteristics such as the relative average waiting time of packets in these systems, average queue length, buffer volume, and packet dwell time in the system. As well as the nature of the dependence of the shape parameter of the Pareto distribution on the Herst parameter was determined based on the experiment.

Utilization of iPad Pro LiDAR and Low-Cost GNSS Ublox F9R for Data Collection of Road Assets in the Form of 3D Models

The development of mapping survey equipment technology products is growing very rapidly. These products include Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology. The current development of GNSS receivers can be seen in terms of accuracy and price. The GNSS receiver has very high accuracy, especially with the integration with the inertial measurement unit (IMU). This integration system can provide benefits such as estimation of GNSS position data and GNSS data stability. One of the GNSS receiver products that has been integrated with IMU, has an accuracy below 1 meter, and at an economical price is the low-cost GNSS receiver U-blox F9R series. This receiver has a positional accuracy of 0.01 + 1 ppm. LiDAR products are commonly used for the manufacture of 3D objects and distance determination on Autonomous Vehicles, however, in 2020 the company Apple inc. has made a smartphone device that is integrated with LiDAR technology. One of the goals of using this integration system is to visualize 2D objects into 3D Augmented Reality (AR). In this study, iPad Pro LiDAR technology was used to create a 3D road model. This activity continues from previous studies that have used the iPad Pro LiDAR for making 3D buildings and measuring tree diameters. In research related to the manufacture of 3D buildings, the iPad Pro LiDAR has been analyzed and it is stated that it has an accuracy of 2 cm. However, this observation using the iPad Pro LiDAR still does not provide actual position information. One way to get the true position value is to use position data from the GNSS receiver. In this study, the GNSS observation method receiver used is Real Time Kinematic Networked Transported of RTCM via Internet Protocol (RTK-NTRIP). This method utilizes the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network to transmit corrections from several nearby Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) format to the user’s receiver. This activity aims to create a database of road assets in 3D with real positions by utilizing the integration between GNSS, IMU, and iPad Pro LiDAR. From this study, it was found that the volume measurement data using GNSS data has a value of 4,930 m3. Meanwhile, processing using 3D model data from the iPad Pro 2020 resulted in 4,422 m3. The results of the two data have a volume difference of 0.5 m3 or 10% of the validation data.

A compact plus shaped with L-shaped slotted microstrip patch antenna for GSM, WLAN, WiMAX, C- and X- band applications

In this research article, a compact plus-shaped L-shaped slotted microstrip patch antenna is proposed for various applications, including the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and C-band X-band applications. The rectangular patch includes a plus-shaped slot, with an L-shaped slot cut along it, providing enhanced bandwidth and gain with multiband resonance. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is also better. The proposed antenna is capable of operating in four bands: (2.0 – 2.5 GHz)/2.2 GHz for GSM and WLAN applications, (3.6 – 3.9 GHz)/3.7 GHz for Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) and WiMAX applications, (6.7 -7.4 GHz)/7.1 GHz, and (9.1 – 10.8 GHz)/10 GHz for C- and X-band applications. The impedance bandwidth is 22.7%, 8.1%, 10%, and 17% for each respective frequency range. A parametric analysis of different dimensions, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), surface current distribution, and radiation pattern is presented to verify and validate the design parameters in each sections.

Lora Technology for Flood Monitoring and Warn System

Flooding is the most frequent natural disaster that has an impact on humans. There is a history of widespread damage from floods. The organizations and competent authorities use a variety of sophisticated techniques to track the flood level in areas with a high risk of flooding. The majority of these devices are quite expensive to use and maintain. In the proposed system, data from sensors including those measuring water level, water flow, and ultrasonic sensor can be sent to the cloud using a GSM device. If environmental condition threshold values rise, a warning message will be sent to the relevant authorities, who will then inform the residents of the flood-prone area. With the aid of such a system, both commercial and public organizations can develop their flood mitigation strategies before the situation worsens. The most widely used mobile messaging platform, the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), is used to send the SMS to the villages as a warning simultaneously a buzzer will ring which is placed in every village of the flood-prone area. This buzzer will work with the technology of LoRa transceiver, which had a long range of communication.

