Global Mortality Research Articles

An efficient interpretable stacking ensemble model for lung cancer prognosis

Lung cancer significantly contributes to global cancer mortality, posing challenges in clinical management. Early detection and accurate prognosis are crucial for improving patient outcomes. This study develops an interpretable stacking ensemble model (SEM) for lung cancer prognosis prediction and identifies key risk factors. Using a Kaggle dataset of 1000 patients with 22 variables, the model classifies prognosis into Low, Medium, and High-risk categories. The bootstrap method was employed for evaluation metrics, while SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) assessed model interpretability. Results showed SEM's superior interpretability over traditional models, such as Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Gradient Boosting Machine, Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine, and Light Gradient Boosting Machine. SEM achieved an accuracy of 98.90 %, precision of 98.70 %, F1 score of 98.85 %, sensitivity of 98.77 %, specificity of 95.45 %, Cohen’s kappa value of 94.56 %, and an AUC of 98.10 %. The SEM demonstrated robust performance in lung cancer prognosis, revealing chronic lung cancer and genetic risk as major factors.

Computational model for policy simulation and prediction of the regulatory impact of front-of-package food labels

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), a significant cause of global mortality, necessitate targeted policy measures to reduce exposure to risk factors, particularly nutrition-related ones. Front-of-pack food labeling aims to shape consumer behavior and decrease exposure to nutritional risk factors. There are various forms of this policy, including traffic light (TL), nutrient profile model (NPM), and reference value (RV) labels. Mathematical models incorporating experimental and dose–response data support determining the most effective form. When selecting a modeling method, it is essential to consider the uncertainty involved in estimating risk factors. This study aims to create a computational model to predict the health and economic impacts of different policy options using an improved version of the Scarborough algorithm, incorporating a validation process to address potential uncertainties. The model shows that NPM was the most effective, reducing the estimated annual mortality rate from 514,247 cases to 447,394 cases (13% reduction). The following labels were TL (11% reduction) and RV (6% reduction). Economically, the RV label affects consumer spending the least, predicting an 8% increase in monthly spending per individual from the baseline. When assessed from both health and economic perspectives, the RV label has emerged as the most advantageous front-of-pack food labeling policy. The proposed model can aid policymakers in evaluating policy alternatives and thus selecting the most advantageous policies based on health and economic outcomes while ensuring the model's accuracy and applicability for the community.

Endonuclease A in Streptococcus pneumoniae: escaping from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and relationship in immunogenicity

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), which is a Gram-positive diplococcus, has emerged as a significant human pathogen. It is a primary cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and septicemia, leading to a considerable impact on global morbidity and mortality. The investigation of S. pneumoniae and its virulence factors has resulted in the identification of surface endonuclease A (EndA). EndA functions in DNA uptake during natural transformation and plays a significant role in gene transfer. The ability of S. pneumoniae to degrade neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) enhances its virulence and invasive potential in pneumococcal infections. NETosis occurs when neutrophils release chromatin into the extracellular space to form NETs, capturing and neutralizing pathogens. Currently, NETosis can be induced by several microbes, particulate matter, and sterile stimuli through distinct cellular mechanisms, and this includes the involvement of EndA in S. pneumoniae. Here, we reviewed the cellular functions of EndA, its role in S. pneumoniae as a virulence factor in relation to NETosis, its relationship to immunogenicity, and its involvement in several diseases. The discovery of this relationship would significantly impact therapeutic technology in reducing disease burden, especially pneumococcal infections.

Unraveling the global economic and mortality effects of rising urban heat island intensity

The increasing severity of urban heat island (UHI) effects poses a significant concern in cities, where to over half of the world's population lives. We examine the pattern of surface UHI intensity (SUHII) and its effect on urban economic productivity and mortality across 171 countries from 2003 to 2018. Countries with heavy industrial/manufacturing bases and higher income levels face more significant economic repercussions from SUHII. Males experience higher mortality rates under comparable SUHII conditions. A unit increase in GNI correlates to a 23.2 % rise in SUHII's effect on GDP and a 5.5 % increase in its effect on mortality rate. A higher Socio-Demographic Index mitigates SUHII's impact on urban GDP. Moreover, the Gini index directly impacts SUHII more than it affects SUHII-related mortality through inequality. Reducing income inequality by one unit will increase the enhancing effect of SUHII on the mortality rate by 11.8 %. Our findings reveal a significant link between wealth disparity and amplified health risks associated with SUHII, potentially leading to new forms of urban inequality. The study highlights the importance of development status and economic composition in facing UHI-related challenges and recommends equitable strategies for policymakers and urban planners to mitigate UHI effects in diverse developmental contexts.

