Global Self-efficacy Research Articles

Developing a Questionnaire to Assess Self-Efficacy in the Teaching Profession

In Japan, school teachers experience mental health issues, leading to absences or leave from their duties. While extended working hours significantly contribute to this problem, diminished self-esteem has emerged as the primary causal factor. Reduced self-esteem is frequently correlated with diminished self-efficacy across multiple facets of teaching. Consequently, fostering self-efficacy in the teaching profession is essential for preventing health-related problems. In this regard, early intervention among students aspiring to become school teachers is crucial for prevention. This study aimed to develop a self-efficacy questionnaire tailored for students pursuing teaching careers, as effective preventive interventions require scales to evaluate self-efficacy. Following the development of an original questionnaire with both content and face validity, a web-based survey was administered to the participants via a Japanese survey company. The analysis included 422 participants (176 males and 246 females). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed factorial validity, identifying three distinct factors: collaboration with others, student guidance, and classroom and teaching management. Additionally, a higher-order factor denoting global self-efficacy in the profession emerged from the total scores of these three factors. Internal consistency was observed across all subscales and the global scale, with scores demonstrating an undistorted distribution, indicative of a normal distribution. The study concludes with a discussion of its limitations and suggestions for future research. This questionnaire could facilitate the implementation of diverse interventions aimed at promoting teachers’ well-being and adaptability.

The interrelationship between global mindedness and global awareness in explaining variability in global self-efficacy: a cross-country comparison

Recognition and understanding of the interconnectedness of the world and the complex web of global issues can have a positive effect on an individual’s belief in their ability to navigate and make a positive impact on global issues. However, past literature is not clear about how this relationship may be affected by a mindset characterized by openness, empathy, and respect for diverse perspectives and cultures. This study fills this gap in the literature by examining the interactive relationship of global mindedness and global awareness in explaining variation in global self-efficacy. Our results suggest a strong, robust, and positive interactive effect in some but not all countries with our empirical models explaining as much as two-fifths of the total variation in global self-efficacy. Educational implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Functional Capacity Among Discharged Heart Failure Patients in Jordan.

Self-efficacy is an important factor associated with healthy lifestyle changes in heart failure treatment. Functional capacity testing of heart failure patients (HFPs) can stratify prognosis. Reduced functional capacities in HFPs are linked to a poor heart failure prognosis. Limited research has examined the potential relationship between self-efficacy and functional capacity. The aims of this study were to assess self-efficacy level and functional capacity among HFPs after hospitalization, and examine whether there is a relationship between them. A descriptive correlational design was used. A convenience sample of 220 HFPs was recruited from 2 hospitals in Jordan. The Arabic version of Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was used to assess self-efficacy, the 6-Minute Walking Test (6-MWT) was used to assess functional capacity, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (Borg Scale) was used to assess exertion during 6-MWT. The sample included 46.8% male (n = 103) and 53.2% female (n = 117). The mean age was 52.66 ± 8.91 years. Most of the HFPs were categorized based on New York Heart Association classification as class I, 35.9% (n = 79), and class II, 41.4% (n = 91). The mean ejection fraction was 41.46 ± 9.44. The global self-efficacy was moderate (32.98 ± 9.92), and the mean score for the 6-MWT was 494.35 ± 143.37. The Borg Scale mean was 10.94 ± 3.34. In addition, there was a positive relationship between self-efficacy and 6-MWT (r = 0.63, n = 220, P = .01). This study provides baseline data for further research on treatment of HFPs, and the development of evidence-based tailored health interventions to maintain and improve self-efficacy and functional capacity among these service users. Moreover, replicated researches can test the study results considering different methodologies, such as using objective functional capacity tool and longer follow-up periods.

Development and Validation of the High Performance Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale.

In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically examine a self-efficacy scale for high-performance volleyball athletes. A literature review and interviews with 16 experts led to construction of item content. A preliminary version of the scale was then administered to 24 high-performing adult athletes, followed by administration of the scale to 300 Brazilian high-performing volleyball athletes (M age = 24.88, SD = 5.51 years; 55% male; 45% female). The definitive model contained 19 items, grouped into three factors (Self-Efficacy in the Game, Defensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball, and Offensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball). A Global Self-Efficacy score was evaluated through several statistical procedures that provided evidence of an adequate fit of the model to the data, and we showed internal reliability of the item content and invariance of the instrument for both sexes. These results support the instrument's test content, internal structure, and relation to other variables, indicating that the Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale (VSES) can now be used to assess the self-efficacy of high performing Brazilian volleyball athletes.

