GPS Receiver Research Articles

The influence of the geographic positioning system error on the quality of ship magnetic signature reproduction based on measurements in sea conditions

In previous studies, the authors performed the magnetic signature reconstruction of the marine ship Zodiak as part of the measurement campaign focused on recording magnetic data and the relative position of a ship during its passage over a magnetometer immersed on the testing ground. A high degree of representation of the magnetic signature was obtained. However, the recorded measurement data revealed new patterns of the multi-dipole model behavior that were not observed in the synthetic data based analyzes. It was assumed that the main factor influencing the abovementioned behavior of the model is the error in determining the geographical position of the ship in relation to the magnetometer. Therefore, another research was carried out to determine the relative position of the ship and the measurement device in sea conditions, in the area of the test site used in the previous study. For this purpose, two different classes of GPS receivers were used. The first receiver was the same as that used to determine the position of Zodiak in the previous measurement campaign, while the second receiver, treated as a reference, was a top-class geodetic receiver. The difference in indications between these two receivers gave a picture of the scale of errors in the data recorded during the previous measurement campaign. These errors are used in the article to analyze the effect of inaccuracies in determining the ship position on the quality of magnetic signature reproduction. Two types of signature reproduction error were introduced – the error based only on the data collected from the ship’s paths, and the error in the entire area of magnetic anomaly. The model of Zodiak was used to determine the value of the magnetic flux outside the paths. Profiles of differences in indications of GPS receivers at sea which were obtained from actual measurements were used to analyze the errors in determining the ship position. A measurable result of the work reported in the article is the map of the loss of quality of magnetic signature reproduction as a function of the ship position determination error, which can indicate the range of applicability of the model and the described method.

Vehicle Theft Detection and Locking System using GSM and GPS

A vehicle tracking system is very useful for tracking the movement of a vehicle from any location at any time. An efficient vehicle tracking system is designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time. The proposed system made good use of popular technology that combines a smartphone with an Arduino UNO. This easy to make and inexpensive compared to others. The designed in vehicle device works using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM) technology that is one of the most common ways for vehicle tracking. The device is embedded inside a vehicle those positions is to be determined and tracked in real time. A vehicle tracking system is an electronic device installed in a vehicle to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location. This paper proposed to design a vehicle tracking system that works using GPS and GSM technology, which would be the cheapest source of vehicle tracking and it would work as anti-theft system. It is an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). An Arduino UNO is used to control the GPS receiver and GSM module. The vehicle tracking system uses the GPS module to get geographic coordinates at regular time interval. The GSM module is used to transmit andupdate the vehicle location to a database. This paper gives minute by minute update about vehicle location by sending SMS through GSM modem. This SMS contain latitude and longitude of the location of vehicle. Arduino UNO gets the coordinates from GPS modem and then it sends this information to user in text SMS. GSM modem is used to send this information via SMS sent to the owner of the vehicle. Location is displayed on LCD. And then Google map displays location and name of the place on cell phone. Thus, user able to continuously monitor a moving vehicle on demand using smartphone and determine the estimated distance and time for the vehicle to arrive at a given destination

Real-Time Implementation of Relative Positioning Approaches Using Low-Cost Single-Frequency GPS Receivers and Raspberry Pi Platform for Agriculture Applications

Real-Time Implementation of Relative Positioning Approaches Using Low-Cost Single-Frequency GPS Receivers and Raspberry Pi Platform for Agriculture Applications

Urban environment influences on stress, autonomic reactivity and circadian rhythm: protocol for an ambulatory study of mental health and sleep.

Converging evidence suggests that urban living is associated with an increased likelihood of developing mental health and sleep problems. Although these aspects have been investigated in separate streams of research, stress, autonomic reactivity and circadian misalignment can be hypothesized to play a prominent role in the causal pathways underlining the complex relationship between the urban environment and these two health dimensions. This study aims at quantifying the momentary impact of environmental stressors on increased autonomic reactivity and circadian rhythm, and thereby on mood and anxiety symptoms and sleep quality in the context of everyday urban living. The present article reports the protocol for a feasibility study that aims at assessing the daily environmental and mobility exposures of 40 participants from the urban area of Jerusalem over 7 days. Every participant will carry a set of wearable sensors while being tracked through space and time with GPS receivers. Skin conductance and heart rate variability will be tracked to monitor participants' stress responses and autonomic reactivity, whereas electroencephalographic signal will be used for sleep quality tracking. Light exposure, actigraphy and skin temperature will be used for ambulatory circadian monitoring. Geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA) will be used to assess participants' perception of the environment, mood and anxiety symptoms, sleep quality and vitality. For each outcome variable (sleep quality and mental health), hierarchical mixed models including random effects at the individual level will be used. In a separate analysis, to control for potential unobserved individual-level confounders, a fixed effect at the individual level will be specified for case-crossover analyses (comparing each participant to oneself). Recent developments in wearable sensing methods, as employed in our study or with even more advanced methods reviewed in the Discussion, make it possible to gather information on the functioning of neuro-endocrine and circadian systems in a real-world context as a way to investigate the complex interactions between environmental exposures, behavior and health. Our work aims to provide evidence on the health effects of urban stressors and circadian disruptors to inspire potential interventions, municipal policies and urban planning schemes aimed at addressing those factors.