Neutrophil-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio (NHR) and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as prognostic biomarkers for incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A comparison study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a leading cause of global mortality, with atherosclerosis and inflammation playing pivotal roles in their development. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (NHR) have emerged as potential biomarkers for assessing CVD risk. In this community-based cohort study conducted in Taiwan, involving 3278 participants, we investigated the associations between NHR, NLR, and the risks of CVD and all-cause mortality. Our findings revealed that both NHR and NLR were effective in identifying individuals at high risk for CVD. However, when assessing their joint effect, NHR alone demonstrated a stronger predictive value for CVD prognosis than NLR or the combination of both markers. Furthermore, NLR alone showed potential as a predictor of all-cause mortality when compared with NHR alone or in combination with NLR and NHR. These findings underscore the complex interplay between inflammation and lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of CVD. While NHR shows promise as a cost-effective tool for CVD risk assessment, NLR emerges potential as a prognostic marker for mortality. Further research is warranted to explore the dynamic changes in these markers and their implications for clinical practice.

Global, regional, and national impact of air pollution on stroke burden: changing landscape from 1990 to 2021

BackgroundExposure to air pollution contributes to cardiovascular disease-related deaths and morbidity, including stroke. However, few studies have examined the global stroke burden linked to air pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the global stroke morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution from 1990 to 2021.MethodWith the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, the numbers, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for air pollution-related stroke were reported globally. Further subgroup analyses were conducted by age, sex, region and country, and stroke subtypes. A linear regression model explored global temporal trends and a cluster analysis examined temporal trends across GBD regions. To predict trends until 2040, the age-period-cohort (APC) model and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model were applied.ResultsIn 2021, there were 1,989,686 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 1,530,479-2,493,238) deaths and 44,962,167 (95% UI, 35,020,339 − 55,467,024) DALYs due to air pollution-related stroke. The ASRs increased with age, peaking generally over 85 years. Males, the Central African region, and Guinea-Bissau showed higher stroke burdens Intracerebral hemorrhage was the most lethal subtype, with an ASR of 11.69 (95% UI 8.94–14.69) for deaths and 276.93 (95% UI 212.21-344.36) for DALYs. From 1990 to 2021, the crude number of deaths and DALYs increased by 13.4% and 6.3%, respectively, for the global stroke burden but showed a declining trend when age-standardized. Most GBD regions in Asia and Africa experienced an increasing stroke burden linked to air pollution, while Europe and America showed a decreasing trend. Predictions indicated a gradual reduction in ASRs, with higher rates in males from 2020 to 2040.ConclusionsThe global stroke burden associated with air pollution remained significant despite a decreasing trend until 2021. Although future predictions suggested a reduction, the crude counts for stroke burden remained substantial, with significant regional disparities. This warranted the implementation of public health policies and ongoing efforts.

Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal the mechanisms of Shexiang Baoxin pill against atherosclerosis

BackgroundAtherosclerosis is a disease marked by the development of lipid lesions within the endothelium and continues to be a prominent contributor to global mortality. Shexiang Baoxin pill (SBP) has been employed in the management of numerous cardiovascular diseases, but the complex mechanisms by which it operates remain obscure. This research was conducted to determine the potential impact of SBP on atherosclerosis and the underlying regulatory mechanism involved. MethodNetwork pharmacology was utilized to predict the key drug-disease targets, and a nontargeted metabolomic assay was applied to identify the key metabolites and metabolic pathways. A mouse atherosclerosis model was constructed to clarify the protective effect of SBP on atherosclerosis, and in vivo and in vitro tests were performed to verify the analysis results and clarify the mechanism through which SBP affects atherosclerosis. ResultsThe results show that SBP can exert a protective effect in vivo by decreasing lipid levels, plaque formation and endothelial damage. Network pharmacology and metabolomics revealed that MAPK3, AKT1 and STAT3 were the hub targets and that trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) was the pivotal metabolite. Due to the atherogenic effect of TMAO, the corresponding protective effect of SBP was investigated in vitro. SBP inhibited TMAO-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and oxidative stress and counteracted the upregulation of MAPK3, AKT1, and STAT3 expression. Molecular docking and enzymatic inhibition suggested that the active components of SBP could bind stably to key target proteins. ConclusionTaken together, based on the integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology, our findings suggest that SBP may be implicated in TMAO-induced atherosclerosis by affecting endothelial function and bile acid synthesis. We observed that SBP may ameliorate atherosclerosis by regulating TMAO levels through multiple pathways, which may provide a novel direction and insight for SBP involved in cardiovascular protection by mediating the gut-heart axis.