The Role of IoT in Woman’s Safety: A Systematic Literature Review

Women’s safety has been highlighted as one of the major concerns of any society where several women are dealing with various safety issues like harassment, rape, molestation, and domestic violence due to different social or cultural reasons. Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a promising technology to support day-to-day concerns and provide support in handling various affairs. Many IoT-based devices have been introduced by the community to help women deal with their potential safety threats. This study presents a systematic literature review of research studies exhibiting the IoT devices for women’s safety, the main features these devices offer as well as the wearable, sensors used, and the machine learning algorithms used. The review is carried out by carefully examining and synthesizing the research articles published between 2016 to 2022 in well-reputed research venues. The results revealed that different types of sensors are used to capture the state of women undergoing safety issues where the pulse-rate, and pressure sensors are most commonly used sensors in these devices. In addition, the devices used different technology to transmit the alerts including global positing system (GPS), global system for mobile communication (GSM), and Raspberry pi. Furthermore, several machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, hidden Markov, and decision trees are used to identify the potential under threat women and help prevent the undesirable situation for women beforehand. It was identified that despite producing notable research in the underlying domain the systems emphasizing auto-activation of alert generation with lesser human interaction and improved accuracies are required to be developed for effectively addressing the concern. In addition to reviewing the literature, this study suggests a taxonomy posing different techniques, features, wearables, and sensors used in IoT-based women safety devices. Furthermore, the gaps and challenges pertaining to the IoT devices and their usability for women’s safety have also been highlighted. In addition, this work proposes an architectural model that presents prominent components necessary to develop IoT-based women’s safety devices. Lastly, this study emphasizes the use of combinations of sensors to get multiple types of input data that could lead to determining the possibility of threat with better accuracies and precisions.

Intelligent system-based stun gloves for women's protection

In recent times, the security of women and girls has become a major concern in urban areas in many countries. To assist with settling this issue, this paper proposes a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based Stun Gloves for women with many safety techniques. The basic operation of this prototype design is that whenever women detect danger, they can simply press the gadget's ON button. When the gadget becomes active, it will track the online position of women using GPS and send an emergency message using the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to the currently enlisted portable number and the police control room. These security Stun Gloves have both an alarm and a shock provider circuit. The heartbeat rate and temperature are also shown on a connected Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The heartbeat sensor can detect any unusual heart rate patterns and send the woman's current location via GPS to the rescue team or pre-registered mobile number in the form of a Short Message Service (SMS). Likewise, in the case of self-protection, this gadget is incorporated with a shock generator. This safety precaution can be taken by women in case of any emergency crisis, which a female can use against a person. The main benefit of the design of Stun Gloves is that this gadget is compact and easy to use by any woman.

An integrated animal tracking technology combining a GPS tracking system with a UAV

Abstract Global Position System (GPS) tags are widely used in animal tracking to address far‐ranging ecological, behavioural and conservation‐related questions. However, GPS tags with transmitting functions via Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and long‐lasting batteries are too cumbersome for animals with small body sizes. In addition, GSM is expensive with strict signal limitations in remote areas. Downloading locations from small GPS tags also requires animal recapture, which can result in large workloads. Combined, these problems limit the use of GPS tags in tracking small animals. To overcome these challenges, we present an integrated technology to pinpoint animal locations, especially those of medium‐ and small‐sized species. Our system consists of 3.7 g solar‐powered GPS tags (Nano), whose sampling frequency can be changed flexibly, and a combination of a receiver and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to retrieve data. The UAV carries the receiver that can retrieve data from Nanos via Bluetooth. Data are uploaded to a platform via GSM by the receiver and then downloaded by users in real time. Users can also directly download data from tags or the receiver via Bluetooth. We conducted stationary and field tests to assess the system's performance in Thousand Island Lake, China. Stationary tests were conducted at eight sites near the buildings, in open fields and on an island. Nanos can transmit data to the receiver within distances of 600–1000 m and at speeds of 6–72 records/s. The mean accuracy was 10.44–23.32 m and the fix success rates (FSRs) were larger than 97%. In field tests, we captured and attached Nanos on six Eurasian jays Garrulus glandarius. The FSRs were larger than 98%. Using the UAV reduced the time spent in field. Our system is labour‐saving and accurate in locating animals larger than 80 g as tested in a land‐bridge island system. Bluetooth transmission assisted by the UAV can overcome signal limitations and landscape blocks, and has the potential to be applied in inaccessible landscapes. The large memory of Nanos also allows for the retrieval of data from migratory species with strong site fidelity on their returns.

