Global Occurrence Research Articles

Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review

Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem

Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review

Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem.

Targeting Redox Enzymes of Cholesterol Biosynthesis: A Step in the Right Direction Towards Ending Cardiovascular Disease

Global occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is a serious health concern resulting in over 2 million deaths annually. A major cause of cardiovascular disease is elevated levels of blood plasma cholesterol which leads to the precipitation of lipoproteins and arterial plaque formation. This review details treatment of hypercholesterolemia that target redox enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the lipid. It begins with a brief discussion of both high- and low-density lipoproteins that are the vehicles for cholesterol transport in humans. An overview of the five stages of cholesterol anabolism in the liver is then provided focusing on the two rate-limiting redox enzymes involved in the pathway. These enzymes are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutyl CoA reductase (HMGR) and squalene monooxygenase (SMO). The structure and catalytic mechanisms are presented in great detail to lay the foundation for a presentation of common cholesterol lowering drugs. The first of these are the statins that competitively inhibit HMGR and have shown the greatest success in both the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. An inhibitor of SMO called terbinafine is then discussed. This drug molecule is a fairly effective anti-fungal but is not currently approved in the U.S. to treat high cholesterol. However, it has been shown to lower low-density lipoproteins and exhibits promise to provide the framework for the development of new cholesterol lowering treatments to target SMO. It is hoped that this review article will raise awareness and spur future research into the treatment of hypercholesterolemia to treat and/or prevent cardiovascular disease.

Respiratory syncytial virus with ongoing COVID-19: is it an emerging threat?

Respiratory syncytial virus with ongoing COVID-19: is it an emerging threat?

Multiple interactions steered high affinity toward PFAS on ultrathin layered rare-earth hydroxide nanosheets: Remediation performance and molecular-level insights

The global occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic systems has raised concerns about their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Adsorption is a promising technique for the remediation of PFAS, yet effective adsorbents with rapid uptake kinetics and high adsorption capacity are still in high demand, and molecular-level understanding of the interfacial adsorption mechanisms is lacking. In this study, we developed a superior layered rare-earth hydroxide (LRH) adsorbent, ultrathin Y2(OH)4.86Cl1.44·1·07H2O (namely YOHCl) nanosheets, to achieve the effective removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). YOHCl nanosheets exhibited ultra-high adsorption capacity toward PFOA (up to 957.1 mg/g), which is 1.9 times and 9.3 times higher than the state-of-the-art layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) and benchmark granular activated carbon (GAC) under the same conditions, respectively. Furthermore, YOHCl nanosheets pose stable performance on the removal of PFOA under various water matrices with robust reusability. We also developed YOHCl-based continuous-flow column, demonstrating its promise in simultaneously removing multiple PFAS with wide range of chain lengths at environmentally relevant concentrations. With the molecular-level investigations, we have revealed that multi-mechanism, including ion exchange, electrostatic attraction and bidentate/bridging coordination, contributed to the strong PFOA-YOHCl affinity, leading to the ultra-high adsorption capacity of PFOA. We have provided emerging LRHs-based adsorbents for the effective remediation of PFAS with molecular-level insights on the interfacial mechanisms.

Understanding the underestimated: Occurrence, distribution, and interactions of microplastics in the sediment and soil of China, India, and Japan

Microplastics (MPs) are non-biodegradable substances that can sustain our environment for up to a century. What is more worrying is the incapability of modern technologies to annihilate MPs from om environment. One ramification of MPs is their impact on every kind of life form on this planet, which has been discussed ahead; that is why these substances are surfacing in everyday discussions of scholars and researchers. This paper discusses the overview of the global occurrence, abundance, analysis, and remediation techniques of MPs in the environment. This paper primarily reviews the event and abundance of MPs in coastal sediments and agricultural soil of three major Asian countries, India, China, and Japan. A significant concentration of MPs has been recorded from these countries, which affirms its strong presence and subsequent environmental impacts. Concentrations such as 73,100 MPs/kg in Indian coastal sediments and 42,960 particles/kg in the agricultural soil of China is a solid testimony to prove their massive outbreak in our environment and require urgent attention towards this issue. Conclusions show that human activities, rivers, and plastic mulching on agricultural fields have majorly acted as carriers of MPs towards coastal and terrestrial soil and sediments. Later, based on recorded concentrations and gaps, future research studies are recommended in the concerned domain; a dearth of studies on MPs influencing Indian agricultural soil make a whole sector and its consumer vulnerable to the adverse effects of this emerging contaminant.

