Global System Research Articles

Evaluating the bulk commodities supply risk from the perspective of physical trade

Geopolitical conflicts, trade barriers, and other factors pose great risks to the stable supply of bulk commodities; however, cross-country and inter-temporal assessments and comparisons of various bulk commodity supply risks from the physical trade perspective are still lacking. This gap hinders a holistic understanding of global resource security and further appropriate policy formulation. Based on the Net Positive Import share, the Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI), and the Bilateral Relationship Indicator which was innovatively quantified using the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) this study evaluated 32 bulk commodity supply risks (including agricultural products, metals, and energy fuels) in China, Japan, and the USA for the period 1992–2019. We found that the three countries have experienced different supply risk evolutions related to their diverse domestic resource endowments and socioeconomic developmental stages. During the study period, China had increasing supply risks for 20 of the 32 bulk commodities compared to 10 for Japan and the USA. The overall bulk commodity supply risk increased substantially for China, remained high for Japan, and remained relatively low for the USA. Under increasing global trade system uncertainty, in addition to the supply diversification strategy, we advise net importer countries to utilise news media data such as GDELT to monitor and analyse geopolitical changes, especially for major suppliers, which would help improve resilience to supply disruptions.

Stratification of Endovascular Revascularization Technical Outcomes Using the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System

Stratification of Endovascular Revascularization Technical Outcomes Using the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System

Dental odyssey: a comprehensive literature review on global strategies, behavioral programs, and creative approaches for ages 6-12 years

Introduction: Oral and dental hygiene serves as an indicator of a condition free from diseases, debris, and health issues in the oral cavity, affecting individuals of all age groups. Health education through various global learning systems, behavioural programmes, and creative approaches has proven effective in enhancing children's understanding of the importance of maintaining oral and dental cleanliness. Objective: Objective: This research aims to review relevant journals contributing to the development of insights, behaviours, and understanding regarding children's oral and dental health across crucial age ranges. Methods: Using a literature review method, we filtered articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Garuda (Digital Reference Library), and Science Direct published within the last six years. Searches in both Indonesian and English languages yielded ten articles that, after a selection process, provided diverse results regarding the implementation of learning models to enhance children's understanding of their oral and dental hygiene. Result: From the ten articles, it can be concluded that the application of education on oral and dental hygiene through various learning systems can effectively improve children's knowledge. Conclusion: the oral hygiene of elementary school children from various countries. Variations in research designs were found, and there is low awareness among children regarding dental health in Indonesia. Educational programmes, such as "Brush Day & Night," and collaborations between FDI and Unilever have proven effective in improving children's toothbrushing habits. The use of music and the snake ladder game was also considered appropriate for developing awareness and behaviours related to dental hygiene.

An IOT Based Vehicle Theft Detection and Remote Engine Locking System

Abstract: An IoT based vehicle theft detection and remote engine locking system is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology that helps the users to identify the vehicle in the theft mode and allow you to use the controlling mechanism technique. These days, there are a ton of cars being stolen. It's a big problem because crime rates are going up, and it's making it harder to keep vehicles safe. Criminals are becoming smarter and have reached the stage of applications present against the vehicles safety system. Vehicle theft has become a considerable issue which should be traced and prevented. The new system solves many problems and is affordable. Also the proposed system reducing complications by making use of some high priced products like ignition key, microcontroller. In the proposed method, we include an additional feature where controlling mechanisms remotely lock the vehicle engine and prevent theft. In proposed technique, user can start/stop the vehicle either by using the ignition key, which tracks exact location of the vehicle using the application. This paper talks about a great anti-theft system for vehicles. It uses Global Positioning System(GPS),Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM),and Biometrics technologies(i.e fingerprint ) to find the vehicle and confirm the owner's identity. Fingerprint device captures the fingerprints and matches the distinctiveness of every print scan by the device and compares it to the one keeps in its module or native system database.