CHANGES IN GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY FOLLOWING THE WITS WELLNESS PROGRAM: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE 12-WEEK RCT

Abstract Self-efficacy among older adults has been associated with better sleep, increased vitality, decreased pain and discomfort as well as overall satisfaction with life. Interventions designed to increase general self-efficacy can therefore have wide-ranging effects on individual’s health as well as reduce the burden on healthcare systems. In this abstract we present preliminary data examining the impact of Wits Wellness on general self-efficacy among participants. Middle aged and older adults, Nf285 (Mean age 65.58 yrs, males=28) were randomized to either a Wits Wellness group or a Waitlist Control for 12-weeks. The 12-week wellness program addresses multiple factors including physical activity, stress, sleep, social isolation and diet with the goal of empowering older adults to make healthier lifestyle choices. At baseline and end of the 12-week trial, the 10-item PROMIS general self-efficacy scale was used to assess global self-efficacy which reflects a problem-solving approach despite perceived obstacles and challenges. Older participants aged 65 and above, who attended 8 or more weeks (Nf123, n=63 in Wits Wellness group) of the program demonstrated significant increases in their general self-efficacy. Results showed a significant group*time effect favoring the Wits Wellness intervention (F(1,120)=4.10, p=.045, partial eta2=.03). The intervention was most effective in boosting confidence among the older adults within the trial (>65 yrs.). These findings demonstrate preliminary efficacy of the Wits Wellness program and are significant as general self-efficacy is considered an important moderator of healthy adaptation to illness which is critical in old age. Funded by the Midwest Roybal Center grant P30AG022849.

Keep me updated! Social support as a coping strategy to reduce the perceived threat caused by the cognitive availability of COVID-19 relevant information

The enormous amount of information about the COVID-19 pandemic in newspapers, TV channels, or social media reminds people every day of the potential threat the virus posed to their health and well-being in 2020. We examined if the cognitive availability of COVID-19 leads to the perception of heightened threat facilitating coping strategies and the moderating role of global self-efficacy and intolerance of uncertainty. A total of 235 participants randomly received either a newspaper article about the COVID-19 virus or Germany’s soil condition and were asked to indicate their current level of the perceived threat of the virus and the use of different coping strategies. Results indicate that the cognitive availability of COVID-19 information leads to a higher perceived threat, leading to more seeking for social support. Although neither self-efficacy nor intolerance of uncertainty moderates the effect of cognitive availability on the perceived threat, both personality characteristics moderated the relationship between perceived threat and different coping strategies. We discuss our results in line with current research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coping strategies and well-being.

Relationship between age, category and experience with the soccer referee's self-efficacy.

Soccer referees (SRs) encounter stressful situations during competitions and sometimes even outside them, which may affect their decision making. Therefore, it is important that they possess or acquire optimal levels of self-efficacy, since it is related to less stress during competition, also guaranteeing sports performance and prevent sports abandonment. The objectives of this study were to characterize the profile, in terms of self-efficacy, of SRs depending on their category, age, and experience and to determine the relationship of these factors on SR self-efficacy. Two-hundred fifty-six Spanish referees participated in this study and Referee Self-Efficacy Scale was administered and completed. The results indicated that the SRs older than 25 years, of national category, and with experience greater than or equal to 8 years, have higher levels of self-efficacy than those with the least (p < .01). Likewise, moderate positive correlations were also observed between global self-efficacy and the category, age, and experience of the SRs. In conclusion, age, category and experience factors relate the self-efficacy of the SR, which can explain up to 17% of the variance, affecting decision-making and other decisive behaviors in the competition. These findings are of interest to delegations and referee committees seeking to implement psychological intervention programs to prevent burnout and abandonment of sports practice due to the consequences of low self-efficacy.

Fighting Coronavirus One Personality at a Time: Need for Structure, Trait Victimhood, and Adherence to COVID-19 Health Guidelines.

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities have issued several guidelines to curb the pandemic's disastrous effects. However, measures' effectiveness is dependent upon people's adherence to them. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the potential factors that explain guideline adherence. In the present brief research report, we investigated need for structure and trait victimhood, i.e., the tendency to feel like a victim, and their effect on fear of the pandemic, which in turn, predicted guideline adherence. Furthermore, the association between fear and guideline adherence was shaped by participants' global self-efficacy: higher levels of self-efficacy predicted more guideline adherence regardless of fear levels. The present findings may be relevant to health messaging endeavors aiming to improve compliance with guidelines.