Global occurrence, drivers, and environmental risks of microplastics in marine environments

With an increasing quantity of plastic waste being discharged into the oceans, marine microplastic (MP) pollution has received widespread attention. However, the global occurrence characteristics, environmental risks, driving factors, and source-sink relationships remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 165 articles about marine MP pollution. It was found that the global marine MP abundance displayed a significant spatial heterogeneity, and the distribution pattern was influenced by offshore distance, population density, and economic development. The morphological characteristics of MPs showed a significant difference between seawater and marine sediment, and small-size MPs (<1 mm) accounted for the majority of all MPs in the marine environment. The environmental risk assessment revealed that most of the marine MP pollution still remains at low concentrations in the global context, with the Polyurethane (PU), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) types of MPs showing high environmental-risk contributions. In addition, land-based waste and marine operations, which were considered to be the dominant sources of marine MPs, primarily aggregated at nearshore submarine areas, in the water column, and in the deep-sea bottom environment. This study suggested that the combination of a meta-analysis and Monte Carlo simulation can provide much valuable information regarding the global occurrence characteristics and environmental risks of marine MPs.

Effects of climate and land-cover change on the conservation status of gibbons.

Species shift their distribution in response to climate and land-cover change, which may result in a spatial mismatch between currently protected areas (PAs) and priority conservation areas (PCAs). We examined the effects of climate and land-cover change on potential range of gibbons and sought to identify PCAs that would conserve them effectively. We collected global gibbon occurrence points and modeled (ecological niche model) their current and potential 2050s ranges under climate-change and different land-cover-change scenarios. We examined change in range and PA coverage between the current and future ranges of each gibbon species. We applied spatial conservation prioritization to identify the top 30% PCAs for each species. We then determined how much of the PCAs are conserved in each country within the global range of gibbons. On average, 31% (SD 22) of each species' current range was covered in PAs. PA coverage of the current range of 9 species was <30%. Nine species lost on average 46% (SD 29) of their potential range due to climate change. Under climate-change with an optimistic land-cover-change scenario (B1), 12 species lost 39% (SD 28) of their range. In a pessimistic land-cover-change scenario (A2), 15 species lost 36% (SD 28) of their range. Five species lost significantly more range under the A2 scenario than the B1 scenario (p=0.01, SD 0.01), suggesting that gibbons will benefit from effective management of land cover. PA coverage of future range was <30% for 11 species. On average, 32% (SD 25) of PCAs were covered by PAs. Indonesia contained more species and PCAs and thus has the greatest responsibility for gibbon conservation. Indonesia, India, and Myanmar need to expand their PAs to fulfill their responsibility to gibbon conservation. Our results provide a baseline for global gibbon conservation, particularly for countries lacking gibbon research capacity.

Global Sporadic‐E Occurrence Rate Climatology Using GPS Radio Occultation and Ionosonde Data

AbstractAn updated global climatology of blanketing sporadic E (Es) is developed from a combined data set of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and ground‐based ionosonde soundings over the period of September 2006–January 2019. A total of 46 sites and 3.2 million total soundings from the Global Ionosphere Radio Observatory network in combination with 3.0 million occultations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate constellation are used to calculate global occurrence rates (ORs) for two blanketing frequency thresholds: all blanketing sporadic‐E with no limit on intensity (all‐Es) and moderate‐Eswith fbEs ≥ 3 MHz. Following the GPS‐RO to ionosonde comparison by Carmona et al. (2022),https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030581the all‐Esrates are calculated using ionosonde data and an amplitude‐based S4threshold for the GPS‐RO data while the moderate‐Esrates use a primarily phase‐based technique. Occurrence rates are separated by intensity, season, month, and solar local time for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Overall, the general geomagnetic trends agree with previous Esclimatologies and the ORs peak near 50% for all‐Esand 25% for moderate‐Esmeasured in the mid‐latitudes during local summer in the late afternoon. Low ORs are observed near the South Atlantic Anomaly and North America, and a general asymmetry is observed between hemispheres with higher ORs in the Northern Hemisphere. High‐latitude and late morning blanketing Esare found to be stronger but less frequent with rates nearly equal to the moderate‐Esmid‐latitude maximums.

