Global Recovery Research Articles

University Administrators’ Visions for the Recovery of International Student Exchange in a Post–COVID-19 World

Objectives: Little is known about how international functions of higher education, such as exchange programmes, can be resumed during recovery from a disruptive global crisis, such as COVID-19. We collected the opinions of administrators of international exchange programmes regarding their plans to resume their exchange programmes in the recovery phase and identified variations in the responses concerning institution type (public vs. private) and the presence or absence of a medical school. Method: We used multiple-choice survey questions in our study, resulting in 180 valid responses. We examined overall patterns using descriptive statistics and institutional uniqueness using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Governing organisations and domestic university networks are expected to initiate the resumption of student exchange programmes. Respondents indicate that they would rely on infection prevention experts at their institutions as sources of information for their decision-making. Public universities would rely more extensively on their staff’s opinions whilst private universities would consult with external experts. Universities with a medical school indicated a greater likelihood of referring to the opinions of experts at their institutions. Implication for Theory and/or Practice: Higher education systems vary across nations. However, extant studies have shown some shared features, and the findings may have implications for higher education institutions internationally. Policy incentives and support may encourage public universities to participate in the global recovery of international education. During global public health infectious crises, institutions without a medical school may require more government support. Conclusions: Institutional variations should be considered to effectively encourage universities to adapt to changing dynamics in the recovery of international education. Method: The study used multiple-choice survey questions, resulting in 180 valid responses. The study examined overall patterns using descriptive statistics and institutional uniqueness using Fisher's exact test. Results: Governing organisations and domestic university networks are expected to initiate the resumption of student exchange. Respondents indicate that they would rely on infection prevention experts at their institutions as sources of information for their decision-making. Public universities would rely more extensively on their staff’s opinions whilst private universities would consult with external experts. Universities with a medical school indicated a greater likelihood of referring to the opinions of experts at their institutions. Implication for Theory and/or Practice: The higher education systems vary across nations. However, extant studies have shown some shared features, and the findings may have implications for higher education institutions internationally. Policy incentives and support may encourage public universities to participate in the global recovery of international education. During global public health infectious crises, institutions without a medical school may require more government support. Conclusions: Institutional variations should be considered to effectively encourage universities to adapt to changing dynamics in the recovery of international education.

The sound of restored soil: using ecoacoustics to measure soil biodiversity in a temperate forest restoration context

Forest restoration requires monitoring to assess above‐ and belowground communities, which is challenging due to practical and resource limitations. Ecological acoustic survey methods––also known as “ecoacoustics”––are increasingly available and provide a rapid, effective, and non‐intrusive means of monitoring biodiversity. Aboveground ecoacoustics is widespread, but soil ecoacoustics has yet to be utilized in restoration despite its demonstrable effectiveness at detecting soniferous soil meso‐ and macrofauna. This study applied ecoacoustic tools and indices (Acoustic Complexity Index, Normalized Difference Soundscape Index, and Bioacoustic Index) to measure belowground (and aboveground as secondary) biodiversity in a forest restoration site spanning two age classes. We collected n = 198 belowground acoustic samples and n = 180 aboveground samples from three recently deforested (felled <3 years ago) and three deciduous forest plots undergoing restoration (for the last 30–51 years) across three monthly visits in South Yorkshire, U.K. We used a belowground sampling device and sound‐attenuation chamber to record soil communities and passive acoustic monitoring to record aboveground sounds. We found that restored plot acoustic complexity and diversity were significantly higher than deforested plots in the sound‐attenuation chamber, but there were no inter‐plot differences in in‐situ soil or aboveground samples. We also found that restored plots had a significantly greater high‐frequency to low‐frequency ratio (suggesting higher biophony to anthrophony ratios) for in‐situ and sound chamber soil but no association for aboveground samples. Our results suggest that ecoacoustics has immense potential to monitor belowground biodiversity, adding to the restoration ecologist's toolkit and supporting global ecosystem recovery.