Modifying Non-communicable Disease Behaviours through Effective Health Communication and Behaviour Change: A Systematic Review

Abstract Non-communicable diseases (NCD) account for 74% of global mortality. Approximately 86% of all premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries majorly attributed to lifestyle changes or behavioural risk factors. The theory-based behaviour change interventions (BCIs) appear promising, but their applicability is not explored within the national programmes. The current paper aims to review the effectiveness of theory-based BCI in modifying the NCD risk factors and provide insights into the national NCD programmes. Interventions conducted to evaluate theory-based BCIs between 2002 and 2022 in modifying behavioural risk factors for NCDs were identified from multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library) for systematic review. The final analysis included 35 studies that used theories and models that broadly come under one of the four approaches, i.e. intrapersonal (targets inherent individual factors for behaviour change), interpersonal (targets the family or groups), community (target socio-cultural ecosystems) and integrated (combination of other three approaches). Twenty-seven studies showed significant results. The highest number of studies were of interpersonal approach using socio-cognitive theory and integrated (11 each), and strength of evidence was moderate for both. Twenty-six studies focused on physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. The review supports the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions for mitigating NCD risk factors. Further efforts, including implementation research study methods, should be directed to evaluate effects of these interventions on population health outcomes within specific cultural and social contexts.

The cardiovascular disease burden attributable to kidney dysfunction from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study.

Kidney dysfunction (KD) poses a severe threat to human health. The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden attributable to KD, thereby providing a theoretical basis for relevant public health policies. This study analyzed trends in the burden of CVD attributable to KD using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease data. It also examined the differences in mortality rates across various age groups, genders, and subtypes of CVD. Additionally, the age-period-cohort model combined with joinpoint regression analysis was employed to gain further insights into the changing trends and inflection points of CVD-related mortality. In 2021, the global number of deaths from CVD attributable to KD significantly increased compared to 1990. However, the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased in 2021. The burden of CVD due to KD was particularly heavy among the elderly. Analysis using the age-period-cohort model revealed a decline in CVD-related mortality rates, with similar trends observed for both men and women. This study reveals that although the ASMR for CVD due to KD is on a declining trend globally, the absolute number of deaths has significantly increased. This trend is especially pronounced among individuals aged 80 and older, males, and regions with a middle socio-demographic index (SDI). In the context of global aging, the burden of CVD related to KD is becoming increasingly substantial.

Association of Hypertension with Different Cognitive Disorders.

This literature review explores the association between hypertension and major neurocognitive disorders, including delirium, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, which contribute significantly to global mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, as it contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies via vascular damage, inflammation, and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Despite this, the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments in preventing or alleviating cognitive decline remains contentious. While some research highlights the potential benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, other studies show inconsistent results, complicated by variations in hypertension definitions, diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders, and confounding factors like medication adherence. Furthermore, the complex bidirectional relationship between hypertension and major neurocognitive disorders warrants more investigation, as cognitive decline can exacerbate cardiovascular risks through heightened inflammatory responses and compromised autonomic regulation. This review underscores the need for prospective, long-term studies to elucidate the relationships between hypertension and cognitive disorders and to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of antihypertensive treatments.

Infection detection revolution: Harnessing AI-powered image analysis to combat infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases wield significant influence on global mortality rates, largely due to the challenge of gauging their severity owing to diverse symptomatology. Each nation grapples with its unique obstacles in combatting these diseases. This study delves into three distinct decision-making methodologies for medical diagnostics employing Neutrosophic Hypersoft Set (NHSS) and Plithogenic Hypersoft Set (PHSS), extensions of the Hypersoft set. It introduces state-of-the-art AI-driven techniques to enhance the precision of medical diagnostics through the analysis of medical imagery. By transforming these images into the aforementioned sets, the analysis becomes more refined, facilitating more accurate diagnoses. The study advocates various courses of action, including isolation, home or specialized center quarantine, or hospitalization for further treatment. The novelty in this study utilizes cutting-edge AI methods to enhance medical imaging, transforming them into accurate diagnostic tools, marking a significant change in how infectious diseases are addressed. By combining machine learning and pattern recognition, it offers the potential to overhaul healthcare worldwide, facilitating accurate diagnoses and customized treatment plans, ultimately reducing the global burden of infectious diseases on mortality rates.

Exploring Bioactive Phytomedicines for Advancing Pulmonary Infection Management: Insights and Future Prospects.

