Global Product Structure Research Articles

Towards energy sustainability: Exploring the nexus between global value chain participation and energy security in developing and developed countries.

International trade has a significant impact on global environmental quality and sustainable economic development. Global value chains (GVCs) have become a crucial component of international trade and development policy. The global production structure has become more complicated with the inclusion of domestic markets in GVC, putting significant pressure on world energy resources and environmental sustainability. Therefore, traditional trade measures no longer accurately reflect how global trade affects the energy security of developing and developed countries. Thus, this study is the first to use a panel-corrected standard error method to look at the relationship between GVC participation and energy security by using a global sample of 35 developed and 27 developing nations from 1995 to 2018. A feasible generalized least squares model was also applied to confirm the robustness of the model. Six indicators-foreign direct investment, industrialization level, capital formation, human capital index, political stability, and GVC-were used in this research to look at their impact on the four fundamental pillars of energy security (availability, applicability, sustainability, and affordability) for sustainable economic development. For developed countries, it was confirmed that there is a non-linear relationship between GVC participation and energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, and non-fossil fuel use. In the case of developing countries, the non-linear relationship in terms of all aspects of energy security was also confirmed. The findings also indicated that GVC's involvement benefits all four dimensions of energy security in both developing and developed countries once it reaches a certain threshold. Our findings further support the impacts of long-term cointegration between GVC and energy security for sustainable economic development. Therefore, the nations must promote technology transfer and capacity building within GVCs for inclusive energy security. Similarly, they may foster sustainable practices through collaborative governance for a stable global energy network by acknowledging the positive impact of income levels on energy security.

On the global product structure for uniformly quasiconformal Anosov diffeomorphisms

On the global product structure for uniformly quasiconformal Anosov diffeomorphisms

Joint foreign ownership and global value chains effects on productivity: a comparison of firms from Poland and Germany

PurposeThe study aims to examine the joint effects of foreign ownership (FO) and involvement in global value chains (GVCs) on the productivity performance of firms from a catching-up country (Poland) and a leader economy (Germany).Design/methodology/approachThe authors use micro-level data on firms combined with several sector-level GVC participation measures. The authors investigate whether the link between productivity and the overall sectoral degree of involvement in global production structures depends on a firm's ownership. The authors verify the robustness of the obtained results by using an instrumental variables approach and weighted regression.FindingsThe results show that domestically owned firms are less productive than foreign ones, which is particularly true at low GVC participation levels. However, as GVC involvement increases, the FO productivity premium decreases, leading to productivity catching up between foreign and domestically owned firms. This mechanism is similar in Poland and Germany. However, in the leader country (Germany), the productivity performance of domestically owned firms is more stable along the distribution of GVC involvement.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the foreign direct investment (FDI)–productivity literature by comparing the catching-up and developed countries' perspectives and incorporating the productivity–GVC relationship into the FDI analysis. The authors show that the FO premium is not confined to the developing context but is also present in a leader country. Moreover, the link between productivity and the overall sectoral degree of involvement in global production structures depends on a firm's ownership.

Study on the effect of changing stator structure on wind permanent magnet eddy current heating device

With the development of new energy, the proportion of wind power in the global power production structure is increasing year by year, and it has broad development prospects. This article discusses a new type of wind-powered permanent magnet eddy current heating device, which converts excess wind energy into heat energy and stores it in a heat storage medium, so as to achieve the function of storing heat energy. Thermal energy can be directly supplied to users and can also be used for thermal power generation when the power supply is insufficient, which is of practical significance to alleviating the problems of energy shortage and large amount of wind curtailment. Based on the law of electromagnetic induction and eddy current phenomenon, this paper establishes a model of permanent magnet eddy current heating device, and then simulates and analyzes the permanent magnet eddy current heating device to improve the heating power and material utilization of the device. The focus is on the influence of stator groove type, the number of stator slots and the thickness of the stator on the heating power. Finally, the simulation analysis of the permanent magnet eddy current heating device before and after the optimization is carried out in MATLAB. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the optimization.