Global recovery patterns of soil microbes after fire

Soil microorganisms are a fundamental component of ecosystems and mediate biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem productivity. The frequency and extremity of fire weather is expected to increase under global warming; however, postfire soil microorganisms' patterns and trends remain unclear. By performing a global meta-analysis of 1019 paired observations of burned and unburned sites from 123 publications, we show that fungal biomass, microbial biomass carbon (C), soil respiration, autotrophic respiration, and C acquisition enzymes decrease in response to fire. The recovery times of microbial biomass and functional groups were shorter than those of soil C emissions and extracellular enzymes. Importantly, the postfire recovery of microbial biomass C and/or N as well as soil respiration and its components varied with mean annual temperature and precipitation, fire severity and type, and ecosystem type, with longer recovery times under high-severity fire/wildfire and in forests. Our study highlights the differential recovery patterns of microbial attributes after fire across global terrestrial ecosystems and reveals the importance of climate and the fire regime in regulating the postfire recovery of the soil microbial community and functioning.

Financing For Sustainability and Bank Performance: Case of G-20 Countries

Unstable economic conditions and high uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions between Russia and Ukraine have made it difficult for global economic recovery. Banks has an important role in the economy to support the implementation of a sustainable economy through the disbursement of sustainable financing. The bank expects sustainability financing has a positive impact on financial performance. It can attract investors because one of the main priorities of investors at this time is a sustainable business. The study uses 68 banks from G-20-member countri3es and several countries in ASEAN that are not included in the G-20 from 2019 to 2021 performance. In assessing the impact of the disbursement of sustainable financing on financial performance (using the ratio of non-performing loans, net interest margin, and capital adequacy ratio as financial performance variables), the authors use panel data regression, while to assess the impact of sustainable financing distribution on ESG performance using binary logistic regression. The results show that there is a significant positive impact from the distribution of sustainable financing on net interest margins and the capital adequacy ratio, and a significant negative impact on the non-performing loans ratio. In addition, this study’s results also show a significant positive impact on improving ESG performance. This shows that by the disbursement of sustainable financing, banks will get a positive impact on financial performance and can attract investors.

Gold recovery improvements in grinding and flash flotation circuit

Grinding and a flash flotation cell are frequently installed to recover fast floatability coarse particles avoiding their regrinding. However, the ore textural characteristics, such as grain size, change during mine operation and consequently the recovery of valuable particles in the flash flotation cell decreases. This article proposes and validates an interesting method of solving the problem of low gold recovery, making relevant and well thought out changes in a grinding and flash flotation circuit. This was done by optical ore characterisation (Leica DM2700 P microscope using 20X and 40X lens), mathematical modelling, and steady state process simulation (evaluating the original circuit (simulation I) and two proposed circuits (simulation II, and III)). The mineralogical characterisation indicates that, liberated gold (Au), electrum (Au-Ag), and acanthite (Ag2S) particles of less than 100 µm were the desired particles in the flash concentrate. Additionally, true flotation was identified as the predominant mechanism in gold and silver recovery, but mathematical model suggests that a small fraction of fine particles with gold could be recovered by entrainment. Both analyses led to the proposed installation of a re-grinding mill with recirculation to a flash cell (simulation III). After its commissioning, gold recovery in the flash cell increased 27.0%, reaching a maximum of 48.3%. This represents a clear improvement in gold recovery in a single stage. A significant increase in the global gold recovery was also observed (from 78.9% to 90.6%).

A synthesis of concepts of resilience to inform operationalization of health systems resilience in recovery from disruptive public health events including COVID-19.

This article is part of the Research Topic 'Health Systems Recovery in the Context of COVID-19 and Protracted Conflict' Health systems resilience has become a ubiquitous concept as countries respond to and recover from crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, war and conflict, natural disasters, and economic stressors inter alia. However, the operational scope and definition of health systems resilience to inform health systems recovery and the building back better agenda have not been elaborated in the literature and discourse to date. When widely used terms and their operational definitions appear nebulous or are not consistently used, it can perpetuate misalignment between stakeholders and investments. This can hinder progress in integrated approaches such as strengthening primary health care (PHC) and the essential public health functions (EPHFs) in health and allied sectors as well as hinder progress toward key global objectives such as recovering and sustaining progress toward universal health coverage (UHC), health security, healthier populations, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper represents a conceptual synthesis based on 45 documents drawn from peer-reviewed papers and gray literature sources and supplemented by unpublished data drawn from the extensive operational experience of the co-authors in the application of health systems resilience at country level. The results present a synthesis of global understanding of the concept of resilience in the context of health systems. We report on different aspects of health systems resilience and conclude by proposing a clear operational definition of health systems resilience that can be readily applied by different stakeholders to inform current global recovery and beyond.