Exploring the interplay between soil thermal and hydrological changes and their impact on carbon fluxes in permafrost ecosystems

Abstract Accelerated warming of the Arctic can affect the global climate system by thawing permafrost and exposing organic carbon in soils to decompose and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. We used a process- based biosphere model (DVM-DOS-TEM) designed to simulate biophysical and biogeochemical interactions between the soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. We varied soil and environmental parameters to assess the impact on cryohydrological and biogeochemical outputs in the model. We analyzed the responses of ecosystem carbon balances to permafrost thaw by running site-level simulations at two long-term tundra ecological monitoring sites in Alaska: Eight Mile Lake (EML) and Imnavait Creek Watershed (IMN), which are characterized by similar tussock tundra vegetation but differing soil drainage conditions and climate. Model outputs showed agreement with field observations at both sites for soil physical properties and ecosystem CO2 fluxes. Model simulations of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) showed an overestimation during the frozen season (higher CO2 emissions) at EML with a mean NEE of 26.98 ± 4.83 gC/m2/month compared to observational mean of 22.01 ± 5.67 gC/m2/month, and during the fall months at IMN, with a modeled mean of 19.21 ± 7.49 gC/m2/month compared to observation mean of 11.9 ± 4.45 gC/m2/month. Our results underscore the importance of representing the impact of soil drainage conditions on the thawing of permafrost soils, particularly poorly drained soils, which will drive the magnitude of carbon released at sites across the high-latitude tundra. These findings can help improve predictions of net carbon releases from thawing permafrost, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of the impact of Arctic warming on the global climate system.

A secure and efficient authentication key agreement scheme for industrial internet of things based on edge computing

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a pivotal driving force behind the intelligent transformation of the global industrial system, bringing about a gradual shift in production methods. However, due to users completing remote access and data transmission through open channels, ensuring user legitimacy and data security has become an important factor in IIoT. In addition, resource limited users or devices need to collect and publish corresponding messages while also timely processing instant messages obtained from the network. Leveraging edge computing technology effectively mitigates the transmission time of messages, addressing the challenges of high computing pressure and prolonged response time associated with cloud server computing. Therefore, investigating authentication key agreement based on edge computing in the IIoT environment holds substantial theoretical significance and practical importance. This article introduces an IIoT authentication that ensures both security and efficiency by integrating elliptic curve cryptography and three-factor authentication. Within this scheme, the user and the edge server accomplish security authentication. Through security analysis, the proposed scheme is proven to meet the essential security requirements. Performance analysis shows that it achieves higher security, supports more functions, and achieves lower computational and communication costs compared to related schemes.

Significance of International Reserves in the Global Anti-Crisis Financing System

Significance of International Reserves in the Global Anti-Crisis Financing System

Food fraud threats in UK post-harvest seafood supply chains; an assessment of current vulnerabilities.

Seafood fraud is commonly reported on food fraud databases and deceptive practices are highlighted by numerous studies, with impacts on the economy, health and marine conservation. Food fraud assessments are a widely accepted fraud mitigation and prevention activity undertaken to identify possible points of deception within a supply chain. This study aims to understand the food fraud vulnerability of post-harvest seafood supply chains in the UK and determine if there are differences according to commodity, supply chain node, business size and certification status. The SSAFE food fraud vulnerability assessment tool was used to assess 48 fraud factors relating to opportunities, motivations and controls. The analysis found seafood supply chains to have a medium vulnerability to food fraud, with the highest perceived vulnerability in technical opportunities. Certification status was a stronger determinant of vulnerability than any other factor, particularly in the level of controls, a factor that also indicated a higher perceived level of vulnerability in smaller companies and the food service industry. This paper also reviews historic food fraud trends in the sector to provide additional insights and the analysis indicates that certain areas of the supply chain, including uncertified prawn supply chains, salmon supply chains and food service companies, may be at higher risk of food fraud. This study conducts an in-depth examination of food fraud vulnerability relating to the UK and for seafood supply chains and contributes to a growing body of literature identifying areas of vulnerability and resilience to food related criminality within the global food system.