Assessing ADHD Symptoms among Young Adults in the University with the ASRS v1.1: Examining Associations with Social Anxiety and Self-Efficacy

ABSTRACT Background Students with ADHD symptoms in post-secondary settings often go undiagnosed which can contribute to challenges for their overall academic success. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) examine results of the ADHD Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1, Part A) comparing ADHD symptoms to self-report diagnosis and (2) analyse the association of self-efficacy and anxiety for subjects who scored 4 or more on the ASRS-v1.1. Methods A sample of 553 students from a university in southern United States was analysed. The ASRS-v1.1, Part A, six items from the Global Self-efficacy Scale, and two subscales of 6 items each from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Index were used. Results Participants with a score of 4 or higher on the ASRSv1.1, Part A represented symptomology associated with Adult ADHD. ANOVA results showed participants in the group with 4 or more reported lower self-efficacy and higher scores on the anxiety measures. The OLS regression results also indicated ASRS scores were positively associated with the outcomes.

Developing a cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia using telehealth: a feasibility study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a novel cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia (CBT-H) in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence and co-occurring depressive symptoms using a telehealth model for delivery and assessment. Thirty-five adults with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia received a 6-session CBT-H delivered individually or in small groups using videoconferencing. The clinical impact of CBT-H was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and other patient-reported outcomes collected online at baseline and posttreatment. Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and telehealth model was also evaluated using qualitative data collected from exit interviews conducted through videoconferencing. Forty percent of the sample achieved a clinically significant baseline to posttreatment change in depressive symptoms (decrease in Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 5), which is below the prespecified efficacy benchmark (50% of the sample). The prespecified benchmark for a minimal clinically important difference (Cohen's d > 0.5) on other psychosocial measures was met only on the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System global self-efficacy (d = 0.62) in the total sample. Qualitative data revealed enthusiasm for the accessibility of telehealth delivery and the usefulness of several cognitive and behavioral modules but also revealed opportunities to refine the CBT-H program. These findings indicate that this new CBT-H program can potentially reduce depressive symptoms and improve self-efficacy in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence. Furthermore, telehealth is a promising model for remote delivery and data collection to enhance participant accessibility and engagement. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Psychosocial Adjunctive Treatment for Hypersomnia (PATH); URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03904238; Identifier: NCT03904238.

Well-Being, Self-Efficacy and Independence in older adults: A Randomized Trial of Occupational Therapy

ObjectiveThe main objective of the research was to analyze whether there were differences in the effects of individual and group occupational therapy (OT) treatment on psychological well-being, self-efficacy and personal independence. MethodA randomized clinical trial (N = 70; age = 85 years, SD = 4) comparing individual versus group occupational therapy treatment for 6 months was conducted. The evaluation was performed with the Barthel Index (Personal Independence), the Ryff Wellness Index (Well-being), the Global Self-Efficacy Scale (Self-efficacy) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (Affective state Scale). ResultsResults showed a decrease in individual treatment scores in the variables autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth and purpose in life, reflecting worse self-acceptance and negative well-being as well as a lower ability to maintain stable relationships. By contrast, group treatment users maintained more stable social relationships and exhibited a greater ability to resist social pressure, to develop their potential skills and to define their goals in life. There were statistically significant differences in overall self-efficacy (p < 0.001), emotional well-being (p < 0.001) and personal independence (p = 0.013), with better scores in group versus individual treatment. ConclusionsGroup occupational therapy interventions in older adults could be the treatment of choice in people with depressed state, improving their emotional well-being, sense of self-efficacy and level of personal independence in basic activities of daily living.

Canadian Children from Food Insecure Households Experience Low Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy for Healthy Lifestyle Choices.

The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to: (i) determine whether there are differences in self-esteem and self-efficacy for healthy lifestyle choices between children living in food secure and food insecure households; and (ii) determine whether the association between household food insecurity (HFI), self-esteem and self-efficacy differs by gender. Survey responses of 5281 fifth-grade students (10 and 11 years of age) participating in the Canadian Children’s Lifestyle and School Performance Study II were analyzed using logistic and linear regression. HFI status was determined by the six-item short-form Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM). Students from food insecure households had significantly higher odds of low self-esteem, and significantly lower scores for global self-efficacy to make healthy choices, compared to students from food secure households. These associations were stronger for girls than for boys and appeared independent of parental educational attainment. Household income appeared to be the essential underlying determinant of the associations of food insecurity with self-esteem and self-efficacy. Upstream social policies such as improving the household income of low-income residents will reduce food insecurity and potentially improve self-esteem and self-efficacy for healthy choices among children. This may improve health and learning, and in the long term, job opportunities and household earnings.