Estimating China's CO2 emissions under the influence of COVID-19 epidemic using a novel fractional multivariate nonlinear grey model.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a severe challenge to the global economic recovery and China's economic growth. Although China has achieved stage victory against the epidemic, the impact and influence of the epidemic on China's economy will linger. On the positive side, the epidemic has led to a dramatic reduction in air pollution levels and a sharp slowdown in greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. Forecasting China's CO2 emissions under the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic is crucial for formulating policies that contribute to smooth economic development and rational energy consumption. To this end, this paper improves on the traditional grey model, GM(1, N), by developing a novel fractional multivariate nonlinear grey model, FMNGM(q, N). These improvements include two key points. First, different power exponents are assigned to each relevant factor variable to explain their nonlinear, uncertain, and complicated relationships with the system characteristic variables. Second, the integer accumulation is changed to fractional accumulation to preprocess the data, and the Caputo-type fractional derivative is used to characterize the endogenous relationships among the system characteristic data. In addition, the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is used to optimize the above parameters with the goal of minimizing MAPE. The collected data on China's CO2 emission from 2001 to 2018 were divided into two parts according to different stages of economic development: 2001-2009 and 2010-2018. Both sets of data were modelled and analysed separately and compared with other models. Results showed that the proposed model had better prediction accuracy than other models. Finally, the model built using the 2010-2018 data was used to forecast China's CO2 emissions. Results show that China's CO2 emissions in 2020 under the impact of COVID-19 will decrease by approximately 3.15% from 2019 to 9893 million tons. The results bear important policy implications for planners in investment in clean energy and infrastructure to achieving the goal of a low-carbon transition.

Navigating the Energy Trilemma: Oil and Gas Industry Making Strides

_ Energy is vital to human flourishing. Since the dawn of time, humans have sought to find more efficient ways to power and propel their lives forward. With each generation, we’ve made progress in unlocking energy density—moving from burning wood for warmth inside caves thousands of years ago through our current age, where a revolution in modern energy is transpiring. However, recent global events have certainly tested the upstream oil and gas sector’s “can-do” attitude and spirit of innovation. In the 3 years since West Texas Intermediate Crude (WTI) futures dipped below zero—dropping more than 300%—to settle at negative $37.63/bbl, there has been a global COVID-19 pandemic and recovery, supply chain and logistical challenges, and a war. The oil and gas industry is more adept at riding the market volatility wave than in the past. WTI futures climbed out of the negative, reaching as high as $123.70/bbl on 8 March 2022, as the pandemic began to ease, and the lockdown ended in many regions worldwide. Geopolitical tension with Russia and its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in the first half of 2022 contributed to the crude oil price increases. Also contributing to higher pricing in the first half were concerns over supply levels. The Russian invasion of Ukraine came during eight consecutive quarters of crude oil level decreases, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). In the year since, the price has dropped but not nearly as profoundly, with recent prices ping-ponging in the mid-$60 to mid-$80/bbl range. The EIA cited as reasons for the lower price concerns over a possible economic recession and China’s severe COVID-19 containment measures as keeping global demand lower. The Russian invasion of Ukraine turned global markets upside down. The International Energy Agency (IEA) cited it as the trigger of a worldwide energy crisis that “has the potential to hasten the transition to a more sustainable and secure energy system,” in its World Energy Outlook 2022. “Energy markets and policies have changed as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, not just for the time being, but for decades to come,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol at the time of the outlook’s release. “Even with today’s policy settings, the energy world is shifting dramatically before our eyes.” Transition and Trilemma The energy transition changes how the world views and uses oil and gas. While it is not the first energy transition the world has faced, it is proving to be the most significant and complicated. “It is needed if we are to prevent the 1.5°C increase in temperature,” Kjetil Hove, the executive vice president of development and production in Norway for Equinor, said during his keynote address at the SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition held in Stavanger on 7 March. “The future carbon intensity of the energy mix needs to be reduced significantly. Last year’s energy crisis and the war in the middle of Europe showed that the energy transition needs to be done wisely and that it addresses the energy trilemma,” he said.