Relativistic Electron Precipitation Driven by Mesoscale Transients, Inferred From Ground and Multi‐Spacecraft Platforms

AbstractPrecipitation of relativistic electrons into the Earth's atmosphere regulates the outer radiation belt fluxes and contributes to magnetosphere‐atmosphere coupling. One of the main drivers of such precipitation is electron scattering by whistler‐mode waves. Such waves typically originate at the equator, where they can resonate with and scatter sub‐relativistic (tens to a few hundred keV) electrons. However, they can occasionally propagate far away from the equator along field lines, reaching middle latitudes, where they can resonate with and scatter relativistic (>500 keV) electrons. Such a propagation is typical for the dayside, but statistically has not been found on the nightside where the waves are quickly damped along their propagation due to Landau damping. Here we explore two events of relativistic electron precipitation from low‐altitude observations on the nightside. Combining measurements of whistler‐mode waves from ground observatories, relativistic electron precipitation from low‐altitude satellites, total electron content maps from GPS receivers, and magnetic field and electron flux from equatorial satellites, we show wave ducting by plasma density gradients is the possible channel that allows the waves to reach middle latitudes and scatter relativistic electrons. We suggest that both whistler‐mode wave generation and ducting can be driven by equatorial mesoscale (with spatial scales of about one Earth radius) transient structures during nightside injections. We also compare these nightside events with observations of ducted waves and relativistic electron precipitation at the dayside, where wave generation and ducting are driven by ultra‐low‐frequency waves. This study demonstrates the potential importance of mesoscale transients in relativistic electron precipitation, but does not however unequivocally establish that ducted whistler‐mode waves are the primary cause of the observed electron precipitation.

Assessment of the accuracy of IRI-2016 model at the equatorial-, low-, mid-, and high-latitudes ionosphere along 30–45oE meridian lines during minimum (2009) and maximum (2013) phases of solar cycle 24

This study assesses the accuracy of the International Reference Ionosphere IRI-2016 model prediction at the equatorial-, low-, mid-, and high-latitude ionosphere along 30–45oE meridian during minimum (2009) and maximum (2013) phases of solar cycle 24. We used raw TEC derived from GPS observation data from GPS receivers within ∼±70o latitudinal band, along the African/European longitudinal sector. We compared the GNSS-TEC data after the Plasmaspheric Electron Content (PEC) has been excluded with those derived from the two components of the IRI-2016 model. The percentage contributions of PEC to GNSS-TEC was minimum in June solstice, and maximum in December solstice with the highest values at the high-latitude regions, but with a clear hemispherical asymmetry; manifesting the winter anomaly effect. Higher TEC values were recorded in the equatorial/low-latitude regions than in the high- and mid-latitude regions. Overall, in both hemispheres, the accuracy of prediction of the IRI-2016 model was higher in the high- and mid-latitude regions than in the equatorial/low-latitude regions. The accuracy of the model was higher during solar minimum than during solar maximum. Both options of IRI-2016 performed better at nighttime than during daytime. IRI-NeQuick option generally performed better than the IRI-Corr option. TEC values were higher in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere.

Positioning Improvement with Multiple GPS Receivers Based on Shallow Asymmetric Neural Network

Positioning Improvement with Multiple GPS Receivers Based on Shallow Asymmetric Neural Network

RSSI 데이터 기반 머신러닝 실내 측위 연구

With the recent development of science and technology, localization technology has made it possible to provide customized mobile services based on real-time location information to users through smartphones and Internet of Things devices. In particular, GPS-based real-time localization is commonly used. However, unlike outdoors, not only does the GPS reception rate decrease significantly indoors, but it is also difficult to accurately measure the user's indoor location using only GPS latitude and longitude information. In this study, we propose to measure the user's indoor location using RSSI (received signal strength indicator). For this purpose, an indoor localization study was conducted by applying machine learning classifiers, SVM, decision tree, ExtraTrees, random forest, and KNN to RSSI data. Among the machine learning classifiers, random forest exhibited the best performance. Therefore, we applied random forest-based RFE to extract features from RSSI data. We confirmed that even with a smaller amount of data, it was possible to achieve more accurate indoor positioning. In addition, it was confirmed through regression analysis that latitude and longitude can be estimated from RSSI data, so that indoor as well as outdoor locations can be estimated.

ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT POSITION PARAMETERS PROVIDED BY GCA 2000 AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR

The aim of this article was to investigate the accuracy of determining the position parameters of an aircraft by the GCA 2000 airport control radar located at Deblin Airport (EPDE). In order to analyse the accuracy of determining the position of an aircraft by the GCA 2000 radar, a research flight was carried out. The position of the aircraft was recorded by the GCA 2000 radar and the Thales Mobile Mapper Pro GPS receiver on board the aircraft. The resulting position parameters were compared with each other to investigate the accuracy of the radar’s coordinate determination. In addition, a number of analyses and comparisons were performed to determine the reasons for the interruptions in the radar detection of the aircraft. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the GCA 2000 radar located at Deblin airport meets the requirements set by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for radar performance. According to ICAO, the standard deviation of the distance error should be 70–130 metres and the azimuth error for primary radars should be 0.15–0.2°, and for secondary radars 0.2–0.3°. The standard deviation of the distance error during a research flight by the GCA 2000 radar is 81.1 metres and the standard deviation of the azimuth error is 0.19°.

GPS-Based Network Synchronization of Wireless Sensors for Extracting Propagation of Disturbance on Structural Systems.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained a positive popularity for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The underlying reason for using WSNs is the vast number of devices supporting wireless networks available these days. However, some of these devices are expensive. The main objective of this paper is to develop a cost-effective WSN based on low power consumption and long-range radios, which can perform real-time, real-scale acceleration data analyses. Since a detection system for vibration propagation is proposed in this paper, the synchronized monitoring of acceleration data is necessary. To meet this need, a Pulse Per Second (PPS) synchronization method is proposed with the help of GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers, representing an addition to the synchronization method based on real-time clock (RTC). As a result, RTC+PPS is the term used when referring to this method in this paper. In summary, the experiments presented in this research consist in performing specific and synchronized measurements on a full-scale steel I-beam. Finally, it is possible to perform measurements with a synchronization success of 100% in a total of 30 samples, thereby obtaining the propagation of vibrations in the structure under consideration by implementing the RTS+PPS method.

Two‐Component Phase Scintillation Spectra in the Auroral Region: Observations and Model

AbstractThe random amplitude and phase fluctuations observed in trans‐ionospheric radio signals are caused by the presence of electron density irregularities in the ionosphere. Ground‐based measurements of radio wave signals provide information about the medium through which these signals propagate. The Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) Global Position System (GPS) receivers record radio signals emitted by the GPS satellites, enabling the study of their spectral characteristics. This study presents examples of phase spectra with two power‐law components. These components exhibit steeper spectral slopes at higher frequencies and shallower ones at lower frequencies. To be more specific, we conducted a spectral characterization of sixty one (61) events recorded by the CHAIN Churchill GPS receiver, which is located in the auroral oval. When fluctuations above the background level are only observed in the phase, the spectra tend to be systematically steeper. Conversely, the power increase in higher frequency fluctuations accompanying amplitude scintillation tends to result in shallower spectra. A basic yet powerful model of radio wave propagation through a turbulent ionosphere, characterized by a power law electron density spectrum, can help to explain the two power laws observed in the scintillation events presented in this study by identifying the role played by small‐scale ionospheric irregularities in diffraction.

Modular Architecture of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Effective Traffic Sign Recognition

Analysis of modern approaches to the implementation of driver assistance systems, as well as the implementation of the architecture of the driver assistance system, aimed at recognizing traffic signs at the maximum distance from it under difficult weather conditions, for early feedback to the driver. The paper considers the main signals used in the implementation and operation of the driver assistance system: data from the car's CAN bus, information from a GPS receiver, video fragments from a digital camera. The presented modular architecture uses the listed data sources for estimating the traffic situation, as well as neural network methods for recognizing traffic signs. The modular architecture of the driver assistance system is presented, which allows notifying the driver about traffic signs. The system is equipped with lane boundary control to alert the driver to signs related to the adjacent carriageway when turning. It has been experimentally proven that the modular architecture of the driver assistance system presented in the paper is not inferior in speed and accuracy to alternative systems, acting as a comprehensive autonomous solution.

