Global Source Research Articles

Ammonium-derived nitrous oxide is a global source in streams

Global riverine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have increased more than 4-fold in the last century. It has been estimated that the hyporheic zones in small streams alone may contribute approximately 85% of these N2O emissions. However, the mechanisms and pathways controlling hyporheic N2O production in stream ecosystems remain unknown. Here, we report that ammonia-derived pathways, rather than the nitrate-derived pathways, are the dominant hyporheic N2O sources (69.6 ± 2.1%) in agricultural streams around the world. The N2O fluxes are mainly in positive correlation with ammonia. The potential N2O metabolic pathways of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) provides evidence that nitrifying bacteria contain greater abundances of N2O production-related genes than denitrifying bacteria. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of mitigating agriculturally derived ammonium in low-order agricultural streams in controlling N2O emissions. Global models of riverine ecosystems need to better represent ammonia-derived pathways for accurately estimating and predicting riverine N2O emissions.

RETRACTED: The current advances, challenges, and future trends of plant-based yogurt

BackgroundRising global population and protein demand challenge traditional animal protein sources, emphasizing sustainability and environmental concerns. Plant proteins emerge as viable, eco-friendly alternatives, spotlighting plant-based yogurts (PBYs) for their potential. However, their broader acceptance hinges on overcoming the challenges of taste, functionality, and nutrition. Addressing these is crucial for their market success. Scope and approachThis review summarizes the mechanisms of gel formation and flavor generation in PBYs made from various plants compared to milk-based yogurts (MBYs) produced from traditional animal milk. It discusses the current state and challenges of PBY research, including aspects of processing, nutrition, and product quality. Based on this, future research directions for PBYs are proposed. Key findings and conclusionsThe texture and flavor of PBYs are influenced by plant proteins' gelation and fermenting microbes' metabolic activities. Compared to MBYs, PBYs offer unique nutritional benefits, such as higher unsaturated fatty acid content and lower cholesterol levels. However, challenges remain in achieving the desired taste and texture, as well as addressing consumer concerns about anti-nutritional factors and nutritional imbalances in some plant sources. Future research should focus on broadening raw materials, applying new technologies, product innovation, strain selection, nutritional enhancement, health function studies, sensory optimization, and gelation mechanism exploration to advance plant-based food sustainability.

Resource-efficient federated learning over IoAT for rice leaf disease classification

Rice is an important staple food in Asia. It is produced and consumed in large quantities. It contributes to 15 % of protein intake and 21 % of total per capita energy intake in the region, underscoring its important role as a primary global food source. Conversely, rice plants are heavily affected by bacterial, fungal and other microbial diseases, resulting in reduced plant health and crop yields and posing a major challenge for rice farmers. Manual diagnosis of these diseases is particularly problematic in regions with a shortage of agricultural experts. Farmers with insufficient experience sometimes incorrectly identify these diseases by hand. Recent advances in deep learning (DL) models offer a promising solution through automatic image recognition systems that can be very helpful in accurately identifying these diseases. This manuscript presents a resource-efficient federated learning IoAT (Internet of Agriculture Things) approach for rice leaf disease classification. This approach incorporates two key strategies, namely federated transfer learning and feature extraction, and evaluates their performance on various metrics such as accuracy, loss, precision, recall, AUC, and resource-related parameters such as GPU memory consumption, virtual memory, CPU and GPU process utilization. The dataset used in the study includes 5932 images of rice leaf diseases categorized as bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown spot and tungro. The research investigates the application of federated transfer learning and federated feature extraction techniques to classify rice leaf disease images. It performs a comparative analysis of their performance and resource utilization. EfficientNetB3, with an impressive validation accuracy of 99 %, is identified as the base model for the federated learning (FL) environment. Furthermore, we implement FL using both transfer learning and feature extraction methods and compare their results on a number of performance and resource related parameters. It is shown that the federated feature extraction approach has lower GPU memory and process utilization compared to the federated transfer learning approach and is thus more resource efficient. Extracting features before model training results in a lightweight model, which is especially beneficial for FL, IoAT devices that require efficient execution on edge devices. Therefore, the proposed approach is presented as a lightweight, privacy-friendly and resource-efficient solution for rice leaf disease classification.