AIR QUALITY MONITERING & ALERT SYSTEM

This document provides an insight on air quality monitoring and alert system ,Air pollution poses a significant threat to global health, impacting respiratory and cardiovascular systems. This dissertation proposes an air quality monitoring and alert system to safeguard public health. The system leverages a network of sensors to collect real-time data on key pollutants like particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide. This data is transmitted wirelessly to a blynk cloud for processing and analysis using advanced c++ programming algorithms. The system features a user-friendly interface accessible through web and mobile applications. It provides real-time air quality index (AQI) visualizations, and customizable alerts based on user-defined thresholds. Alerts can be disseminated through buzzer allowing individuals to take preventive measures during periods of poor air quality.

Analysis of the Impact of Cybersecurity on The Stability of Financial Institutions

The issue of the impact of cybersecurity is a top priority for the functioning of a financial institution. Therefore, its provision becomes a priority in organizing the further activities of the institution itself. The article aims to analyze the current trends in ensuring the cybersecurity of financial institutions and its role in their functioning. The paper describes the theoretical foundations of the cyber protection concept. The authors also outline the specifics of cybersecurity and the leading technological solutions for achieving these goals. Special attention is paid to modern, innovative solutions to maintain the stability of financial institutions and the possibility of further development. An important area of research is the disclosure of the practical experience of information corporations in providing technical solutions to ensure the security of financial transactions and support the global financial system. The study presents the experience of Ukrainian financial institutions that use variable digital defense strategies and maintain their functionality based on an effective cybersecurity system in the context of a global military conflict. The results of the study include a detailed profile of effective practical solutions to ensure the stability of financial institutions based on the implementation of blockchain technologies. The authors pay attention to the issue of modern software, hardware, and management solutions to improve the quality of cybersecurity in the context of growing cyberattacks and digital threats to the stability of financial institutions. The research findings may be helpful for further analytical studies on the effectiveness of cybersecurity and the stability of financial institutions.

The pivotal role of data harmonization in revolutionizing global healthcare: a framework and a case study

Aim: Data harmonization standardizes healthcare information, enhancing accessibility and interoperability, which is crucial for improving patient outcomes and driving medical research and innovation. It enables precise diagnoses and personalized treatments, and boosts AI model efficiency. However, significant challenges such as ethical concerns, technical barriers in the data lifecycle, AI biases, and varied regional regulations impede progress, underscoring the need for solutions like adopting universal standards such as HL7 FHIR, where the lack of generalized harmonization efforts is significant. Methods: We propose an advanced, holistic framework that utilizes FAIR-compliant reference ontologies (based on the FAIRplus and FAIR CookBook criteria) to make data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable enriched with terminologies from OHDSI (Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics) vocabularies and word embeddings to identify lexical and conceptual overlaps across heterogeneous data models. Results: The proposed approach was applied to autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders using unstructured data from EU cohorts involving 7,551 patients with primary Sjogren’s Syndrome, 25,000 patients with cardiovascular diseases, and 3,500 patients with depression and anxiety. Metadata from these datasets were structured into dictionaries and linked with three newly developed reference ontologies (ROPSS, ROCVD, and ROMD), which are accessible on GitHub. These ontologies facilitated data interoperability across different systems and helped identify common terminologies with high precision within each domain. Conclusion: Through the proposed framework, we aim to urge the adoption of data harmonization as a priority, emphasizing the need for global cooperation, investment in technology and infrastructure, and adherence to ethical data usage practices toward a more efficient and patient-centered global healthcare system.

Genotyping-by-sequencing and weighted gene co-expression network analysis of genes responsive against Potato virus Y in commercial potato cultivars.