Economic and environmental impacts of biofuels in Indian context

Carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the major greenhouse gases, is released when fossil fuels are burned. Over the past decade, there has been a significant progress in global energy recovery from biomass resources and the use of biofuels as a renewable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels are considered a carbon–neutral energy source, due to the fact that the CO2 through photosynthesis is captured by the plants during their growing period. The commonly used feedstocks for the production of biofuels are sugar cane, corn and vegetable oils etc. However, in order to minimize the impact on land use, food and feed prices, and other environmental factors; advanced feedstocks such as agriculture residue, algae, aquatic biomass, and waste derived feedstock are strongly suggested. The aim of this work is to review about different available feedstock for biofuel production, generations of biofuels, and its application as automotive fuels. The study concludes with recent advancements in modern biofuel production technology, significant policy implications, challenges and the prospects of biofuel in India.

A Study of Countermeasures to Activate the Consumption Potential of Urban Residents in Yangtze River Delta Region by Linking Supply and Demand Synergy

The global economic recovery is having trouble because of the epidemic. A key strategy for boosting China’s economic vigor is to increase domestic demand. The goal of this essay is to examine the consumption habits of city dwellers from the standpoint of urban development. It also examines the barriers to consumption upgrading from both the supply and demand sides. Using the panel data of 41 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2019, this study explores the distribution of cold and hot spots as well as the agglomeration of residents’ marginal consumption tendencies using ArcGIS’ Jenks method. We provide ideas and actions to raise inhabitants’ consumption standards and levels in cold spot locations on the supply and demand sides. The empirical findings demonstrate that: (1) There are distinct spatial patterns in the seven categories of consumer goods consumption tendencies among urban residents in the Yangtze River Delta, (2) in contrast to hot spots, urban residents in cold spots are constrained by the supply side, and the demand for consumption upgrading has not yet been met. Hence, we can increase the capacity for consumption by raising resident income, altering their consumption patterns, and developing consumer marketplaces.

Whither South Korea’s economic growth? Growth deceleration, structural issue, and risk of stagnation

Korea has been struggling with its faltering growth over recent years. Sorting out the key elements that have gone into this slowdown and what it takes to sustain growth into the future is important. We address the nature of growth deceleration, structural factors, and future growth scenarios and present the evidence that structural rigidities and poor-quality institutions are important factors behind Korea’s very low productivity and hold a key to reviving growth. Reforms can put Korea back on a higher growth path. However, in the absence of reforms or global growth recovery, there is a great risk of long-term stagnation.

Some magnetic resonance imaging findings may predict future low back pain and disability: a systematic review

Do magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings predict future low back pain (LBP), associated disability and global recovery in people with current LBP? Do MRI findings predict these outcomes in people with no current LBP? Do MRI findings predict these outcomes in a mixed sample of people with and without current LBP? This review is an update of a previous systematic review investigating the relationship between lumbar spine MRI findings and future LBP. People with or without LBP with lumbar MRI scans. MRI findings, pain and disability. Of the included studies, 28 reported on participants with current LBP, eight reported on participants with no LBP and four reported on a mixed sample. Most results were based on single studies and did not demonstrate clear relationships between MRI findings and future LBP. In populations with current LBP, pooling demonstrated that the presence of Modic type 1 changes alone or Modic type 1 and 2 changes were associated with slightly worse pain or disability outcomes in the short term, and the presence of disc degeneration was associated with worse pain and disability outcomes in the long term. In populations with current LBP, pooling demonstrated no evidence of an association between the presence of nerve root compression and disability outcomes in the short term, and no evidence of an association between the presence of disc height reduction, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, high-intensity zone and clinical outcomes in the long term. In populations with no LBP, pooling demonstrated that the presence of disc degeneration may increase the likelihood of experiencing pain in the long term. In mixed populations, no pooling was possible; however, single studies demonstrated that Modic type 1, 2 or 3 changes and disc herniation were each associated with worse pain in the long term. The results suggest that some MRI findings may have weak associations with future LBP; however, larger high-quality studies are needed to resolve uncertainty. PROSPERO CRD42021252919.

Effect of combining motivational interviewing with cognitive remediation on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.