Exporting, Global Sourcing, and Multinational Activity: Theory and Evidence from the United States

Abstract Multinational firms (MNEs) dominate trade flows, yet their foreign production decisions are often ignored in firm-level studies of exporting and importing. Using newly merged data on US firms' trade and global production, we show that MNEs are more likely to trade with countries that are proximate to their affiliates. We rationalize these patterns with a new source of firm-level scale economies that arises when fixed costs to source from, or sell in, a market are shared across the MNE's plants. These shared fixed costs create interdependencies between firms' production and trade locations that generate third-market responses to trade policy changes.

Incorporating platinum circular economy into China's hydrogen pathways toward carbon neutrality.

Hydrogen is gaining tremendous traction in China as the fuel of the future to support the country's carbon neutrality ambition. Despite that hydrogen as fuel largely hinges on the supply of platinum (Pt), the dynamic interlinkage between Pt supply challenges, hydrogen development pathways, and climate targets in China has yet to be deeply analyzed. Here, we adopt an integrated assessment model to address this important concern and corresponding strategies for China. The results indicate that the booming hydrogen development would drive China's cumulative demand for Pt metal to reach 4,200-5,000 tons. Much of this demand, met through a limited supply pattern, is vulnerable to price volatility and heightened geopolitical risks, which can be mitigated through circular economy strategies. Consequently, a coordinated approach to leverage both global sustainable Pt sourcing and a robust domestic Pt circular economy is imperative for ensuring cost-effective hydrogen production, aligned with a climate-safe future.

The link between organizational choice and global input sourcing under sequential production

AbstractThis article analyzes the ways heterogenous firms procure their inputs in the presence of relationship‐specific investments and incomplete contracts. We first consider a closed economy in which firms decide how to structure their organization. Production is sequential and inputs (upstream and downstream) are sourced in the same order as production. While our closed‐economy setup is analogous to Antràs and Chor (Econometrica, 2013), there are two distinct features: (1) The reward to each supplier is determined through bargaining over the full revenue of the firm (as opposed to marginal contribution of the supplier), and (2) The reward structure combined with our sequential bargaining protocol gives rise to linkages across suppliers. The analysis in Antràs and Chor (Econometrica, 2013) identifies a mechanism in which upstream organizational decisions have spillover effects on downstream suppliers' investment incentives. Thanks to our novel features, we identify another mechanism: the spillover effects of downstream organizational decisions on the investment incentive of upstream suppliers. Next, we consider an open economy in which firms not only make organizational decisions but also determine where to source their inputs. We show that these decisions are connected between sequential production stages such that the sourcing location of the upstream input may affect the organizational choice in the downstream stage. We then examine how within sectoral heterogeneity and variations in industry characteristics influence the relative prevalence of firms that choose to form different organizational structures.

Optimization analysis of distributed energy consumption based on dynamic data synchronization and intelligent control

SummaryWith the rapid development of the global renewable energy source field, the importance of dynamic index processing technology in distributed energy systems has become more and more obvious. To better improve the real‐time dynamic interaction means of microgrids in the energy Internet and optimize the relevant methods for microgrid energy consumption detection, this article proposes to introduce the distributed Hadoop platform into the electrical thermal coupling multivariate data in the form of cluster configuration, and then use the Spark framework to detect and capture real‐time data, to complete the tracking and analysis of energy consumption data. At the same time, the Internet of Things and the cloud intelligent monitoring system are combined to further clean and explore the data, to achieve the in‐depth detection of the energy consumption problem of the microgrid under the premise of reducing the initial investment, and achieve the purpose of reducing the operating cost. In this case, the outliers are detected according to the photovoltaic indicators of photovoltaic power stations, the filtration and purification functions of photovoltaic indicators are used by the nuclear density curve, and the sustainable solar energy is optimized by combining multiple indicators such as wind direction and temperature. Based on reducing energy consumption, the overfitting phenomenon of the controller is controlled, and an optimized controller‐led cloud platform is established. By establishing the objective function model, the robustness of the controller is guaranteed and the detection expectation is satisfied by the experiment of energy consumption data. In addition, when the cloud platform is created, this study uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the controller index and then builds a cloud console detection mechanism that collaborates with the Internet. Through the research, it is found that outliers may lead to the redundancy of energy consumption indicators in the non‐processing state. This study adopts the optimization of energy consumption parameters and the help of a distributed data framework to deal with and effectively solve this problem. In terms of interpolation simulation verification combined with experimental data, this paper proposes to use the Internet of Things, wearable devices, sensors, and other means to monitor the cost of energy consumption, to realize the distributed dynamic storage of massive real‐time data in the process of parallel processing, as well as the evaluation and detection of real‐time data replacement.