Potato is considered a key component of the global food system and plays a vital role in strengthening world food security. A major constraint to potato production worldwide is the Potato Virus Y (PVY), belonging to the genus Potyvirus in the family of Potyviridae. Selective breeding of potato with resistance to PVY pathogens remains the best method to limit the impact of viral infections. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of potato germplasm is important for breeders to improve new cultivars for the sustainable use of genetic materials in potato breeding to PVY pathogens. While, genetic diversity improvement in modern potato breeding is facing increasingly narrow genetic basis and the decline of the genetic diversity. In this research, we performed genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-based diversity analysis on 10 commercial potato cultivars and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify candidate genes related to PVY-resistance. WGCNA is a system biology technique that uses the WGCNA R software package to describe the correlation patterns between genes in multiple samples. In terms of consumption, these cultivars are a high rate among Iranian people. Using population structure analysis, the 10 cultivars were clustered into three groups based on the 118343 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by GBS. Read depth ranged between 5 and 18. The average data size and Q30 of the reads were 145.98 Mb and 93.63%, respectively. Based on the WGCNA and gene expression analysis, the StDUF538, StGTF3C5, and StTMEM161A genes were associated with PVY resistance in the potato genome. Further, these three hub genes were significantly involved in defense mechanism where the StTMEM161A was involved in the regulation of alkalization apoplast, the StDUF538 was activated in the chloroplast degradation program, and the StGTF3C5 regulated the proteins increase related to defense in the PVY infected cells. In addition, in the genetic improvement programs, these hub genes can be used as genetic markers for screening commercial cultivars for PVY resistance. Our survey demonstrated that the combination of GBS-based genetic diversity germplasm analysis and WGCNA can assist breeders to select cultivars resistant to PVY as well as help design proper crossing schemes in potato breeding.

P.021 Nonclinical studies of abuse potential with dual orexin-receptor antagonists: concordance with real-world use

Background: Traditional insomnia drugs enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid and are associated with abuse/dependence. Dual orexin-receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent an alternate mechanism promoting wakefulness, rather than inhibition. Nonclinical studies indicate DORAs do not demonstrate abuse potential. Nonetheless, based on human abuse potential (HAP) studies and lack of postmarketing data at approval, DORAs are Schedule 4 controlled substances. However, HAP studies may not predict real-world abuse-potential risk. Methods: Adverse events with preferred terms (PTs) of drug-withdrawal-syndrome, drug-abuse, and drug-dependence were evaluated from Eisai’s ongoing global postmarketing safety surveillance system in the US, Canada, and Japan (20/Dec/2019–30/Sep/2023) and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS; 01/Jan/2015–30/Jun/2023). In FAERS, reports of those PTs from DORAs (lemborexant/suvorexant/daridorexant) were compared with zolpidem and with benzodiazepines approved for patients with insomnia (estazolam/temazepam/triazolam). Results: Since lemborexant’s approval, few of the 3 PTs were reported in Eisai’s surveillance system (~0.15 cases per million patient-days of global exposure). Reports in FAERS for PTs of drug-withdrawal-syndrome, drug-abuse, and drug-dependence for DORAs (10,202 reports) were <0.1%/<0.1%/0.1%, respectively. Reports for benzodiazepines (5534 reports) were 0.8%/12.9%/3.7%, respectively, and 1.0%/9.1%/5.3% for zolpidem (18,330 reports), respectively. Conclusions: Abuse potential may be better represented by nonclinical studies and national surveillance systems, suggesting DORAs may not pose meaningful abuse potential and related risks.