Role-specific Self-efficacy as Precedent and Product of the Identity Model

This article examines empirically ideas initially proposed in speculative work by Ervin and Stryker dealing with what could be understood about human social behavior and interaction by bringing together self-esteem and identity theories. Necessary to that task is distinguishing between two key and often conflated concepts of identity theory, salience and prominence. We argue that role-specific self-efficacy, embedded in self-esteem theory, is a precedent and a product of the identity theory model and global self-efficacy is a link from role-identities to the self-concept through the impact of global self-efficacy on prominence. Findings support a hypothesized feedback loop from role-specific self-efficacy to prominence to salience and back to role-specific self-efficacy.

Mission Impossible? Physical Activity Programming for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness

Purpose: A pilot study was conducted to describe the physical activity experiences and perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity participation for patrons of a homeless shelter. The resulting pilot data may be used to inform the creation of and support for physical activity and sport programs for those experiencing homelessness. Method: Eighteen male patrons of a homeless shelter completed self-report questionnaires to assess psychosocial factors: global self-esteem, general self-efficacy, exercise intention and attitudes, and quality of life. Fitness tests were completed to determine participants' body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, and general body strength. Interviews probed participants' social support, motivations, perceived benefits, and preferences related to physical activity. Results: Participants scored far below the acceptable range on the sit-and-reach test of flexibility. There were moderate correlations between several of the psychosocial variables and some of the fitness parameters. Conclusions: The participants could benefit from initiating a varied exercise program to increase their flexibility. Future research should explore intervention on psychosocial variables that may influence other psychosocial variables as well as fitness parameters. Despite limitations of a small sample size and limited access to fitness facilities, the preliminary evidence suggests that patrons of a homeless shelter are open to physical activity experiences and that the benefits may go beyond improving physical fitness levels.

Determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with temporary enterostomy: a cross-sectional survey.

To identify determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with temporary enterostomy. Anterior resection with temporary enterostomy is the preferred treatment for patients with rectal cancer, which may impair patients' quality of life. So far, most studies have focused on quality of life in patients with permanent enterostomy, but few studies have looked at that in those with temporary enterostomy. Self-efficacy may determine quality of life in these patients, but few studies have identified determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life. Multicentre, cross-sectional survey and regression analysis to identify determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life. A convenience sample of patients undergoing temporary enterostomy at five hospitals in Guangdong Province (China) were surveyed at least four weeks after stoma surgery using validated Chinese versions of internationally recognised questionnaires, including a Stoma Self-Efficacy Scale and the City of Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy Questionnaire. Backward multiple regression analysis was performed to identify whether quality of life was determined by self-efficacy and other clinico-demographic characteristics. Of the 180 questionnaires distributed, 149 (82·8%) were returned, and 135 (75%) were used in the final analysis. Mean global quality of life was 5·40±1·58, and mean global self-efficacy was 79·59±20·21. Significant determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life were identified (β=0·62, p<0·01). Quality of life was determined by type of enterostomy (β=0·18, p=0·01) and payment method (β=0·14, p=0·03). Quality of life may be determined by self-efficacy, type of enterostomy and payment method, after temporary enterostomy. Promoting stoma-related self-efficacy in patients with temporary enterostomy may improve their quality of life. Healthcare providers should focus on quality of life in those either with temporary loop ileostomy or entirely self-funded for medicine.

Compared to what? The effects of a frame of reference on older adults’ subjective memory

ABSTRACTIt is often unclear what comparisons older adults make when evaluating their own memory. If thinking about their memory relative to others, they may assess their own abilities differently than if comparing it to their past capabilities. To test the effect of reference frames on memory assessments and memory performance, we randomly assigned 120 older adults to one of three conditions in which we manipulated frames of reference (control, past-self comparison, or other adults comparison) on a memory self-efficacy questionnaire. Participants also completed general and specific memory predictions and an objective memory test. Participants in the past-self condition reported significantly lower global memory self-efficacy compared with the other adults and control conditions. No condition differences emerged for memory predictions, objective memory, or the likelihood of over- or underpredicting memory performance. These findings suggest that reference frames impact global memory self-efficacy, but do not influence the accuracy of subjective memory judgments.