NewGen Surgical: reimagining health for people and planet

Research methodology The case study draws on structured interviews with Rob Chase, Founder and CEO of NewGen Surgical, as well as secondary data sources to analyze the effectiveness of these solutions in mitigating the risks and enhancing the company’s competitive advantage. Case overview/synopsis This case study examines how NewGen Surgical, a small- to medium-sized medical equipment manufacturer based in the USA, navigates a supply chain crisis caused by post-pandemic (COVID-19) supply and demand distress, trade restrictions, and the US–China trade war in 2022. It outlines the journey of CEO and Founder, Robert Chase, as he started, grew and is maintaining the company and its various challenges. The case study reviews the risks and vulnerabilities of the company, which heavily relies on Chinese suppliers for most of its operations. To address the supply chain challenges, the case study explores alternative solutions such as insourcing, reshoring, diversifying the supplier base, changing safety stock and implementing new technologies. The case can be designed to teach business courses such as global business, supply chain and entrepreneurship. Complexity academic level This case study is intended for undergraduate and graduate students in courses such as global business, supply chain and entrepreneurship. In addition, this case study may be incorporated with modules on learning organizations, knowledge management and entrepreneurship to aid students in comprehending the principles of global sourcing, offshoring and supply chain management.

Commercial arbitration regime and sourcing decision

Introducing commercial arbitration into a two-country sourcing model, this paper examines how the quality of commercial arbitration regime affects sourcing decision when production involves a relationship-specific transaction. Arbitration may be invoked when a firm shaves the investment value of a customized intermediate input or does not pay in full for investment. Under the full verifiability of an ex-post investment value by an arbitrator, firm behavior is governed by the quality of arbitration regime, measuring how fully a national arbitration regime supports the enforcement of arbitral awards. I theoretically find that a firm’s likelihood of choosing global sourcing over domestic sourcing increases with the source and destination countries’ qualities of international arbitration regimes and the source country’s quality of general arbitration regime. These impacts are magnified as the production of an intermediate input involves a greater degree of relationship-specific transaction. Results also show that as the production of an intermediate input entails a greater degree of relationship-specific transaction, a firm’s likelihood of choosing global sourcing over domestic sourcing decreases when domestic arbitration offers the better enforcement of arbitral awards compared to international arbitration.

Genetic diversity and evolution of the plastome in allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium spp.)

AbstractCotton (Gossypium spp.) is a vital global source of renewable fiber and ranks among the world's most important cash crops. While extensive nuclear genomic data of Gossypium has been explored, the organellar genomic resources of allotetraploid cotton, remain largely untapped at the population level. The plastid genome (plastome) is well suited for studying plant species relationships and diversity due to its nonrecombinant uniparental inheritance. Here, we conducted de novo assembly of 336 Gossypium plastomes, mainly from domesticated cultivars, and generated a pan‐plastome level resource for population structure and genetic diversity analyses. The assembled plastomes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure and varied in length from 160 103 to 160 597 bp. At the species level, seven allotetraploid species were resolved into three clades, where Gossypium tomentosum and Gossypium mustelinum formed an early diverging clade rooted by diploids, followed by splitting two sister clades of Gossypium darwinii–Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum–Gossypium ekmanianum–Gossypium stephensii. Within the G. hirsutum clade the resolution of cultivated accessions was less polyphyletic with landrace and wild accessions than in G. barbadense suggesting some selection on plastome in the domestication of this adaptable species of cotton. The nucleotide diversity of G. hirsutum was higher than that of G. barbadense. We specifically compared the plastomes of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense to find mutational hotspots within each species as potential molecular markers. These findings contribute a valuable resource for exploring cotton evolution as well as in the breeding of new cotton cultivars and the preservation of wild and cultivated germplasm.