Global Economic Structure Transition Boosts Atmospheric Mercury Emissions in China

AbstractAs the “world factory,” China has the most massive anthropogenic atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions in the world along with its intense production activities. The development of global society and economy, including technology development, consumption behavior evolution, population growth, and so on, would significantly affect China's production and thus the Hg emissions. Here we uncover critical global socioeconomic drivers of atmospheric Hg emission changes in China during 2005–2015. Results show that the transition of global economic structures (i.e., production and final demand structures) caused 179 tons of increase in China's atmospheric Hg emissions during this period if other factors remained constant, while the transition of foreign economic structures contributed as much as 83% (149 tons). More importantly, for the first time, we reveal the crucial role of production structure transition in foreign nations. The cumulative effect of foreign production structure transition during this period (93 tons) was larger than that of foreign final demand structure transition (56 tons). It is also far more extensive than the cumulative effect of China's production structure transition (9.5 tons). Previous studies on China's atmospheric Hg emissions driven by global final demand focused more on optimizing consumption behaviors. However, this study proves the significance of a greener global production structure for reducing anthropogenic atmospheric Hg emissions in China, thus implementing the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

DIRECTIONS FOR GROWING THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF GRAIN ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

The article deals with the problem of directions development of export potential increase of the enterprises of grain branch in Ukraine. It is established that Ukraine is one of the ten largest grain producers in the world. In 2019/2020 MY, our country took the honorable 6th place in the world in terms of wheat production (29.171 million tons), and its share in the global production structure was 3.8%. During the same period, Ukraine produced 9.528 million tons of barley (6.1% of the global production structure), which is the fourth largest in the world. During the period studied, our country moved from sixth (2016/2017 MY) to fifth position (2019/2020 MY) in the ranking of the world's largest producers of corn, and its share in the global production structure in 2019/2020 MY was 3.2% (35.887 million tons). Research has shown that among the economic factors influencing the development of the grain market, the most important are: the level of openness of the national economy; conditions for business development; land reform and attracting financial resources to the industry by increasing its investment attractiveness, developing the credit system and improving government instruments for financial support of farmers. In the social area, the most important factors are salary and the development of social infrastructure. In the technological aspect, these are the issues of intensification of the grain industry, innovative development, accelerated development of organic farming. The research results show that further intensification of grain production on an innovative basis should be carried out by equipping farms with modern tools, development of resource-saving technologies, improvement of land use, crop rotation, tillage, fertilization and chemical land reclamation, plant protection, breeding and seed production, support of grain market development. It is established that for the adaptation of domestic agricultural enterprises-exporters of grain in the context of a comprehensive strategy for promotion to foreign markets, one of the most important components is the policy to assess the likely occurrence of threats at different economic levels – micro-level, meso-level, macro-level and mega-level. This will provide an opportunity to build a basis for building an effective strategy to level or at least minimize the risks that are characteristic for the vast majority of grain enterprises in foreign economic activity. Key words: grain, grain industry, export, export potential, wheat, corn, barley, directions of export potential increase.

The Bundle of Simultaneously Diagonalizable N-tuples of Matrices

In this paper, a review of the simultaneous diagonalization of n-tuples of matrices for its applications in sciences is presented. For example, in quantum mechanics, position and momentum operators do not have a shared base that can represent the states of the system because they not commute, which is why switching operators form a key element of quantum physics since they define quantities that are compatible, that is, defined simultaneously. We are going to study this kind of family of linear operators using geometric constructions such as the principal bundles and associating them with a cohomology class measuring the deviation of the local product structure from the global product structure.

Variational dynamic interpolation for kinematic systems on trivial principal bundles

This article presents the dynamic interpolation problem for locomotion systems evolving on a trivial principal bundle Q. Given an ordered set of points in Q, we wish to generate a trajectory which passes through these points by synthesizing suitable controls. The global product structure of the trivial bundle is used to obtain an induced Riemannian product metric on Q. The squared L2-norm of the covariant acceleration is considered as the cost function, and its first order variations are taken for generating the trajectories. The nonholonomic constraint is enforced through the local form of the principal connection and the group symmetry is employed for reduction. The explicit form of the Riemannian connection for the trivial bundle is employed to arrive at the extremal of the cost function. The result is applied to generate a trajectory for the generalized Purcell’s swimmer - a low Reynolds number microswimming mechanism.