We have been practising the Neuropsychological and Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR) as cognitive remediation (CR) in a psychiatric hospital and have implemented it in combination with regular interviews based on Motivational Interviewing (MI) approximately 2years after launching NEAR. In this study, we investigated whether combining MI with CR affected completion of the programme, cognitive functions, global functioning, and personal recovery of patients with schizophrenia by analysing medical records. In this retrospective observational study, 14 participants were assigned to the NEAR group and 12 participants were assigned to the NEAR + MI group. Fifteen participants in the NEAR group (n = 6) and NEAR + MI group (n = 9) completed the programme. First, the difference in the completion rate between the groups was examined using the chi-squared test. Second, measures of cognitive functions, global functioning, and personal recovery pre-and post-intervention were examined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for those in each group who completed the programme. Third, therapeutic responses for each group were compared using the Mann-Whitney U tests. There were no statistically significant differences in completion rates between the groups. In the NEAR group, verbal memory and overall cognition improved after the intervention. On the other hand, not only cognitive functions but also global functioning and personal recovery improved in the NEAR + MI group. Moreover, changes in global functioning and personal recovery were significantly higher in the NEAR + MI group. Study findings indicated that combining MI with CR improves cognitive functions, global functioning, and personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.

The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery.

Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.

Supply chains create global benefits from improved vaccine accessibility

Ensuring a more equitable distribution of vaccines worldwide is an effective strategy to control global pandemics and support economic recovery. We analyze the socioeconomic effects - defined as health gains, lockdown-easing effect, and supply-chain rebuilding benefit - of a set of idealized COVID-19 vaccine distribution scenarios. We find that an equitable vaccine distribution across the world would increase global economic benefits by 11.7% ($950 billion per year), compared to a scenario focusing on vaccinating the entire population within vaccine-producing countries first and then distributing vaccines to non-vaccine-producing countries. With limited doses among low-income countries, prioritizing the elderly who are at high risk of dying, together with the key front-line workforce who are at high risk of exposure is projected to be economically beneficial (e.g., 0.9%~3.4% annual GDP in India). Our results reveal how equitable distributions would cascade more protection of vaccines to people and ways to improve vaccine equity and accessibility globally through international collaboration.

2008 Financial Crisis: Causes and Costs

In 2008, the US financial crisis caused severe shocks to the global economy. In the escalating process of the crisis, the US government launched a series of rescue policies, which not only stabilized the domestic market, but also contributed to the global economic recovery. In recent years, the economic situation is not very optimistic, accompanied by systemic financial risks, reviewing the US financial crisis rescue policy is conducive to better financial reform. This paper will start from the causes of the United States financial crisis to solve the consequences, through the analysis of policy advantages and disadvantages to get the financial risk prevention and management suggestions. Research shows that the quantitative easing monetary policy and low interest rate environment in the United States caused the instability of the real estate market, which increased the generation of subprime loans. In time, the American government's no-kill policy prompted the International Committee of Banking Supervisors to release the third Basel Accord, aimed at stabilizing the financial situation in 2008. Based on this, the article summarizes the following policy enlightenments for our country's financial risk management: strengthen the coordination of monetary policy and fiscal policy; Strengthen international coordination.

Characterisation of the Antibody Response in Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) Recipients and COVID-19 Convalescent Sera from the Republic of Moldova.

The early availability of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the aetiologic cause of COVID-19, has been at the cornerstone of the global recovery from the pandemic. This study aimed to assess the antispike RBD IgG antibody titres and neutralisation potential of COVID-19 convalescent plasma and the sera of Moldovan adults vaccinated with the Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine. An IgG ELISA with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and two pseudovirus-based neutralisation assays have been developed to evaluate neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level 2 containment facilities. A significant moderate correlation was observed between IgG titres and the overall neutralising levels for each neutralisation assay (ρ = 0.64, p < 0.001; ρ = 0.52, p < 0.001). A separate analysis of convalescent and vaccinated individuals showed a higher correlation of neutralising and IgG titres in convalescent individuals (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001, ρ = 0.45, p < 0.001) compared with vaccinated individuals (ρ = 0.58, p < 0.001; ρ = 0.53, p < 0.001). It can be concluded that individuals who recovered from infection developed higher levels of antispike RBD IgG antibodies. In comparison, the Sinopharm-vaccinated individuals produced higher levels of neutralising antibodies than convalescent plasma.