Pulmonary infections have a profound influence on global mortality rates. Medicinal plants offer a promising approach to address this challenge, providing nontoxic alternatives with higher levels of public acceptance and compliance, particularly in regions where access to conventional medications or diagnostic resources may be limited. Understanding the pathophysiology of viruses and bacteria enables researchers to identify biomarkers essential for triggering diseases. This knowledge allows the discovery of biological molecules capable of either preventing or alleviating symptoms associated with these infections. In this review, medicinal plants that have an effect on COVID-19, influenza A, bacterial and viral pneumonia, and tuberculosis are discussed. Drug delivery has been briefly discussed as well. It examines the effect of bioactive constituents of these plants and synthesizes findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies conducted over the past decade. In conclusion, many medicinal plants can be used to treat pulmonary infections, but further in-depth studies are needed as most of the current studies are only at preliminary stages. Extensive investigation and clinical studies are warranted to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimize their use in clinical practice.

The Analysis Study of Prevalence, Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory condition that significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality rates. This systematic review aims to evaluate prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for COPD based on the literatures of the last 10 years. Methods: The study adhered to PRISMA 2020 standards, examining English literature from 2014 to 2024. It excluded editorials, reviews from the same journal, and submissions without a DOI. PubMed, SagePub, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar were utilized as literature sources. Result: Initially retrieving 360 articles from online databases (PubMed, SagePub, SpringerLink and Google Scholar) eight relevant papers were selected after three rounds of screening for full-text analysis. Conclusion: COPD is a major global health issue, significantly impacting quality of life due to prevalent comorbidities. This review emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions and innovative management strategies, including home-based treatments, to enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Proanthocyanidin Regulates NETosis and Inhibits the Growth and Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells - In Vivo, In Vitro and In Silico Investigation.

Liver cancer ranks third in global cancer-related mortality, with about 700,000 deaths recorded yearly, making it one of the most common cancers worldwide. Even though prognoses differ according to the severity of the diseases, many patients now exhibit an increased life cycle since the implementation of chemotherapy. In the current study, we investigated the effect of proanthocyanidin ‒a polyphenol molecule found in many plants‒ on the proliferation and invasion of liver cancer cells. In particular, we determined the effect of proanthocyanidin on the serum levels of four strategic liver cancer target, TNFα, IL-6, cfDNA, and IL-1β. Further molecular insight on the inhibitory mechanism of proanthocyanidin against TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β was obtained via molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. Results showed that proanthocyanidin inhibited the growth of HepG2 and HEP3B cells, and effectively reduced clonogenic survival and invasion potential when compared to control cells. Proanthocyanidin was also found to suppress the expression of Bcl-2 (26 kDa) protein in HepG2 cells, while increasing the expression of Bax (21 kDa). Molecular dynamics (MD) and thermodynamic binding free energy calculations showed that proanthocyanidin maintained stable binding within the active site of target proteins across the entire 100 ns MD simulation period, and its binding affinity outscored respective control molecules.In conclusion, the multifaceted analysis showcased in this study demonstrated promising anti-cancer effect of proanthocyanidin on HepG2 and HEP3B cancer cells, highlighting its potential as a viable liver cancer therapeutic alternative.

Innovation of Lipid‐Based Nanoparticles: the Design and Applications in the Cardiovascular Disease Management

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a prominent cause of global mortality, posing considerable challenges for traditional therapies due to their limited bioavailability and notable side effects. Similarly, imaging diagnostic modalities have inherent limitations. Lipid‐based nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising tools for precise diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, owing to their exceptional biocompatibility, modifiability, and compatibility with payloads, showcasing extensive potential for diverse applications. LNPs excel in encapsulating diverse drug compounds, protecting against drug degradation, and enabling targeted drug delivery at lesion sites. Moreover, in conjunction with multimodal imaging techniques, LNPs enhance the accuracy of diagnosing and treating CVDs. Nevertheless, this field lacks comprehensive and up‐to‐date reviews. Therefore, this review delineates the foundational principles governing nano‐strategies employing LNP systems for addressing CVDs. It explores recent advancements in utilizing these strategies for diagnosing and treating different cardiovascular conditions while also pointing out their limitations. This review aims to provide insights for future research endeavors.

Emerging understandings of the role of exosomes in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis remains a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Despite the elucidation of several molecular, biochemical, and cellular aspects that contribute to the etio-pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, much remains to be understood about the onset and progression of this disease. Emerging evidence supports a role for exosomes in the cellular basis of atherosclerosis. Indeed, exosomes of activated monocytes seem to accentuate a positive feedback loop that promotes recruitment of pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Moreover, in addition to their role in promoting proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells, exosomes can also induce neovascularization within lesions and increase endothelial permeability, two important features of fibrous plaques. Depending on their sources and cargo, exosomes can also induce clot formation and contribute to other hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Taken together, it is becoming increasingly evident that a better understanding of exosome biology is integral to elucidating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and may thus provide insight into a potentially new therapeutic target for this disease.

