Global Program Research Articles

The Epidemiology of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection within Districts Persistently Endemic for Trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia.

Persistent trachoma is a growing concern to trachoma control programs globally and programs serving Ethiopia specifically. Persistent trachoma is defined as a district with two or more trachoma impact surveys (TISs) at which the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children ages 1-9 years is ≥5%, the elimination threshold. Because the global target for trachoma elimination as a public health problem is 2030, research is needed to better characterize persistent trachoma. This study described the epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the causative bacteria of trachoma, in seven contiguous districts experiencing persistent trachoma. In 2019, multistage cluster random sampling TISs were conducted in the seven districts after 10 years of interventions. All individuals ages ≥1 year were examined for trachoma clinical signs by certified graders, and conjunctival swabs were collected from children ages 1-5 years to test for C. trachomatis infection. The district TF prevalence ranged from 11.8% (95% CI:7.6-16.0%) to 36.1% (95% CI:27.4-44.3%). The range of district-level C. trachomatis infection prevalence was between 2.7% and 34.4%. Statistically significant spatial clustering of high-infection communities was observed in the study districts, and children with infection were more likely than those without to be found in households with clinical signs of trachoma and those without latrines. These seven districts appear to constitute a persistent hotspot in Amhara, where an additional 3-5 years or more of interventions will be required. The global program will need to strengthen and enhance intervention strategies within persistent districts if elimination by 2030 is to be achieved.

From South Africa to the World: The Political and Legal Legacies of Chinese Indenture in the Transvaal

ABSTRACT This article examines the term ‘new slavery’, short for ‘a new form of slavery’, as used by Liberal British Parliament members and white South African trade unionists in opposition to the recruitment of Chinese indentured labourers to work in the Transvaal gold mines. The recruitment of Chinese indentured labourers emerged following the South Africa War (1899-1902) in response to African ‘native’ labourers’ refusal to return to the mines. This article explores how the Transvaal’s distinct indentured labour system, characterized by coercive features akin to those in the Indian indentured labour system, and further defined by mandatory repatriation, fines for assisting labourers in contract violation and the establishment of a Chinese consulate for fair treatment, set a precedent for global labour programmes. These specific conditions of the Transvaal system influenced the development of subsequent labour initiatives, particularly the Chinese Labour Corps during World War I. The article provides an overview of the overlaps between these programmes and highlights the enduring impact of the Transvaal system on the evolution of global labour practices including modern guest worker programmes.

Современная цивилизация китайской нации в творческой трансформации традиционной культуры

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has insisted on combining the basic tenets of Marxism and Chinese outstanding traditional culture, promoted the creative transformation and innovative development of outstanding Chinese traditional culture, and determined the direction of building the modern civilization of the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping deeply understands the outstanding continuity of Chinese civilization, and uses elements of traditional culture to develop the core values of socialism. It promotes the humanistic spirit embodied in traditional culture, forming the spiritual family tree of Chinese communists, realizes the unity of Chinese civilization, constantly improves the socialist state system with Chinese characteristics, develops the potential of party workers, promotes the peaceful and inclusive character of Chinese civilization, and pursues the policy of building a Community of Shared Destiny humanity, proposes a Chinese global governance program.

Three decades of research in lymphatic filariasis-lessons learned.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), one of the 21 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) which is the second leading cause for disability globally. Wuchereria Bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori are the parasites causing this infection. World Health Assembly in 1997 declared LF to be eliminated and the Global Program to eliminate LF (GPELF) was launched by WHO in 2000 with the two strategies viz, 1) stop transmission of infection through Mass Drug Administration (MDA) and 2) to alleviate the suffering of the people affected with the disease through Morbidity Management and Disability Prevention (MMDP. The 'Filariasis research unit' recommended by WHO TDR and ICMR was established in Alappuzha, Kerala in 1989 for research studies related to LF. Over the last three decades 23 studies have been completed, which included different trials to find out the dose, effectiveness and safety of the various drugs used in preventive chemotherapy as single drug or combinations, for treatment of microfilaraemia,, various studies related to morbidity management in filarial disease, socio-economic aspects of filarial disability, Pharmacokinetic study of antifilarial drugs, Study on lymphatic filariasis in children, Studies on dignostics of LF, efficacy of drugs in management of lymphedema etc. In this article an attempt is made to explain the lessons learned from these studies and its importance in development of policy decision making for GPELF.