Towards an understanding of future range shifts in lichens and mosses under climate change

AbstractAimLichens and mosses play important functional roles in all terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in tundra and drylands. As with all taxa, to maintain their current niche in a changing climate, lichens and mosses will have to migrate. However, there are no published estimates of future habitat suitability or necessary rates of migration for members of these groups at the global scale.TaxonLichens and mosses.LocationGlobal.MethodsUsing global occurrence data, we conducted ensemble distribution models in the ‘biomod2’ R package, parameterised with a range of climatic, land use and soil variables, to estimate current and future (2100) habitat suitability in 16 abundant species of lichen and moss.ResultsWithout considering dispersal limitation, suitable area was forecast to expand for eight species and decline for four species. For species with predominantly boreo‐arctic distributions, suitable area typically declined at the temperate range edge and expanded across the High Arctic. Future suitable area available to dryland‐adapted species generally declined overall, likely relating to the desiccation‐tolerant physiology of lichens and mosses. The average migration rates required for species to disperse into new suitable habitat ranged from 1.7 (Placidium squamulosum) to 9.0 km year−1 (Syntrichia ruralis), although most species will need to migrate &gt;16 km year−1 to completely fill their potential future suitable habitat.Main ConclusionsFor mosses and lichens, as with all species, migration will be an important part of the adjustment to a warmer climate, but realisation of these potential migrations will require both rare dispersal events and habitat that is suitable in non‐climatic dimensions. Current evidence on dispersal in these groups suggests that these geographical shifts may be unlikely to be realised without intervention, especially in landscapes that are highly modified by humans.

Confirmation of the southern African distribution of the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814) in the context of its global dispersal.

Intertidal rocky shore surveys along the South African coastline (∼3,000 km) have demonstrated the presence and abundance of the encrusting orange sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814), a well-known globally distributed species. After analysing the southern African populations, we gained a better understanding of the genetic structure of this now-accepted global species. Apart from confirming the presence of a single population of H. perlevis, we also determined its distribution in the southern African intertidal rocky shore ecosystem, compared its genetic diversity to congeners, predict its global distribution via environmental niche modelling, and discussed possible underlying mechanisms controlling the species' global distribution. We surveyed the South African coastline and sampled sponges at 53 rocky shore sites spanning over 3,000 km, from Grosse Bucht south of Lüderitz (Namibia) to Kosi Bay on the east coast of South Africa. DNA sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) and the COI mitochondrial gene were obtained from 61 samples and compared them to a world-wide sample of other H. perlevis sequences. Using environmental predictor variables from the global dataset BIO-ORACLE, we predicted the probability of global occurrence of the species using an ensemble of eight distribution models. South African specimens were found to be 99-100% identical to other populations of H. perlevis (=H. sinapium) from other world-wide regions. The presence of a single population of H. perlevis in southern Africa is supported by genetic data, extending its distribution to a relatively wide geographical range spanning more than 4,000 km along the temperate southern African coast. The predicted global occurrence by ensemble model matched well with the observed distribution. Surface temperature mean and range were the most important predictor variables. While H. perlevis appears to have been introduced in many parts of the world, its origins in Europe and southern Africa are unclear.