The Power of Sectoral Geographical Centrality in Global Production

Power is a key component in understanding and analyzing global production and the governance structures of Global Value Chains. In this paper, we propose a novel analytical link between the power dynamics in GVCs and the network configuration of their respective production topology. Our proposed link is based on the notion of positional power according to which power is associated with the centrality of a sector with regards to the production process, the sector belongs to. Using global input-output data, we show that the network structure of global production is associated with the global distribution of profits among national economic sectors and, consequently, influences the power relations and thus the governance structures of supply networks. More specifically, we find a high correlation between the distribution of profits and a sector’s position in global production, captured by its total strength centrality. Based on this, we provide a quantitative measure of positional power within global production and its governance structures.

Analysis of Economic Development of Human Capital

The concept of “human development†was born in a period characterized by an important number of events that have caused important changes of the geopolitical factors as well as essential mutations at economic and social level. This period is known as the “post-war era†. In this era, the world economy has registered considerable progress. The international cooperation and economic development have permitted the significant increase of merchandise and services world-wide commerce as well as the increase of foreign investments. Both the global production structure and the labor force structure have changed. Unfortunately, this global economic development is doubled by the persistence of economic and social differences and by the occurrence of set-backs. In the present paper it is presented the Romanian position towards the human development as well as the development perspectives of this position in the context of Romania’s integration in the European Union.

Sectoral linkages at the beginning of the 21st century: The role of Polish economy in global production structures

This paper provides a first attempt in analyzing the role of Polish economy in the production structure of the global economy in the early years of the 21st century. For the purpose of this analysis, we propose a new approach in which two most important aspects of interindustry linkages in a global input-output model are examined. Contrary to previous studies focused on output-oriented key sector analyses in post-communist CEE economies, we focus on a fundamental policy target variable – income per gross output. In order to analyze the issues in question in a dynamic framework, the empirical results are based on the 2000 and 2014 global intercountry input-output tables for the 28 EU countries as well as 15 other major countries in the world.

Trade Liberalisation, Capital-Intensive Export and Informalisation: A Case Study of India’s Manufacturing Sector

There has been widespread concern among the academicians regarding the changing composition of trade in the aftermath Washington Consensus regime, which enforced the structural adjustment programme among developing economies. The policy mantra of the regime was rested on “stabilize, privatize, and liberalize”—give market free rein strategy. Since then, there has been a systematic shift in developing economies’ trade basket towards capital- and skill-intensive products, and India was no exception. In this study, we have made an attempt to understand the changing dynamics of India’s manufacturing trade under the liberalised regime. In the last couple of decades, the country’s manufacturing export basket had shown rapid changes towards capital- and skill-intensive goods. These changes are, however, understood as India’s failure to specialise in its comparative advantage. Under the new global production structure, this poses a serious threat to the country as this marked shift has not resulted in labour absorption. This has further abetted the process of informalisation—as we noticed more employment across the export-led industries gradually shifting towards the unorganised informal sector. The growing informalisation of the economy should be understood from the prism of global production structure that uses cheap labour from developing economies by infusing a dangerous obsession for competition.

International portfolio diversification and the structure of global production

In recent decades, country portfolio home bias has fallen in advanced economies but not in emerging economies. I use a dynamic general equilibrium model to show that changes in the distribution of global production and absorption explain this pattern. For advanced economies, whose share of world output fell as their trade openness rose, the model predicts an unambiguous drop in home bias. By contrast, emerging economies' growth in both size and trade openness have opposing implications for portfolios. To quantify these forces I calibrate the model to real and counterfactual input–output tables. Jointly, changes in the global production structure account for much of the decline in home bias in advanced economies and lack thereof in emerging economies. Country size and trade openness account for most of this effect. Consistent with theory, the increase in the intermediate share of trade had little impact.