English Proficiency Requirement for Improving Global Real Estate Business Program

This paper looks at both the felt (present situation) and perceived needs (target situation) English communication needs of Korean university students enrolled in the Global Real Estate Business program which uses English only as medium of instruction. Data was gathered using 8-item questionnaire composed of scales, checklists, and open-ended questions. Statistical and interpretive approaches were used to analyze the profile of the respondents, identify the both the present situation and target situation English communication needs of the students to inform possible program evaluation. Based on the study conducted, it was found that of the four communication skills in English, the respondents consider ‘listening’ as the most used, most practiced, most important, but most difficult. This study is important for the Global Real Estate Business Program teachers to consider, so that they can device ways on how listening comprehension can be improved. Also, the list of Global real estate business related skills and vocabulary focus will inform the teachers of which to emphasize and focus so that their classes will be able to better address what actual communication needs their learners feel are most important. In the future, it will continue to be necessary to manage practical global real estate business programs while continuously improving basic English skills, focusing on listening, to enable students to perform classes taught only in English.

STUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF DAKWAH AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of writing this article is to look at the role of Islam in overcoming poverty through a global program initiated by the United Nations (UN) through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program or sustainable development goals, one of which is the problem of poverty (no poverty). This research is a qualitative descriptive research using library research methods. This is relevant to achieving the aim of this research, namely exploring sustainable development from the perspective of preaching community empowerment. In this research, the concepts and theories used will be evaluated based on existing literature, especially research results in the form of the Al-Quran, Hadith, textbooks and other relevant materials regarding the 17 main goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research results show that Islam has laid the main foundations in building society to overcome poverty and local wisdom culture, especially in Minangkabau, plays a very important role in overcoming poverty.

Multicultural education and global citizenship: Literature review

The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic exploration of the literature, delving into the realm of multicultural education and global citizenship. It seeks to comprehensively understand these concepts by tracing the origins and evolution of multicultural education, drawing connections to its inception during the Civil Rights Movement, and spotlighting the contributions of influential scholars in this field. The concept of global citizenship is also examined, emphasizing its relevance in an interconnected world and its alignment with the United Nations' development goals. The manuscript identifies the significance of studying multicultural education and global citizenship, including its role in promoting social cohesion, preparing students for an interconnected world, and fostering responsible citizenship. Intersectionality means promoting a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of social issues and advocating for more comprehensive approaches to equity and justice. This review has the potential to contribute to the understanding and implementation of effective multicultural education and global citizenship programs. Overall, this review of the literature aims to address literature gaps and challenges in the field and provide valuable information for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in multicultural education and global citizenship.

Strategi NGO Lingkungan Greenpeace Indonesia Dalam Mendorong Transisi Energi Baru dan Terbaharukan (EBT) di Tengah Kontroversi Realisasi Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 di DKI Jakarta

Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 is a global program that start being realized by 197 countries including Indonesia, which is recommended to be implemented through the New and Renewable Energy (EBT) transition. Unfortunately, the process of realizing NZE 2060 being undertaken by the government for the DKI Jakarta area is currently being called by the Environmental Non-Government Organization (NGO) Greenpeace Indonesia as controversial because it places too much emphasis on electric vehicles compared to EBT. This research aims to analyze the strategy implemented by Greenpeace Indonesia in pushing EBT transition to accelerate the realization of NZE 2060 in DKI Jakarta. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type whose data was obtained through interviews and literature study. Results and research analysis show that since 2008 Greenpeace Indonesia's strategy has succeeded in having an influence in minimizing controversy and encouraging the use of EBT in DKI Jakarta. Before holding campaign activities or demonstrations, Greenpeace Indonesia always collects data through research as initial capital to determine the narrative that will be presented and subsequent actions. Greenpeace Indonesia also completes its strategy by introducing EBT directly to civil society communities to be a role model and increase community participation in the realization of NZE program. In conclusion, collaboration and synergy are needed between the government and environmental NGOs as a forum for civil society to smoothen the EBT transition and accelerate the realization of NZE 2060 program.