Global Production Networks and Dynamic Cores in the World’s Main Nodes: The Technological-Productive Transition of the Automotive Industry

The global production networks (GPNs) perspective, to account for key aspects of the new global space, takes on its full dimension from a theoretical-methodological approach to capitalism in terms of historical-spatial phases of development, implying the existence of industrial cycles differentiated by their dynamic core. The global automotive industry is undergoing a profound transformation due to the transition to electric and autonomous vehicles. Under its preceding technological-productive base, it had become part of the automotive-mechanical-metal-petrochemical complex that constituted the dynamic core of the Fordist-Keynesian development phase. Underlying this transition is a process of technological-productive revolutionization in the industry by the electronic-informatics and telecommunications sector, which constitutes the dynamic core of a new industrial cycle typical of the current phase of development. This implies a changing technological-productive base and a spatial and hierarchical reconfiguration of the automotive industry, with macro-regions and new leading countries, old leading macro-regions and countries that have become second-tier players, and new competing countries; with the deployment of new GPNs involving the dynamic cores of global nodes within macro-regions. This article concludes that the actual further regionalization of GPNs between the dynamic cores is in contradiction to the necessary global sourcing of key elements of the industry.

Nitrogen use efficiency in bread wheat: Genetic variation and prospects for improvement.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the primary macronutrients required for crop growth and yield. This nutrient is especially limiting wheat yields in the dry and low fertile agro-ecologies having low N in the root zone soil strata. Moreover, majority of farmers in India and South Asia are small to marginal with meagre capacity to invest in costly nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, there is an immense need to identify lines that use nitrogen efficiently. A set of 50 diverse wheat genotypes consisting of indigenous germplasm lines (05), cultivars released for commercial cultivation (23) and selected elite lines from CIMMYT nurseries (22) were evaluated in an alpha-lattice design with two replications, a six-rowed plot of 2.5m length for 24 agro morphological, physiological and NUE related traits during two consecutive crop seasons in an N-depleted precision field under two different N levels of 50%-N50 (T1) and 100%-N100 (T2) of recommended N, i.e., 100 kg/ha. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among genotypes for all the traits studied. About 11.36% yield reduction was observed at reduced N levels. Significant correlations among NUE traits and yield component traits were observed which indicated pivotal role of N remobilization to the grain in enhancing yield levels. Among N-insensitive genotypes identified based on their yielding ability at low N levels, UASBW13356, UASBW13358, UASBW13354, UASBW13357 and KRL1-4 showed their inherent genotypic plasticity toward N application. The genotypes with more yield and high to moderate NUtE can be used as parents for the breeding of N efficient genotypes for marginal agro-ecologies. Low N tolerant genotypes identified from the current investigation may be further utilized in the identification of genomic regions responsible for NUE and its deployment in wheat breeding programs. The comprehensive data of 24 traits under different nitrogen levels for diverse genotypes from India and global sources (mainly CIMMYT) should be useful for supporting breeding for NUE and thus will be of great help for small and marginal farmers in India and South Asia.

Assessing the influence of seasonal precipitation patterns on groundwater quality in the coal rich environment of Enugu, Nigeria

As the impacts of climate change continue to be felt around the world, understanding the effects on groundwater quality and quantity has become an important area of investigation. As a global source of water that contributes to preserving the environment, a better understanding of the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on these systems is crucial; though studies connected to groundwater quality in this era of environmental crisis are at infancy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on groundwater quality in a coal enriched environment of developing city of west African sub-region with particular reference to Enugu, a coal city in Nigeria. Three residential areas (Abakpa, Achara, and Independence Layout) were randomly selected from high, medium, and low neighbourhood densities in the metropolis. Within the period spanning from April 2018 to March 2019, a physiochemical analysis was conducted on twelve deep wells utilizing weighted arithmetic index method. This technique was implemented in order to facilitate the assessment of the degree of water quality by translating a number of variables to just one metric value. The results of the investigation showed that the groundwater resources in the study region are mildly acidic, presumably as a result of the presence of pyrite, which is a byproduct of coal weathering, and chloride-ion-charged rains. Additionally, noticeable distinctions in the properties of water samples were observed between the dry and rainy seasons. Specifically, just 1% of the sampled water had excellent ratings, while 58.3% were considered good, 29.1% were deemed poor, and 8.3% of samples were categorized as very poor. The study concluded that coupled with climate crisis, seasonal precipitation patterns affect groundwater resources by reducing recharge, discharge, and the overall quality of water. These results have important implications for the management of groundwater resources in the region and highlight the need for continued monitoring and assessment of water quality in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