Utilization of Augmented Reality Technique for Sewer Condition Visualization

Wastewater pipelines are largely buried underground, and techniques for assessing and visualizing their condition are critical for planning and rehabilitation. This paper introduces a framework for integrating Geographic Information System (GIS), 3D-creation platform, augmented reality (AR) techniques, and machine learning algorithms for the dynamic visualization of the condition of sewer networks. A sewer network in Ålesund City, Norway, was used as a case study, and the developed framework was implemented on an Android OS and Microsoft HoloLens. The results show the potential applications of the integrated framework of GIS, AR, and 3D models for sewer condition visualization. The positioning accuracy of the application for 2D objects is equivalent to that of well-designed GPS receivers (approximately 1–3 m), depending on the handheld device used. Loading and locating 3D objects will be limited by the performance of the devices used.

RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE IMAGE PROCESSING PROCESS OF THE NAVIGATION SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CONDITIONS OF LIMITED VISIBILITY

Modern image processing technologies are already widely used in agriculture. Tractors can be equipped with GPS receivers, cameras and sensors for navigation, measuring soil moisture, controlling the application of resources (such as fertilizers and pesticides), and monitoring plant growth. Identification and analysis of the main shortcomings of existing methods of pre-processing and selection of image contours and is of particular interest in the field of processing and improving the quality of digital images in navigation systems, such as: automatic driving systems (Auto Guidance Systems) The relevance of improving the process of image processing in navigation systems of agricultural machines in conditions of limited visibility is important for several reasons: - effective image processing allows agricultural machines to automatically determine their location and perform navigation tasks even in difficult weather conditions when visibility is limited. - accurate image processing can help avoid errors related to navigation, which can be critical in growing crops. - with accurate image processing, agricultural machines can precisely determine the places where resources such as fertilizers or plant protection products need to be applied, allowing to optimize their use and reduce costs. - conditions of limited visibility, such as fog, rain or high humidity, may affect visibility for operators. Modern image processing technologies are already widely used in agriculture. Tractors can be equipped with GPS receivers, cameras and sensors for navigation, measuring soil moisture, controlling the application of resources (such as fertilizers and pesticides), and monitoring plant growth. Taking into account these factors, the development and improvement of image processing technologies in the navigation systems of agricultural machines remains an important topic of research and development in the field of agriculture.

Characterization of self-guided trails on the Xihuingo Volcano, state of Hidalgo (Mexico)

Objective: hiking allows us to appreciate nature; it is also an environmental education tool, causing social changes which can be directed towards behaviors and decisions in favor of environmental protection. The objective of this study was to generate the necessary information in order to hike the trails of the Xihuingo Volcano (state of Hidalgo, Mexico), self-guided and with safety.Design/Methodology/Approach: the methodology consisted of monitoring the guidelines established for the preparation of the Topographic guide, as well as those considered in the Excursion information method (MIDE) and the processing of tracks with global positioning system (GPS) receivers, using a geographic information system as interface.Results: data on local history, culture and biodiversity were obtained. As well as descriptions, time estimates, and profiles of the routes; with the identification of places of interest in maps; and digital files to be used in GPS receivers.Limitations of the study/Implications: the limitations in the data are related to the precision margin of the GPS receivers during the recording of the information (±3 m). As well as the number of records on biodiversity at the time of consultation.Findings/Conclusions: data obtained highlight the wide biological diversity located at the site, with important representation of endemic and native species, some of them in status of ecological risk. These species can be the basis for the creation of a tourism project for the benefit of the local people. Such a program would face the ecological problems derived from mining, illegal logging, and grazing observed in the area, as a strategy for the conservation of the natural environment.