Second species of Eusthenodon (Tristichopteridae, Sarcopterygii) from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Catskill Formation of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and a review of global Eusthenodon occurrence

ABSTRACT A new species of Eusthenodon from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Catskill Formation was collected from associated talus blocks excavated during road construction along the northbound lanes of U.S. Route 15/Interstate 99 near Trout Run in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The new species is represented by isolated or partially articulated cranial bones, an anocleithrum, and body scales from several individuals. The new discovery is the second species of Eusthenodon described from the Catskill Formation after Eusthenodon bourdoni, a species found only at the Cogan House Exit Ramp locality, north of and up section from the Trout Run site. The new species is of a larger size category and exhibits qualities that distinguish it from E. bourdoni including a contact between posterior supraorbital and lacrimal bones that excludes the jugal from the orbital margin and scales with an ornamental field incised by radiating grooves. The clarity offered by the Catskill Formation Eusthenodon species informs an historical review of reports on Eusthenodon occurrence that suggests a polydemic but not cosmopolitan distribution of the taxon. A phylogenetic analysis of Tristichopteridae is presented that includes the new species presented here. The Eusthenodon species at Trout Run is the fifth tristichopterid species described from the Catskill Formation and all five are found to belong to a highly nested clade of largely Famennian tristichopterids. With a growing fauna that additionally includes rhizodontids, dipnoans, holoptychiid porolepiforms, megalichthyids, and limbed tetrapodomorphs, the Catskill Formation of Pennsylvania continues to be an important focus for the study of Late Devonian sarcopterygian evolution.

Global occurrence of the bacteria with capability for extracellular reduction of iodate.

The γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 reduces iodate to iodide extracellularly. Both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters are involved in extracellular reduction of iodate by S. oneidensis MR-1. DmsEFAB reduces iodate to hypoiodous acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Subsequently, H2O2 is reduced by MtrCAB to facilitate DmsEFAB-mediated extracellular reduction of iodate. To investigate the distribution of bacteria with the capability for extracellular reduction of iodate, bacterial genomes were systematically searched for both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters. The dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters were found in three Ferrimonas and 26 Shewanella species. Coexistence of both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters in these bacteria suggests their potentials for extracellular reduction of iodate. Further analyses demonstrated that these bacteria were isolated from a variety of ecosystems, including the lakes, rivers, and subsurface rocks in East and Southeast Asia, North Africa, and North America. Importantly, most of the bacteria with both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters were found in different marine environments, which ranged from the Arctic Ocean to Antarctic coastal marine environments as well as from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Widespread distribution of the bacteria with capability for extracellular reduction of iodate around the world suggests their significant importance in global biogeochemical cycling of iodine. The genetic organization of dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters also varied substantially. The identified mtrCAB gene clusters often contained additional genes for multiheme c-type cytochromes. The numbers of dmsEFAB gene cluster detected in a given bacterial genome ranged from one to six. In latter, duplications of dmsEFAB gene clusters occurred. These results suggest different paths for these bacteria to acquire their capability for extracellular reduction of iodate.

Global geological occurrence and character of the carcinogenic zeolite mineral, erionite: A review.

As with the six regulated asbestos minerals (chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite), the zeolite mineral, erionite, can exhibit a fibrous morphology. When fibrous erionite is aerosolized and inhaled, it has been linked to cases of lung cancers, such as malignant mesothelioma. Importantly, fibrous erionite appears to be more carcinogenic than the six regulated asbestos minerals. The first health issues regarding erionite exposure were reported in Cappadocia (Turkey), and more recently, occupational exposure issues have emerged in the United States. Erionite is now classified as a Group 1 carcinogen. Thus, identifying the geological occurrence of erionite is a prudent step in determining possible exposure pathways, but a global review of the geological occurrence of erionite is currently lacking. Here, we provide a review of the >100 global locations where erionite has been reported, including: 1) geological setting of host rocks; 2) paragenetic sequence of erionite formation, including associated zeolite minerals; 3) fiber morphological properties and erionite mineral series (i.e., Ca, K, Na); and 4) a brief overview of the techniques that have been used to identify and characterize erionite. Accordingly, erionite has been found to commonly occur within two major rock types: felsic and mafic. Within felsic rocks (in particular, tuffaceous layers within lacustrine paleoenvironments), erionite is disseminated through the layer as a cementing matrix. In contrast, within mafic (i.e., basaltic) rocks, erionite is typically found within vesicles. Nevertheless, aside from detailed studies in Italy and the United States, there is a paucity of specific information on erionite geological provenance or fiber morphology. The latter issue is a significant drawback given its impact on erionite toxicity. Future erionite studies should aim to provide more detailed information, including variables such as rock type and lithological properties, quantitative geochemistry, and fiber morphology.