Isolation and evaluation of novel male sterile and self‐incompatible mutant lines of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

AbstractHeterosis has long been harnessed in crop production, and while crop fertility lays the groundwork for leveraging heterosis, there remains a dearth of comprehensive data regarding genic male sterility in mungbean. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), being a self‐pollinating crop, exhibits significant hybrid vigour in F1 hybrid seed yield, suggesting the potential for developing hybrid varieties to propel mungbean yield beyond existing plateaus. A new male sterile mutant was induced, isolated, stabilized and evaluated, via gamma irradiation at a rate of 600 Gy, identified in the M3 generation of the GM 4 accession. A uniform male sterile line was crossbred with the wild‐type parental plant to explore the inheritance pattern of male sterility. Pollen sterility was validated through the acetocarmine test, while stigma viability was ascertained using the hydrogen peroxide. While all F1 plants displayed fertile flowers, the F2 generation showed a clear 3:1 segregation ratio for fertile to male sterile plants, indicating the control of male sterility by a single recessive gene, mms. Also, a novel existence of a truncated stigma nestled within the anther column inhibits the effective reception of pollen during anthesis, offering potential in reducing emasculation time by a slight cut on the flower bud and enhancing cross pollination during hybrid seed production. The isolation of these two mutants is poised to significantly advance the global mungbean hybrid breeding programme.

Building Bridges for Ocean Sustainability: The Evolution and Impact of the Early Career Ocean Professional (ECOP) Programme

Abstract Since its endorsement as a global network Programme in June 2021, the Early Career Ocean Professional (ECOP) Programme has been instrumental in supporting ocean professionals worldwide through funding, training, networking opportunities, and career development initiatives. Rooted in the vision of elevating diverse perspectives, the ECOP Programme fosters knowledge exchange between experienced professionals and ECOPs to promote ocean sustainability. As the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) enters its fourth year of implementation, the ECOP Programme has grown and diversified to a formidable extent, both geographically and thematically. With over 5,200 ECOPs from 151 countries and overseas territories, the global ECOP community is currently dispersed across five regional nodes and more than 40 national hubs. This commentary brings some of the most active ECOP nodes into the limelight, amplifying their collective efforts to better understand, engage, and empower the next generation of ocean professionals across different cultural contexts. This is also an opportunity to showcase the successes, milestones, and challenges that ECOP nodes have encountered over the past 2 years, including on thematic priorities such as communications and outreach, capacity development, and ocean literacy. Moving forward, the ECOP Programme aims to further expand geographically, enhance funding capacities, deepen capacity development efforts, and promote greater awareness of the UN Ocean Decade ecosystem and its vast portfolio of endorsed Actions. As the next generation of ocean professionals will inherit our interconnected ocean beyond 2030, building trust, transferring knowledge, and taking true ownership of the global ocean agenda are paramount.

The novel 2024 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains-phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization.

MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains remain major public health concerns internationally, and quality-assured global gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is imperative. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and WHO Enhanced GASP (EGASP), including metadata and WGS, are expanding internationally. We present the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 15) for quality assurance worldwide. All superseded WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 14) were identically characterized. The 2024 WHO reference strains include 11 of the 2016 WHO reference strains, which were further characterized, and four novel strains. The superseded WHO reference strains include 11 WHO reference strains previously unpublished. All strains were characterized phenotypically and genomically (single-molecule PacBio or Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing). The 2024 WHO reference strains represent all available susceptible and resistant phenotypes and genotypes for antimicrobials currently and previously used (n = 22), or considered for future use (n = 3) in gonorrhoea treatment. The novel WHO strains include internationally spreading ceftriaxone resistance, ceftriaxone resistance due to new penA mutations, ceftriaxone plus high-level azithromycin resistance and azithromycin resistance due to mosaic MtrRCDE efflux pump. AMR, serogroup, prolyliminopeptidase, genetic AMR determinants, plasmid types, molecular epidemiological types and reference genome characteristics are presented for all strains. The 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains are recommended for internal and external quality assurance in laboratory examinations, especially in the WHO GASP, EGASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic and molecular diagnostics, AMR prediction, pharmacodynamics, epidemiology, research and as complete reference genomes in WGS analysis.

UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTING THE GLOBAL GOALS OF UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The article analyses new approaches to respond to the challenges set out in the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The subject is relevant because seventeen Sustainable Development Goals are defined, which are a universal call to action for humanity to reduce poverty, overcome hunger, protect the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people live in peace and prosperity. According to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001),sites that fall under its protection include archaeological remains of ships, historic structures, submerged landscapes, sunken cities, and ancient fishing structures. Such sites must have been underwater for at least 100 years. They must also be partially or completely, periodically or permanently submerged in the waters of the ocean, sea, lake or river. On the basis of analyzing the studies of foreign and domestic scientists, the author found out that with responsible use and management of underwater cultural heritage sites, it is possible to achieve effective methods of conservation and sustainable economic development of humanity. This is possible by increasing and accumulating knowledge of the oceans. In particular, stone tidal weirs, which are underwater cultural heritage sites, were investigated. Using these ancient structures for fishing today could be an effective solution to the problem of hunger. The study found that protecting underwater cultural heritage sites and the areas in which they are located ensures the conservation of marine resources. And this is one of the Sustainable Development Goals. The relationship between the protection of heritage sites and the prosperity of marine ecosystems helps to create livelihoods for local communities through dive tourism. Organizing underwater tourism at historic shipwreck sites can create new jobs. And this will lead to an increase in the welfare of the population. Quality management and responsible use of underwater heritage sites will lead to increased tourist flows. And this will contribute to the sustainable development of cities and communities. Thus, underwater cultural heritage is characterized by the integrity of cultural, natural, archaeological, tangible and intangible heritage. Such knowledge can be applied to solve the problems of our time. This makes heritage an important tool for achieving certain objectives of the Global Programme for Sustainable Development as defined in the United Nations 2030 Agenda.

Linking Local Insights to Global IR: Locating Malaysian Contours and Contributions

This article traces the trajectories, theoretical propensities, and thematic insights underlying Malaysian scholarly thinking and writings about international relations (IR). It argues that while their contributions to the Global IR research program have been indirect and implicit, they are not insignificant. The contributions are not claims of exceptionalism but expressions of diverse experiences, perspectives, and narratives that are reflective of the contesting, yet recurring logics significant for understanding and explaining small- and medium-sized states’ behavior in an anarchical world. Three themes are particularly pertinent: (1) external policy choices are extensions of internal attributes; (2) small-state outlook on regionalism and multilateralism; and (3) middle-state alignment behavior. Local insights contribute to Global IR by enriching, expanding, and exporting national narratives and regional mindsets into thematic thrusts pertinent for making sense of similar cases elsewhere, thereby pluralizing the universality and inclusivity of IR concepts and theories.

Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in lymphatic filariasis

The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is the largest public health program based on mass drug administration (MDA). Despite decades of MDA, ongoing transmission in some countries remains a challenge. To optimise interventions, it is critical to differentiate between recrudescence and new infections. Since adult filariae are inaccessible in humans, deriving a method that relies on the offspring microfilariae (mf) is necessary. We developed a genome amplification and kinship analysis-based approach using Brugia malayi samples from gerbils, and applied it to analyse Wuchereria bancrofti mf from humans in Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the pre-treatment genetic diversity in 269 mf collected from 18 participants, and further analysed 1-year post-treatment samples of 74 mf from 4 participants. Hemizygosity of the male X-chromosome allowed for direct inference of haplotypes, facilitating robust maternal parentage inference. To enrich parasite DNA from samples contaminated with host DNA, a whole-exome capture panel was created for W.bancrofti. By reconstructing and temporally tracking sibling relationships across pre- and post-treatment samples, we differentiated between new and established maternal families, suggesting reinfection in one participant and recrudescence in three participants. The estimated number of reproductively active adult females ranged between 3 and 11 in the studied participants. Population structure analysis revealed genetically distinct parasites in Côte d'Ivoire compared to samples from other countries. Exome capture identified protein-coding variants with ∼95% genotype concordance rate. We have generated resources to facilitate the development of molecular genetic tools that can estimate adult worm burdens and monitor parasite populations, thus providing essential information for the successful implementation of GPELF. This work was financially supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (https://www.gatesfoundation.org) under grant OPP1201530 (Co-PIs PUF & Gary J. Weil). B.malayi parasite material was generated with support of the Foundation for Barnes Jewish Hospital (PUF). In addition, the development of computational methods was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants AI144161 (MM) and AI146353 (MM). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Design Guidelines for Enterprise Software Training in Higher Education Based on Technology-Mediated Learning

There is an increasing demand for a qualified future workforce in the enterprise software (ES) domain, for which students should be prepared. However, due to the complexity of ES, many lecturers lack the skills to practically integrate ES into their teaching activities. ES training must be investigated holistically to address this issue, integrating the perspectives of the involved actors. Therefore, the research field of technology-mediated learning (TML) offers valuable concepts. In this paper, we first identify and present five main concepts of TML performance based on related literature. Second, we present findings from a single-case study conducted within the global academic alliance program of the ES company SAP. The program’s objective is to demonstrate the practical application of ES to students through lecturers. Unlike previous research, we consider the students’ perspective and incorporate the viewpoints of lecturers and subject matter experts (SMEs) who train the lecturers to create a comprehensive overview. Based on the insights from TML literature and the case study, we present design guidelines for ES training that take into account TML concepts, actors’ perspectives, and training aspects. Our findings highlight the universal applicability of TML in the practical context of designing ES training in higher education.

The Pattern and Profile of Orofacial Clefts in Somaliland: A Review of 40 Consecutive Cleft Lip and Palate Surgical Camps.

Somaliland is an autonomously run country that is not internationally recognized. As such, it has been largely excluded by global health development programs despite being the world's fourth poorest country. The purpose of this study was to provide the first known description of the pattern and clinical profile of patients with cleft lip and palate from this nation. The authors performed a retrospective chart review on all patients who received cleft lip and palate repair by a single surgeon in 40 separate surgical camps at Edna Adan University Hospital in Hargeisa, Somaliland, between 2011 and 2024. Information regarding patient age, sex, cleft etiology, surgical management, and home location was retrieved. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 767 patients (495 male, 64.5%) received 787 surgical procedures. The average age of primary surgery was 73.7 months. The most common chief complaint was left cleft lip with cleft palate (316, 41.2%). Males received primary surgery 19.2 months later than did females (73.7 and 54.6mo, respectively, P <0.001). Patients residing in Hargeisa received their initial procedure an average of 17.8 months younger than those who lived elsewhere in Somaliland (62.9 and 80.7mo, respectively, P =0.004). In this severely economically depressed region, patients received treatment at ages that lagged far beyond recommended guidelines. Our finding of earlier treatment for females than males is rare in the literature and likely relates to cultural sex expectations. Patients from rural locations were especially vulnerable to receiving delayed treatment. Further efforts to decrease the burden of craniofacial deformities in Somaliland should be pursued in earnest.