Sources of global academic self-efficacy in academically high-achieving females before the onset of disordered eating

ABSTRACT There is limited research applying the four sources of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997) to global academic self-efficacy. This qualitative study examined the sources of global academic self-efficacy in a sample of academically high-achieving females who developed disordered eating. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 participants to gain an understanding of how they decided that they were or were not academically excellent before the onset of their disordered eating. The findings reveal data on the wide range of sources identified by these high-achieving females and on issues that negatively influenced how they integrated the sources into a global concept of their academic self-efficacy. Teachers should be mindful of providing information from mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, and persuasion sources to high-achieving girls so that the girls maintain a high global academic self-efficacy.

Prevalence and correlates of depersonalization in students aged 12-18 years in Germany.

Depersonalization (DP) involves unpleasant experiences of detachment from one's sense of self or unreality in the environment. DP may occur in a broad range of conditions, among healthy persons due to sleep loss, drug induced, secondary to anxiety disorders or primary in depersonalization disorder. Although DP has an early age of onset, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of DP among adolescents. Between January and June 2011, we conducted a questionnaire-based representative survey of pupils aged 12-18 years in the federal state Rhineland-Palatinate of Germany. The final sample comprised 3,809 pupils. We analyzed the prevalence of depersonalization and its correlates regarding sociodemographic characteristics, substance abuse, global mental distress and resilience factors. One-third of the sample showed severe global mental distress, and 11.9 % were in the range of clinically significant depersonalization. Depersonalized students were less often living with both parents (67.3 vs. 75.7 %), came more often from an disadvantaged socioeconomic background, had a very severe level of global mental distress (comparable to psychiatric inpatients), were more often smoking and abusing cannabis and they suffered from specific impairments regarding social insecurity, global self-efficacy and active coping abilities. Experiences of depersonalization were very common among adolescents and may indicate an increased risk for poor academic achievement and mental health in the long term. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the course and clinical relevance of depersonalization for the development of the adolescents.

Self-efficacy for temptations is a better predictor of weight loss than motivation and global self-efficacy: Evidence from two prospective studies among overweight/obese women at high risk of breast cancer

ObjectivesIdentifying predictors of weight loss could help to triage people who will benefit most from programs and identify those who require additional support. The present research was designed to address statistical, conceptual and operational difficulties associated with the role of self-efficacy in predicting weight loss. MethodsIn Study 1, 115 dieting overweight/obese women at high risk of breast cancer were weighed and completed questionnaires assessing motivation, global self-efficacy and self-efficacy for temptations. The main outcome measure was weight, measured 3-months post-baseline. Study 2 was identical (n=107), except changes in psychological variables were computed, and used to predict weight 6-months post-baseline. ResultsIn Study 1, self-efficacy for temptations was a significant predictor of weight loss at 3-month follow-up. In Study 2, improved self-efficacy for temptations between baseline and four-weeks was predictive of lower weight at 6 months. ConclusionThe key finding was that self-efficacy for temptations, as opposed to motivation and global self-efficacy, was predictive of subsequent weight loss. Practice implicationsThe implication is that augmenting dieters’ capability for dealing with temptations might boost the impact of weight loss programs.

Interrelations between Self-esteem and Personal Self-efficacy in Educational Contexts: An Empirical Study

The present investigation extends previous studies, situating self-esteem within Bandura's (1986, 1997) social cognitive theory. Our theoretical-conceptual model posits the impacts of the four major informational sources (e.g., enactive learning experience) on self-esteem; this postulation would, in part, advance our understanding into the nature of self-esteem. Furthermore, self-esteem is hypothesized to relate positively to the three levels of personal self-efficacy beliefs: global, course, and task. Academic engagement and achievement outcome, in turn, are postulated as adaptive outcomes of both self-esteem and self-efficacy. 350 12 th grade students (200 girls, 152 boys) participated in this correlational study, and responded to a suite of Likert-scale inventories. We used causal modeling procedures to ascertain and decompose the direct and indirect effects. Some notable findings were established, which formulate a consideration for further advancement - for example, the direct influences from three of the four sources on self-esteem, and the impact of self-esteem on global self-efficacy.