Postnatal supplementation with alarmins S100a8/a9 ameliorates malnutrition-induced neonate enteropathy in mice.

Malnutrition is linked to 45% of global childhood mortality, however, the impact of maternal malnutrition on the child's health remains elusive. Previous studies suggested that maternal malnutrition does not affect breast milk composition. Yet, malnourished children often develop a so-called environmental enteropathy, assumed to be triggered by frequent pathogen uptake and unfavorable gut colonization. Here, we show in a murine model that maternal malnutrition induces a persistent inflammatory gut dysfunction in the offspring that establishes during nursing and does not recover after weaning onto standard diet. Early intestinal influx of neutrophils, impaired postnatal development of gut-regulatory functions, and expansion of Enterobacteriaceae were hallmarks of this enteropathy. This gut phenotype resembled those developing under deficient S100a8/a9-supply via breast milk, which is a known key factor for the postnatal development of gut homeostasis. We could confirm that S100a8/a9 is lacking in the breast milk of malnourished mothers and the offspring's intestine. Nutritional supply of S100a8 to neonates of malnourished mothers abrogated the aberrant development of gut mucosal immunity and microbiota colonization and protected them lifelong against severe enteric infections and non-infectious bowel diseases. S100a8 supplementation after birth might be a promising measure to counteract deleterious imprinting of gut immunity by maternal malnutrition.

Global Incidence and Mortality Trends of Multiple Myeloma: A Comparative Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities Using the GLOBOCAN Database

Global Incidence and Mortality Trends of Multiple Myeloma: A Comparative Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities Using the GLOBOCAN Database

Assessing renal function as a predictor of adverse outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of global mortality, particularly among diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses an additional risk in this population. Yet, its specific impact on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), mortality, and triple vessel disease (TVD) post-PCI remains a topic of debate, specifically in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective This study aimed to examine the impact of renal function on MACE, mortality, and TVD among diabetic patients undergoing PCI. Methods Diabetic patients undergoing PCI were analysed for renal function and outcomes. Participants were stratified by glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed associations and predictive capabilities. Results A total of 505 patients enrolled in the study. A significant difference was observed regarding age, creatinine levels, and number of culprit vessels between diabetics with and without CKD. Severe CKD was associated with higher odds of 1-month mortality (OR: 15.694, p value <.001), 1-month MACE (OR: 7.734, p value <.001), and TVD (OR: 3.740, p value <.001). Patients with severe CKD also had significantly higher odds of 6-months mortality (OR: 12.192, p value <.001) and 6-months MACE (OR: 3.848, p value: .001). Moreover, GFR showed significant predictive accuracy for mortality at one- and six-months follow-up (AUC: 0.77 and 0.71, respectively). Conclusions Renal dysfunction, particularly severe CKD, significantly elevates risks of MACE, mortality, and TVD. Strategies to optimise renal function and tailor cardiovascular management could mitigate adverse outcomes in this high-risk population.

A Review on Recent Trends in Photo-Drug Efficiency of Advanced Biomaterials in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has emerged as a highly efficient and non-invasive cancer treatment, which is crucial considering the significant global mortality rates associated with cancer. The effectiveness of PDT primarily relies on the quality of the photosensitizers employed. When exposed to appropriate light irradiation, these photosensitizers absorb energy and transition to an excited state, eventually transferring energy to nearby molecules and generating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), including singlet oxygen [1O2]. The ability to absorb light in visible and nearinfrared wavelengths makes porphyrins and derivatives useful photosensitizers for PDT. Chemically, Porphyrins, composed of tetra-pyrrole structures connected by four methylene groups, represent the typical photosensitizers. The limited water solubility and bio-stability of porphyrin photosensitizers and their non-specific tumor-targeting properties hinder PDT effectiveness and clinical applications. Therefore, a wide range of modification and functionalization techniques have been used to maximize PDT efficiency and develop multidimensional porphyrin-based functional materials. Recent progress in porphyrin-based functional materials has been investigated in this review paper, focusing on two main aspects including the development of porphyrinic amphiphiles that improve water solubility and biocompatibility, and the design of porphyrin-based polymers, including block copolymers with covalent bonds and supramolecular polymers with noncovalent bonds, which provide versatile platforms for PDT applications. The development of porphyrin-based functional materials will allow researchers to significantly expand PDT applications for cancer therapy by opening up new opportunities. With these innovations, porphyrins will overcome their limitations and push PDT to the forefront of cancer treatment options.