Distinct intraseasonal periodicity of Siberian High as modulated by ENSO: dominance of Madden-Julian Oscillation

Abstract While previous studies have demonstrated that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can impact global climate systems on the intraseasonal timescale, how ENSO affects the intraseasonal variability of the Siberian High (SH) still remains unclear. Based on spectral analysis, the SH exhibits evident intraseasonal periodicity (ISP) differences, with 25–50 days during El Niño winters and 50–90 days during La Niña winters. The northward propagation of the Rossby wave from the tropics during the phase transition of the SH leads to the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) dominating the difference in the ISP of the SH. The faster eastward propagation of the MJO in El Niño winters leads to a quicker evolution of the SH. Accompanied by the eastward propagation of the MJO, when the tropical westerly in the lower troposphere is located over the Indian Ocean, it can deflect to the north and involved the Eurasian cyclonic circulation, which contributes to the negative phase of the SH. When the tropical westerly moves eastward and the easterly is occupied the Indian Ocean, the middle-to-high latitude northerly completely dominates the East Asia region, penetrates southward to the South China Sea, deflects westward, and involved the tropical easterly, acting as the positive peak stage of the SH. The upper-level tropical zonal wind overrides the low-level tropical zonal wind, forming a coupled circulation and air temperature pattern together with the low level. The faster propagation of the MJO in El Niño winters leads to the intraseasonal evolution of the El Niño-related SH to change from lagging behind the La Niña-related SH to exceeding it, thereby contributing to the ISP of the SH being much shorter during El Niño winters.

The Weberian ideal type in political economy: obsolete match or fruitful encounter?

ABSTRACT This article highlights the analytical contribution of the Weberian ideal type to the field of political economy. Major strands of political economy have continued to integrate ideal type thinking to understand better the dynamics of national, regional and global economic systems. While there is an unbroken popularity of this methodological tool in the social sciences, we argue that it shows particular strengths and weaknesses in the interface between comparative and international political economy. To make this point, we first analyse the aims of the Weberian ideal type and investigate how it has been applied in the Varieties of Capitalism approach (VoC), dominant in much of comparative political economy (CPE). We then explore standard criticisms especially in the extension and reformulation of this approach to include the reasoning of international political economy (IPE). Main patterns of ideal type construction are identified to capture the CPE/IPE interaction and to point to some of the standard pitfalls when using the Weberian device. To maintain its strong position in the toolbox of political economy researchers need to take its heuristic purpose more seriously and be aware of its limitations.

Evaluating private hospital performance before and during COVID-19 in China.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a tremendous impact on the global medical system. The development of private hospitals is an important measure to deepen the reform of China's medical and health system, and an important driving force to improve the effective supply of medical services. This study aims to compare the performance of China's private hospitals before and during COVID-19 and determine the factors that affect hospital profitability between the 2 periods. Data are collected from 10 private listed hospitals from 2017 to 2022, and ratio analysis is used to measure hospital performance in 5 aspects, namely profitability, liquidity, leverage, activity (efficiency), and cost coverage. Multiple regression analysis is used to determine the influencing factors of hospital profitability. The results show a negative impact of COVID-19 on private hospital performance. Specifically, regardless of region, hospital profitability, liquidity, and cost coverage were reduced due to COVID-19, while hospital leverage was increased. COVID-19 had also an impact on hospital efficiency. In addition, before COVID-19, current ratio and cost coverage ratio were the determinants of hospital profitability, while only cost coverage ratio affected hospital profitability during the COVID-19 outbreak. We provide evidence that COVID-19 had an impact on China private hospitals, and the findings will aid private hospitals in improving their performance in the post-COVID-19 era.

Probabilistic medium-range forecasts of extreme heat events over East Asia based on a global ensemble forecasting system

This study suggests a methodology for probabilistic forecasts of the extreme heat events in East Asia based on an operational global ensemble prediction used by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). It focuses on the medium range of up to 11 days, providing probabilities of heatwave and tropical night occurrence each day. Forecast validation in the summer from 2016 to 2021 shows that the deterministic heatwave forecast provides 5 days of optimal forecast range, while the probabilistic forecast can extend the practically predictable range up to 10 days in the Korean Peninsula and 7 days in Japan, respectively. Comparing prediction skills for heatwave and tropical night, the skills for tropical night tend to be inferior, presumably due to complex mechanisms of the tropical night and large uncertainty in the numerical model, such as microphysics and radiation. In addition, the coarse resolution of the operational system does not seem to resolve temperature variability at night. As a case study, this study also examines the forecast of the onset and offset of the 2018 South Korean heatwave event. The temporal evolution of the heatwave matches well with the changes in the upper-level atmospheric circulation pattern, which can be used for useful forecast guidance. This probabilistic forecast based on the global ensemble forecasting system is expected to provide reliable prediction information for heatwaves in advance, reducing exposure to extreme events.