Imidacloprid: Comparative toxicity, DNA damage, ROS production and risk assessment for aquatic non-target organisms

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid systemic insecticide used worldwide. Despite its hazardous impact on non-target organisms, few studies have been conducted concerning the potential eco-genotoxic effects in invertebrates of surface waters where this pesticide is detected from units of ng/L to tens of μg/L. The aim of the present work was to determine the acute, the sub-chronic and the chronic toxicity of imidacloprid in producers and primary consumers of the freshwater trophic chain. The organisms under investigation were the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the cladoceran crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia and the benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens. In addition, potential DNA damage and ROS production were evaluated in C. dubia.Furthermore, in accordance with European guidelines, toxicological risk assessment of imidacloprid was performed for all continents considering its global occurrence in surface waters. In addition, we assessed the genotoxicological risk and median inhibition of reproduction was observed at units of mg/L for rotifers and daphnids. Algae showed the lowest level of sensitivity to the pesticide with effective concentrations from units to hundreds of mg/L. DNA lesions were marked from 7 μg/L with a significant increase in damage as concentrations increased. Chronic toxicity risk quotient values were generally below to a threshold value of 1, with no consequential environmental concern other than for the Canadian areas. On the contrary, the genotoxicological risk quotient values were found higher than the threshold value in all continents.

Geographical distribution of host's specific SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeTo assess, if the SARS-CoV-2 mutate in a similar pattern globally or has a specific pattern in any given population. ResultsWe report, the insertion of TTT at 11085, which adds an extra amino acid, F to the NSP6 at amino acid position 38. The highest occurrence of TTT insertion at 11,085 position was found in UK derived samples (65.97%). The second and third highest occurrence of the mutation were found in Australia (8.3%) and USA (4.16%) derived samples, respectively.Another important discovery of this study is the C27945T mutation, which translates into the termination of ORF-8 after 17 amino acids, reveals that the SARS-CoV-2 can replicate without the intact ORF-8 protein. We found that the 97% of C27945T mutation of global occurrence, occurred in Europe and the USA derived samples. ConclusionsTwo of the reported mutations (11085TTT insertion and C27945T nonsense), which seemed to reduce Type I interferon response are linked to specific geographical locations of the host and implicate region-specific mutations in the virus. The findings of this study signify that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to adapt differently to different populations.

Psychological distress and dyslipidemia in adult women: A 6-years follow up study in Bogor City, Indonesia

BACKGROUNDDyslipidemia is of global occurrence, with a prevalence 30% or higher in several countries, including Indonesia. One risk factor of dyslipidemia is physical or mental stress, that is more frequent in women. This study aimed at investigating the association between psychological distress and dyslipidemia in adult women. METHODSThis observational longitudinal study involved 1850 women aged 25 years and older at baseline. Dyslipidemia was determined from the ratio of low- density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein. Psychological distress was determined using the 20-item self-reporting questionnaire. Data analysis was by Cox regression for calculating the hazard ratio of the incidence of dyslipidemia as predicted by the psychological distress. RESULTSAmong the 1474 participants without dyslipidemia at baseline, 545 (36.9%) developed dyslipidemia during 6 years of monitoring, while 93 (6.3%) had a history of psychological distress. There was a significant association between psychological distress and dyslipidemia (HR = 3.08; 95% CI: 2.33- 4.07). Cox regression revealed that the association was still found to be significant after a further adjustment for the variables of age, BMI, menopause, smoking status, physical activity, and carbohydrate and fat intakes (HR=2.8; 95% CI: 2.10 - 3.77). CONCLUSIONSDyslipidemia incidence was high among adult women in Bogor. Women with psychological distress had higher incidence rates of dyslipidemia than women without psychological distress. Psychological distress in women was statistically significantly associated with incidence rate of dyslipidemia. This finding highlights the importance of the need for a dyslipidemia- reduction program in women through prevention and control of psychological distress.