242 Case Study: The challenges of developing and implementing a global risk management programme

242 Case Study: The challenges of developing and implementing a global risk management programme

An assessment of the infrastructural and temporal barriers constraining a near-term implementation of a global stratospheric aerosol injection program

Models of stratospheric aerosol injection deployment scenarios have often assumed that a global sunscreen could be applied to the Earth on relatively short notice, perhaps in response to a climate emergency. This emergency response framing confuses the timescales associated with the commencement of such a program. Once deployed, stratospheric aerosols could cool the Earth quite quickly, but the most commonly assumed deployment scenarios would require aircraft and other infrastructure that does not currently exist. Given the span required to develop and certify a novel aircraft program and to subsequently build a fleet numbering in the hundreds, scenario builders should assume a roughly two-decade interval between a funded launch decision and the attainment of a target level of cooling.

Similarities and differences of lung cancer (LC) multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) in China compared to Europe and Canada.

e13562 Background: LC MDTs involve a collaborative approach where specialists work together to analyze individual cases, discuss treatment options, and tailor comprehensive care plans for patients. Implementing MDTs can be challenging, especially for developing countries with limited resources and high disease burden. China, with approximately 820,000 new patients with lung cancer in 2020 accounting for 37% of the total number in the world, bears the responsibility of treating the largest lung cancer patient population worldwide. The global MDT Aid Program (MAP) in LC has been including China to gather insights on the challenges, best practices, similarities, and differences of China LC MDT processes compared to other countries, so as to improve the outcome and cost-efficiency of global MDTs. Methods: In this study, we learned about the status, best practices, challenges of LC MDT development in China through virtual semi-structured healthcare professional (HCP) interviews, on-site masterclasses, and internal data sharing with 3 Chinese leading hospitals in LC - Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, West China Hospital and Xiangya Hospital. Similarities and differences were gathered based on previous MAP experience and insights from HCP discussions in LC across the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Canada. To build a global collaboration on LC MDTs, three international knowledge exchange (IKE) sessions were organised to include China and all participating countries. Results: We identified seven main differences between China, Europe and Canada, including the enrolment criteria of patients in MDT that China MDTs focus on challenging cases such as resistance to multi-lines of therapy, multiple primary lung cancer and stage III lung cancer, while Europe and Canada MDTs mainly for routine patients. Other differences include setup and composition of MDT teams, digitalization of MDTs, incentives and reimbursement for MDT attendance, cross-institutional patient referral to the MDT, time spent per patient, patient follow-up after MDT discussion. Similarities identified include the MDT development model from both hospital and national level, experience sharing to educate junior physicians, hospital willingness to learn at global level, and challenges of high pressure with limited medical resources. Best practices of leveraging innovative digital capabilities to improve MDT efficiency and to support decision-making have been shared by China participants during the IKEs. Conclusions: Global collaboration to identify synergies within LC MDT communities can help China and other regions learn from each other and share China expertise in large-volume data-based practices globally. Alongside China’s rapid development of digital health, the digitalization of MDTs is likely to follow.

Dental odyssey: a comprehensive literature review on global strategies, behavioral programs, and creative approaches for ages 6-12 years

Introduction: Oral and dental hygiene serves as an indicator of a condition free from diseases, debris, and health issues in the oral cavity, affecting individuals of all age groups. Health education through various global learning systems, behavioural programmes, and creative approaches has proven effective in enhancing children's understanding of the importance of maintaining oral and dental cleanliness. Objective: Objective: This research aims to review relevant journals contributing to the development of insights, behaviours, and understanding regarding children's oral and dental health across crucial age ranges. Methods: Using a literature review method, we filtered articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Garuda (Digital Reference Library), and Science Direct published within the last six years. Searches in both Indonesian and English languages yielded ten articles that, after a selection process, provided diverse results regarding the implementation of learning models to enhance children's understanding of their oral and dental hygiene. Result: From the ten articles, it can be concluded that the application of education on oral and dental hygiene through various learning systems can effectively improve children's knowledge. Conclusion: the oral hygiene of elementary school children from various countries. Variations in research designs were found, and there is low awareness among children regarding dental health in Indonesia. Educational programmes, such as "Brush Day &amp; Night," and collaborations between FDI and Unilever have proven effective in improving children's toothbrushing habits. The use of music and the snake ladder game was also considered appropriate for developing awareness and behaviours related to dental hygiene.