Accident Alert System of Vehicle and Life Security using IoT Devices and Image Processing

In today’s world, higher security deployments are needed, as the expansion of the transportation system has accelerated with time. Road traffic disasters have become a widespread problem in recent years. With the tremendous increase in traffic accidents, the fatality rate among people is quickly expanding. Whenever a mishap occurs on the roadways, it becomes a devastating situation for the victims. As an output result of the proposed model in this article, critical notification regarding the scene of an accident and car number was successfully sent to the pre-programmed number after determining the accident scene. The relevant contacts that were configured and added to the system successfully received an emergency message, providing the exact geographic coordinates of the accident scene. Following the receipt of the message, an audio call with a recorded voice was made to the pre-defined number. Moreover, Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to get the coordinates from the satellite. For this purpose, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was utilized to attain the (GPS) coordinates in the event of an accident. Following on, the current location of an automobile through (GPS) was transmitted to certain contact details that were pre-programmed within the application. The system also reported the severity of the accident, as well as whether a vehicle collided with another vehicle or a disaster occurred to the vehicle itself.

Handover Optimization Algorithm Based on T2RFS-FNN.

As a key technology for highly reliable communication in the fifth generation mobile communication for railway (5G-R) high-speed railway wireless communication system, once the handover fails, it will pose a serious risk to the safe operation of high-speed railway. As the speed of high-speed trains continues to increase, the handover will become more frequent, and how to improve the success rate of the handover is a key problem that needs to be solved. In this paper, we proposed an optimization algorithm based on the interval type 2 feature selection recurrent fuzzy neural network (T2RFS-FNN), which is a recurrent fuzzy neural network with interval type 2 feature selection, to address the problem of fixed hysteresis threshold and single consideration for the handover algorithm between the control plane and the user plane of the high-speed railway under 5G-R. The algorithm integrates reference signal receiving power (RSRP). Reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ) and throughput to optimise the hysteresis threshold. First, a feedforward neural network structure is designed to implement fuzzy logic inference, and an interval type-two Gaussian subordination function is used to improve the nonlinear expressiveness of the model. Then, a feature selection layer is added to determine the output of the affiliation function, which completes the optimization of the hysteresis threshold and overcomes the drawback of the fixed hysteresis threshold of the handover algorithm. Finally, simulation analysis of the control-plane and user-plane handover algorithms is carried out separately. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the success rate and reduce the ping-pong handover rate compared to the comparison algorithms. The results provide a theoretical reference for the speedup of high-speed railway trains and the evolution of the global system for mobile communications for railway (GSM-R) to 5G-R.

Active Safety System in Vehicles using Sensor Network Model

The imperative need to enforce safety measures to prevent deadly accidents exists in the world of urban traffic environments today. During 2021, two-wheelers have been reckoned for the maximum number of fatal roads accidents accounting for 69,240 fatalities, or 44.5 of total road accidental deaths, followed by cars (23,531 deaths, 15.1) and trucks/lorries (14,622 deaths, 9.4%). Accidents may happen regularly as a result of drivers' carelessness and imperfect indicators of faulty warning signs on the road. Road safety policy's primary focus for several decades included techniques like signs, speed limits, and straightening bends. The system provides the Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to cater to the requirements of some intelligent vehicle monitoring systems. The research presented in this study sheds light on the vehicle's decision-making process by using a novel approach.

Alcohol Detection and Engine Control System Using Arduino

The goal of our study article is to improve driver safety and prevent accidents caused by drunk driving. This proposal proposes detecting the driver's BAC level and locking vehicle's engine if the BAC concentration exceeds the threshold. The alcohol sensor detects the BAC inside the driver's exhaled breath and transmits signals to the Arduino(microcontroller) to turn off the engine as well as to GSM. The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) sends a signal to a pre-registered cellphone number indicating that now the driver is intoxicated, and the buzzer begins to sound, followed by the engine being locked. The engine will only start if the amount of alcohol detected is below the threshold set

Varieties of Mobility Measures: Comparing Survey and Mobile Phone Data during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Human mobility has become a major variable of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic and central to policy decisions all around the world. To measure individual mobility, research relies on a variety of indicators that commonly stem from two main data sources: survey self-reports and behavioral mobility data from mobile phones. However, little is known about how mobility from survey self-reports relates to popular mobility estimates using data from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and the Global Positioning System (GPS). Spanning March 2020 until April 2021, this study compares self-reported mobility from a panel survey in Austria to aggregated mobility estimates utilizing (1) GSM data and (2) Google's GPS-based Community Mobility Reports. Our analyses show that correlations in mobility changes over time are high, both in general and when comparing subgroups by age, gender, and mobility category. However, while these trends are similar, the size of relative mobility changes over time differs substantially between different mobility estimates. Overall, while our findings suggest that these mobility estimates manage to capture similar latent variables, especially when focusing on changes in mobility over time, researchers should be aware of the specific form of mobility different data sources capture.