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the international trade resilience during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns have created immeasurable health and economic crises, leading to unprecedented disruptions to world trade. The COVID-19 pandemic shows diverse impacts on different economies that suffer and recover at different rates and degrees. This research aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of international trade network vulnerabilities in the current crisis to understand the global production resilience and prepare for the future crisis. We applied a series of complex network analysis approaches to the monthly international trade networks at the world, regional, and country scales for the pre- and post- COVID-19 outbreak period. The spatio-temporal patterns indicate that countries and regions with an effective COVID-19 containment such as East Asia show the strongest resilience, especially Mainland China, followed by high-income countries with fast vaccine roll-out (e.g., U.S.), whereas low-income countries (e.g., Africa) show high vulnerability. Our results encourage a comprehensive strategy to enhance international trade resilience when facing future pandemic threats including effective non-pharmaceutical measures, timely development and rollout of vaccines, strong governance capacity, robust healthcare systems, and equality via international cooperation. The overall findings elicit the hidden global trading disruption, recovery, and growth due to the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A cross-sectional analysis of the predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and vaccine hesitancy in Iraq.

Vaccine hesitancy poses a significant risk to global recovery from COVID-19. To date however, there is little research exploring the psychological factors associated with vaccine acceptability and hesitancy in Iraq. To explore attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination in Iraq. To establish the predictors of vaccine uptake and vaccine hesitancy in an Iraqi population. Using a cross-sectional design, 7,778 participants completed an online questionnaire exploring their vaccination status, likelihood of infection, perceived severity infection, benefits of vaccine, barriers to vaccine, anticipated regret, subjective norms, and trust in government. Vaccination rates increased with age and were greater in males, those who were married, divorced or widowed, those with children and those with underlying conditions. Vaccine hesitancy was widespread with 61.40% of unvaccinated individuals reported an unwillingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. In unvaccinated groups, vaccine hesitancy was associated with lower trust in the government, more negative social norms, greater perceived barriers to vaccination and reduced perceived benefits. There is significant COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Iraq. Public health institutions should be aware of the influence of demographic factors, as well as personal beliefs and social norms, on individuals' decisions to vaccinate. Public health messaging should therefore aim to be tailored to address the concerns of citizens.

«Группа двадцати» на критическом этапе. Председательство Индонезии в 2022 г.: внутренние и внешние потрясения, риски изменения баланса влияния и упадка, факторы устойчивости и восстановления равновесия

The 2022 Indonesian presidency was a critical juncture in the history of the Group of 20 (G20). Indonesia took over the presidency at a time when surging tensions between the U.S., China and Russiaimpeded concerted action by the G20 essential to secure sustainable and equitable recovery and long-term growth. Following the launch of the special military operation in Ukraine, the Group of 7 (G7) put immense pressure on the presidency to expel Russia from G20 activities. Emerging market countries wanted Russia to remain a member and regarded the pressure as an effort to enhance the G7’s dominance in the forum’s decision-making. Their choice was in favour of the G20, which can cooperate as an institute equally owned by emerging market and advanced countries, thus driving reform and restoring multilateralism. The G20 was deeply split. The presidency managed to save the agenda and ensured that the G20 remained a premier forum of cooperation between advanced and emerging economies in which the voice of the emerging economies at the negotiating table was strong and pluralism prevailed. This article analyses how the G20 survived the crisis activated by exogeneous and endogenous shocks in 2022 and whether and how it transformed in the course of this critical juncture. The article presents a qualitative case study of G20 dynamics in 2022, tracing interactions of the interdependent variables—actors, institutions, and agendas. The study applies a systemic process analysis and content analysis of the key actors’ narratives. The article starts with a review of the G20’s state-of play at the Indonesian presidency’s takeover from Italy and examines the new presidency’s agenda. It then outlines the main challenges the world and the G20 faced in early 2022, just before the eruption of the crisis. It goes on to explore the tensions within the G20, the roles played by the presidency, the G7, and the BRICS group formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The author focuses on the endeavor by Joko Widodo’s team to steer the G20 through the external pressures and internal confrontations, forge collective decisions on the presidency’s priorities, save the institution as a catalyst for global economic recovery, and advance an agenda that would respond to developing countries’ interests. It concludes by summing up variables affecting the G20’s performance and development in 2022 and the causes of its resilience.