3D Modelling of Sanggrahan Temple Using UAV Imagery and Terrestrial Photogrammetry Method

As evidence of ancient Majapahit civilization existence, Sanggrahan Temple has been officially recognized as a cultural heritage building by Indonesian government in 2019. Sanggrahan temple is located in Boyolangu District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java. Conservation efforts in Sanggrahan temple have been done by BPK Wilayah XI Jawa Timur. Many parts of the temple have been damaged and are believed in different condition from its past original design. Therefore, a 3D documentation of Sanggrahan Temple needs to be carried out to provide sufficient data for future conservation efforts. The photogrammetry method which utilizes UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and terrestrial imagery offers great efficiency in terms of fieldwork and cost. The technique applied close range photogrammetry for image-acquisition and Structure from Motion (SfM) processing. There are roughly 500 images captured for 3D modelling purposes. For georeferencing and geometric accuracy assessment, the Ground Control Point measurement was also carried out using GPS receiver and total station. The result show that the combination of aerial (UAV) and terrestrial images provide complete 3D model. The generated 3D model can provide architectural views of the temple from all sides which help architects and archaeologists to interpret architectural design and detail of the building. Accuracy assessment based on the coordinate measurement shows that the 3D model results meet the specified accuracy standard of 10 cm which is suitable for many architectural drawing applications.

Smart Shoes for Blind People

Abstract: Smart Shoes for blind people are a technological solution that aims to improve the mobility and independence of visually impaired individuals. The smart shoes are equipped with a variety of sensors and technologies that work together to provide real-time feedback about the user's surroundings, obstacles, and navigation directions. The main components of the smart shoes include an inertial measurement unit (IMU), GPS receiver, microcontroller, Bluetooth module, and a haptic feedback mechanism. The IMU consists of sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes that measure the movement and orientation of the shoe. The GPS receiver provides location data that is used to calculate the user's position and orientation. The microcontroller processes the sensor data and runs a navigation algorithm that calculates the safest and most efficient route for the user to take. The algorithm takes into account factors such as the user's destination, the terrain, obstacles, and other environmental factors. The Bluetooth module enables the user to connect to a smartphone or other device to receive audio or visual instructions and feedback. The haptic feedback mechanism, such as vibrating motors, provides tactile feedback to the user about the direction and proximity of obstacles. Smart shoes for blind people offer a unique and innovative solution to improve the mobility and independence of visually impaired individuals. They provide real-time feedback and navigation directions to help users navigate their environment safely and efficiently

A VLF/LF facility network for preseismic electromagnetic investigations

Abstract. Earthquakes are one of the most frequently occurring natural disasters. Many indications have been collected on the presence of seismo-ionospheric perturbations preceding such tragic phenomena. Radio techniques are the essential tools leading the detection of seismo-electromagnetic emissions by monitoring at very low-frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) and low-frequency (LF, 30–300 kHz) sub-ionospheric paths between transmitters and receivers (Hayakawa, 2015). In this brief communication, we present the implementation of a VLF/LF network to search for earthquake electromagnetic precursors. The proposed system is comprised of a monopole antenna including a preamplifier, a GPS receiver and a recording device. This system will deliver a steady stream of real-time amplitude and phase measurements as well as a daily recording VLF/LF data set. The first implementation of the system was done in Graz, Austria. The second one will be in Guyancourt (France), with a third one in Réunion (France) and a fourth one in Moratuwa (Sri Lanka). In the near future, we are planning to expand our network for enhanced monitoring and increased coverage.

A statistical method of GPS spoofing detection using power spectral density for hardware

AbstractLocation and navigation information has become an important part of our lives. GPS data is vital in many areas from transportation to economy, from energy to security. The alteration of this information can have deleterious downstream effects that cannot be reversed. Today, it is possible to attack GPS data with accessible hardware and open source software. In this paper, the signal obtained with the help of a transceiver that samples the high frequency RF signals down to the intermediate frequency was compared with the RMS value by windowing over PSD. Then this data was statistically analyzed with the NIST runs test. In order to realize GPS signal spoofing in a short time that after GPS receiver lock the spoofing signal, field programmable gates connected to the transceiver were used. The results obtained varied according to the dimensions of the windowing process, and it was understood that the window size was in a correlation with the detection of deception in a short time. The suggested method's key benefit is its simplicity, which makes it adaptable to various GNSS systems.

Design and implementation of an edge computing-based GPS tracking system

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the technical aspects of edge-enabled GPS tracking systems, their evolution, and an analysis of existing problem-solving approaches. It introduces mathematical models that simulate the operation of the hardware and software components of these systems. An adaptive user interface has been developed, enabling usage across various platforms such as smartphones and personal computers. The paper also explores innovative methods for visualizing the trajectory of a moving object on an electronic map. Specialized software for the Atmega162-16PU microcontroller has been developed to control the GSM module and GPS receiver. A novel method for data transmission from a GPS tracker to a web server is proposed. The paper concludes with the successful testing of two experimental GPS-tracker prototypes under uncertain conditions. The developed edge-enabled GPS tracking software and hardware show potential for monitoring moving objects within the coverage of GSM cellular networks.