The Macroeconomic Role of New Energy Sources in the Transition of Global Energy Structure

This paper looks into the changing world scene of energy with respect to shifts from traditional to new energy sources. When the trends are examined against the backdrop of rapid industrialization, technological breakthroughs, and globalization, it is noticeable that traditional energy sources have major environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas pollution and various health risks. The study demonstrates that new and renewable energy options such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power could play a leading role in reducing climate change effects and improving air and water quality. The discussion on the macroeconomic influences of these new energy sources, particularly on power generation and the automotive sector, can be seen as having transformative potential in supporting sustainable development objectives. Although the article acknowledges the growth in this sector, it also pinpoints impediments that hinder the new energy technologies, including technological youthfulness, limited infrastructure, and intermittent supply of energy. The strategy recommended as a whole consists of enhanced investment in research and development; a joined approach of politics; edification programs; and public promotion with an aim to solve these difficulties and to hasten the process of global transition into a sustainable energy sphere. The study indicates that while environmental concerns should be balanced against economic development and societal benefits when shaping future global energy systems.

Sustainable Finance: Driving a Greener Future

Sustainable finance represents a pivotal mechanism in reshaping global financial systems towards a more environmentally conscious and resilient future. This paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of sustainable finance, elucidating its historical underpinnings, defining its parameters, and examining its various components. From Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria to the burgeoning green bonds market and the transformative potential of impact investing, each facet is meticulously explored. The paper also probes the integration of sustainable finance principles within financial institutions and the influence of regulatory frameworks on fostering sustainability. Challenges such as the lack of standardized metrics and opportunities offered by technological advancements are scrutinized, offering a nuanced understanding of the field. Through a synthesis of analysis, illustrative examples, and case studies, this paper underscores the pivotal role of sustainable finance in driving economic growth while advancing environmental and social imperatives.

أثر الخدمات الإلكترونية على رضا العملاء في الدوائر الحكومية – دراسة حالة: دائرة الجمارك الأردنية

This study mainly aims to identify the impact of e-services provided by public sector departments on customer satisfaction and the level of service provided to them. Jordanian Customs was adopted as a case study in which some computerized systems are used in the procedures of dealing with customers, such as: e-Public Service System, ASYCUDA Global System Service, Customs Tariff Application Service via cellular devices, ATA admission e-service, and e-tracking service. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was designed containing 46 paragraphs related to the variables of the study, divided into: (32) paragraphs measuring the dimensions of e-services, and (14) paragraphs measuring customer satisfaction, The researchers in this study used descriptive, analytical, and field survey approaches, and the study reached a set of results centered on the existence of a statistically significant impact of the e-services provided by Jordan Customs and the existing application systems on customer satisfaction. In light of the results, the current study recommends the following: 1. Generalize the results of the study to the decision makers in Jordan Customs to identify strengths and weaknesses, and embody the principle of research and development in the department. 2. Developing the e-public service and creating a mechanism that helps clients accomplish their transactions in one place instead of moving between the directorates of the department's main offices or between the customs centers and the department. 3. The need to provide a strong network, software, and programs that support the global ASYCUDA system to prevent frequent disconnections and develop a mechanism or a system that saves data first in the event of disconnection. 4. Reconsidering the ATA admission e-service by a specialized committee of programmers with the aim of modernizing and developing it so that it is easier to use in order to enhance usability.