Organic-mineral colloids regulate the migration and fractionation of rare earth elements in groundwater systems impacted by ion-adsorption deposits mining in South China

Ion-adsorption rare earth element (REE) deposits distributed in the subtropics provide a rich global source of REEs, but in situ injection of REEs extractant into the mine can result in leachate being leaked into the surrounding groundwater systems. Due to the lack of understanding of REE speciation distribution, particularly colloidal characteristics in a mining area, the risks of REEs migration caused by in situ leaching of ion-adsorption REE deposits has not been concerned. Here, ultrafiltration and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (AF4-ICP-MS) were integrated to characterize the size and composition of REEs in leachate and groundwater from mining catchments in South China. Results show that REEs were associated with four fractions: 1) the <1 kDa fraction including dissolved REEs; 2) the 1 – 100 kDa nano-colloidal fraction containing organic compounds; 3) the 100 kDa – 220 nm fine colloids including organic-mineral (Fe, Mn and Al (oxy)hydroxides and clay minerals); 4) the >220 nm coarse colloids and acid soluble particles (ASPs) comprising minerals. Influenced by the ion exchange effect of in situ leaching, REEs in leachate were mostly dissolved (79 %). The pH of the groundwater far from the mine site was increased (5.8 – 7.3), the fine organic-mineral colloids (46 % – 80 %) were the main vectors of transport for REEs. Further analysis by AF4 revealed that the fine colloids can be divided into mineral-rich (F1, 100 kDa – 120 nm) and organic matter-rich (F2, 120 – 220 nm) populations. The main colloids associated with REEs shifted from F1 (64 % ∼ 76 %) to F2 (50 % ∼ 52 %) away from the mining area. For F1 and F2, the metal/C molar ratio decreased away from the mining area and middle to heavy REE enrichment was presented. According to the REE fractionation, organic matter was the predominant component capable of binding REEs in fine colloids. Overall, our results indicate that REEs in the groundwater system shifted from the dissolved to the colloidal phase in a catchment affected by in situ leaching, and organic-mineral colloids play an important role in facilitating the migration of REEs.

Constraining global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids on sea spray aerosol using field measurements.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly persistent anthropogenic pollutants that have been detected in the global oceans. Our previous laboratory studies demonstrated that PFAAs in seawater are remobilized to the air in sea spray aerosols (SSAs). Here, we conducted field experiments along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean to study the enrichment of PFAAs in SSA. We show that in some cases PFAAs were enriched >100,000 times in the SSA relative to seawater concentrations. On the basis of the results of the field experiments, we estimate that the secondary emission of certain PFAAs from the global oceans via SSA emission is comparable to or greater than estimates for the other known global sources of PFAAs to the atmosphere from manufacturing emissions and precursor degradation.

Assessing the Efficacy of Graphene, Graphene Oxide, and Graphene Oxide Encrusted with Gold Nanoparticles for Sulfur Removal from Crude Oil: An Innovative Experimental Investigation

Crude oil, consisting of hydrocarbons, is the leading global energy source. Sulfur is the most abundant element after carbon and hydrogen in the structure of crude oil. Sulfur and sulfur compounds in the structure of petroleum are dangerous for both the environment and human health due to the SOx gases they produce after combustion. Removing sulfur from oil is a costly and difficult process. Therefore, the sulfur content of crude oil directly affects the price of oil. This study investigated the adsorptive desulfurization performance of graphene, graphene oxide, and graphene oxide functionalized with gold nanoparticles. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and then 0.02 to 0.1 g adsorbents were taken separately and placed in a flask that included 50 ml of crude oil. Each flask was stirred at 400 rpm under ambient temperature for 1 h. After the reaction, the adsorbent was separated from the mixture with the help of a centrifuge, and the residual sulfur amount was checked. It was determined that the sulfur removal performance after 1 h contact time was between 2.09%–5.48% for Graphene, 1.91%–4.06% for GO, and 0.575%–6.471% for AuNPs/GO.