Predicting the Potential Suitable Area of the Invasive Ant Linepithema humile in China under Future Climatic Scenarios Based on Optimized MaxEnt

Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is one of “100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species” listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Although native to South America, this ant has spread worldwide via international trade. Currently, L. humile has not been found in China, and if it invades China, it might pose a potential risk to the native invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, and human livelihoods. Based on 2432 global occurrence records and ten bioclimatic variables, the optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential suitable areas of L. humile in China. We analyzed the important bioclimatic variables affecting the potential suitable areas, and determined the changes in potential suitable areas under future climatic scenarios. Our results indicated that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8), and precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18) were the most important bioclimatic variables. Under the current climatic scenarios, the potential suitable area of L. humile in China is 80.31 × 104 km2, which is mainly located in Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hubei. Under future climate scenarios over coming decades, the potential suitable areas of L. humile showed an overall increase and a shift to higher latitudes, which indicated the invasion risk of L. humile in China will increase under climate change. Our findings provide the theoretical guidance for the early warning and monitoring of L. humile in China.

A genomic and transcriptomic study toward breast cancer.

Background: Breast carcinoma is well recognized to be having the highest global occurrence rate among all cancers, being the leading cause of cancer mortality in females. The aim of this study was to elucidate breast cancer at the genomic and transcriptomic levels in different subtypes so that we can develop more personalized treatments and precision medicine to obtain better outcomes. Method: In this study, an expression profiling dataset downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, GSE45827, was re-analyzed to compare the expression profiles of breast cancer samples in the different subtypes. Using the GEO2R tool, different expression genes were identified. Using the STRING online tool, the protein–protein interaction networks were conducted. Using the Cytoscape software, we found modules, seed genes, and hub genes and performed pathway enrichment analysis. The Kaplan–Meier plotter was used to analyze the overall survival. MicroRNAs and transcription factors targeted different expression genes and were predicted by the Enrichr web server. Result: The analysis of these elements implied that the carcinogenesis and development of triple-negative breast cancer were the most important and complicated in breast carcinoma, occupying the most different expression genes, modules, seed genes, hub genes, and the most complex protein–protein interaction network and signal pathway. In addition, the luminal A subtype might occur in a completely different way from the other three subtypes as the pathways enriched in the luminal A subtype did not overlap with the others. We identified 16 hub genes that were related to good prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Moreover, SRSF1 was negatively correlated with overall survival in the Her2 subtype, while in the luminal A subtype, it showed the opposite relationship. Also, in the luminal B subtype, CCNB1 and KIF23 were associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, new transcription factors and microRNAs were introduced to breast cancer which would shed light upon breast cancer in a new way and provide a novel therapeutic strategy. Conclusion: We preliminarily delved into the potentially comprehensive molecular mechanisms of breast cancer by creating a holistic view at the genomic and transcriptomic levels in different subtypes using computational tools. We also introduced new prognosis-related genes and novel therapeutic strategies and cast new light upon breast cancer.

Vitiligo and Surgical interventions in its treatment

Vitiligo is not a very uncommon skin disorder in which scientists do not know the cause and eventually the treatment. Although it is a disease with almost no symptoms but the psychosocial impact is so immense that the patient seeks treatment from the very beginning of the white patches over his body. The condition becomes more measurable for women when we talk about third-world countries. In the Indian context, the prevalence of vitiligo is very high up to 4% in some areas which is a far high ratio than the global occurrence. Fortunately, several options of treatments are available in India especially Unani medicine which successfully cures a large number of patients. Besides drugs, Unani hakims used phototherapy as well. That's why the majority of vitiligo patients seek treatment from Unani hakims. CCRUM (central council of research in Unani medicine) an autonomous body that has pan India presence successfully treated thousands of vitiligo patients. Nevertheless, many patients are refractory cases that got little or no relief at all. These stable cases go for surgical options. In surgery, several successful methods developed by derma to surgeons. For example, grafting methods and melanocytes transfer. It is just to transplant grafts or cells from the patient normal area to the vitiliginous area. Here in this paper, we discuss such options for stable vitiligo.