Inequality, Redistribution and Optimal Trade Policy: A Public Finance Approach

In this paper, we explore the relationship between optimal trade and redistributive policies when the gains from trade are unequally distributed. We use a competitive trade model with input-output linkages where trade affects relative wages and the reallocation of workers across various sectors is frictional. We study how income taxes and trade policies should be designed in order to balance the efficiency gains from trade with the costs associated with the resulting increased inequality. We show that for a large class of global production structures, the global trade of goods and services must be undistorted even when personal taxes are incomplete. In other words, barriers to trade such as tariffs are never optimal. In contrast, producer taxes in the form of value-added taxes (VAT) that are differentially levied on different sectors play a crucial role in redistributing the gains from trade. We provide formulas that highlight the main determinants of optimal VAT and non-linear income taxes. Finally, in a quantitative version of our model, we study the optimal response to the rise of China in international trade. Our quantitative analysis establishes that differential VAT taxes play the main role of redistributing the gains from trade, while income taxes do not.

Global product structure for a space of special matrices

The importance of the Hurwitz Metzler matrices and the Hurwitz symmetric matrices can be appreciated in different applications: communication networks, biology and economics are some of them. In this paper, we use an approach of differential topology for studying such matrices. Our results are as follows: the space of the $n\times n$ Hurwitz symmetric matrices has a product manifold structure given by the space of the $(n-1) \times (n-1)$ Hurwitz symmetric matrices and the euclidean space. Additionally we study the space of Hurwitz Metzler matrices and these ideas let us do an analysis of robustness of Hurwitz Metzler matrices. In particular, we study the Insulin Model as application.

Generalized Regular Quadrilateral Mesh Generation based on Surface Foliation

This work introduces a novel algorithm for quad-mesh generation based on surface foliation theory. The algorithm is based on the equivalence among colorable quad-meshes, measure foliations and holomorphic differentials. The holomorphic differentials can be obtained by graph-valued harmonic maps. The algorithm has several merits: it can be applied for surfaces with general topologies; the resulting quad-meshes have global tensor product structure and the least number of singularities; the algorithmic pipeline is fully automatic. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed method.

Polynomial global product structure

An Anosov diffeomorphism is topologically conjugate to an infranilmanifold automorphism if and only if it has polynomial Global Product Structure.

Can Cooperatives Be a Response to Marketing Problem in Agriculture Under Recent Global Production Structure?

The progress of capitalist mode of production in agriculture has created dependency on industrial production. This kind of dependency to inputs in agriculture causes the terms of trade grow against the producers. However, the liberalisation tendency in agricultural trade, especially in the aftermath of the Uruguay Rounds, increased the integration level of multinational corporations (MNCs). This enables MNCs, leading firms in production chains to render the producers dependent on the production process. Marketing is an important problem for producers in this structure. Producers can hardly access markets without the support of MNCs. Cooperatives may be a solution for such a problem. This study discusses that cooperative organisations could be the structures that enable producers to access the markets despite MNCs.

Fermionic-mode entanglement in quantum information

We analyze fermionic modes as fundamental entities for quantum information processing. To this end we construct a density operator formalism on the underlying Fock space and demonstrate how it can be naturally and unambiguously equipped with a notion of subsystems in the absence of a global tensor product structure. We argue that any apparent similarities between fermionic modes and qubits are superficial and can only be applied in limited situations. In particular, we discuss the ambiguities that arise from different treatments of this subject. Our results are independent of the specific context of the fermionic fields as long as the canonical anti-commutation relations are satisfied, e.g., in relativistic quantum fields, or fermionic trapped ions.

Dynamics of quasi-isometric foliations

If the stable, centre and unstable foliations of a partially hyperbolic system are quasi-isometric, the system has Global Product Structure. This result also applies to Anosov systems and to other invariant splittings.If a partially hyperbolic system on a manifold with an abelian fundamental group has quasi-isometric stable and unstable foliations, the centre foliation is without holonomy. If, further, the system has Global Product Structure, then all centre leaves are homeomorphic.