Laser sources: global market and trends

AbstractThe laser industry experienced significant growth in 2021 and 2022, reaching a value of 19.3 billion US dollars in 2022 after two challenging years in 2019 and 2020. Despite the global effects of the war in Ukraine, the ongoing trade war between the United States and China, and the aftermath of the Covid‐19 pandemic, this industry showed remarkable resilience. The demand for laser sources in both industry and consumer products has significantly accelerated their sales. If this trend is not affected by any destabilizing factors, the global laser sources market is expected to reach a total value of 26.8 billion US dollars by 2027, with a growth rate of 6.8 %.

Human resources for health and maternal mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last three decades:a systemic-perspective reflections.

The role of human resources for health in the operation of health systems is crucial. However, training and incorporating them into institutions is a complex process due to the continuous misalignment between the supply and demand of health personnel. Taking the case of the Latin American and Caribbean region countries, this comment discusses the relationship between the availability of human resources for health and the maternal mortality ratio for the period 1990-2021. It proposes the need to resume planning exercises from a systemic perspective that involves all areas of government and the private sector linked to the training and employment of health workers. We used secondary data from a global source to show patterns in the relationship between these two aspects and identify gaps in the Latin American and Caribbean regions. The results show enormous heterogeneity in the response of regional health systems to the challenge of maternal mortality in the region. Although most countries articulated specific programs to achieve the reduction committed by all countries through the Millennium Development Goals, not all had the same capacity to reduce it, and practically none met the target. In addition, in the English Caribbean countries, we found significant increases in the number of health personnel that do not explain the increases in the maternal mortality rate during the period. The great lesson from the data shown is that some countries could articulate responses to the problem using available resources through effective strategies, considering the specific needs of their populations. Although variations in maternal mortality rate cannot be explained solely through the provision of health personnel, it is important to consider that it is critical to find new modalities on how human resources for health could integrate and create synergies with other resources to increase systems capacity to deliver care according to conditions in each country.

Data Don’t Lie: A Comparative Study of Nepal’s Development under Absolute Monarchy and Post-Monarchy Democratic Era

A widespread perception among the Nepalese people is that Nepal was in a better position in terms of development during the party-less Panchayat political system under the absolute monarchy from 1960 to 1990 than in the post-Panchayat democratic period after 1990. This article presents a comparative study of major development indexes during the Panchayat and post-Panchayat periods and aims to clarify the origins and reality of this perception. Data were obtained and analyzed using secondary global sources such as UNICEF, UNFPA, UNESCO, Education Statistics, World Bank, etc. Further comparison is made with corresponding Indian indexes for a better assessment of development after the emergence of globalization. The comparison shows that, contrary to the common perception, Nepal is in a much better development position in most of the indexes in the post-Panchayat democratic period.

Extraction of sand from the complex matrix of coal mining dump waste: A sustainable approach in Indian context

Dump waste generated by open cast coal mining industry is a significant global source of environmental pollution, land degradation and possesses threats to the environmental sustainability. After conducting pilot study, experimental investigations were conducted to study the reuse of waste rocks coming from mining as fine aggregates as a possible replacement of river sand. Physical, chemical and mechanical tests have been carried out in order to analyze in detail the interaction whether extracted sand is suitable in construction sector or not. The present study focuses on utilizing the overburden of the Sasti open cast coal mine of Western Coal Limited in the Chandrapur District of Maharashtra state, India for extraction of sand. Extracted sand contains minerals mainly quartz, alumina, and satisfies the prescribed permissible limit as per the Indian coal provisions for its use in construction work and observed to be equivalent to river sand. The compressive strength obtained with extracted OB sand after 28 days of curing was 29.294 MPa as compared to 33.153 MPa for the river sand for M25 grade of concrete. The focus of the study is on the reclaimed sand and its possible usages and not on the other components like clay of dump waste.