Global Level Research Articles

Global regulator AdpA directly binds to tunicamycin gene cluster and negatively regulates tunicamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus.

Since a transcriptional regulator has yet to be identified within the tunicamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces clavuligerus, we conducted a comprehensive investigation by focusing on the possible function of the pleiotropic regulator AdpA on tunicamycin. The genes encoding early steps of tunicamycin biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in S. clavuligerus ΔadpA. At the same time, they were downregulated in adpA overexpressed strain as shown by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The tunicamycin gene cluster's co-transcription pattern was understood by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) data clearly showed AdpA's binding to the upstream sequence of the tunA gene, asserting its regulatory control. In addition to its direct negative regulation of tunicamycin biosynthesis, AdpA operates at a global level by orchestrating various regulatory genes in S. clavuligerus, such as wblA, whiB, bldM, arpA, brp, and adsA involved in morphological differentiation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis as depicted in RNA-seq data. This study represents a significant milestone by unveiling the AdpA regulator's pathway-specific and global regulatory effect in S. clavuligerus.

Promoting Equitable and Affordable Patient Access to Safe and Effective Innovations in Donation and Transplantation of Substances of Human Origin and Derived Therapies.

Innovation is a hallmark of organ, tissue, and cell transplantation. The development of new treatments derived from these substances of human origin (SoHO) has rapidly evolved in recent years. Despite the great benefits that these innovative therapies could bring to patients, significant difficulties have arisen in making them equitably and widely accessible. Herein, we identify and address 4 challenges to promote innovation in this field in a collaborative, sustainable, and transparent manner and propose some concrete solutions applicable to SoHO-derived treatments, ranging from cell therapies to solid organ transplantation. Regulators, health policymakers, and government officials are recommended to incorporate specific elements into the regulatory frameworks of their respective jurisdictions, although regulatory convergence and equivalent quality and safety standards applicable to SoHO at a global level would be needed. An innovation-driven regulatory environment, respectful with the human origin and in accordance with the altruistic donation of SoHO, should be encouraged to improve the safety, effectiveness, accessibility, and affordability of SoHO and to promote collaboration between countries and between public and private sectors. This overview is the outcome of a working group focused on "Innovation in the donation and clinical application of SoHO" as part of the international Summit "Towards Global Convergence in Transplantation: Sufficiency, Transparency and Oversight" convened by the Organización Nacional de Trasplantes under the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in November 2023 and cosponsored by the Council of Europe, the World Health Organization, the Transplantation Society, and the European Society for Organ Transplantation.

Influence of masonry infills on seismic performance of BRB‐retrofitted low‐ductile RC frames

AbstractReinforced concrete (RC) frames with masonry infills represent a prevalent construction typology across the globe, including moderate to high seismic regions. Such structures are often characterized by high seismic vulnerability, and consequently, there is an urgent need for retrofit solutions to effectively improve their seismic performance. Buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) represent one such solution. They are a type of dissipative device that can be included within the frames of an existing structure to increase its strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity. Although a substantial amount of research has already been performed to understand the effectiveness of BRBs as a retrofit strategy, these studies have often neglected the contribution of masonry infills and the interactions between the infills and the BRBs. While masonry infills are usually overlooked in the analysis and design stage (owing to their brittle nature), past studies indicated that their strength and stiffness may significantly alter the structure's seismic performance, leading to undesirable and unexpected results. This study presents a detailed investigation of the impact of masonry infills on the seismic response and fragility of BRB‐retrofitted RC frames. A three‐story, three‐bay, low‐ductile RC frame has been selected for case study purposes. High‐fidelity finite element models are developed in OpenSees for combinations of infilled and non‐infilled structures—with and without BRBs. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are performed to evaluate the seismic response of the different configurations at local and global levels. Successively, cloud analyses are conducted by considering a set of 150 ground motion records to account for the record‐to‐record variability and develop seismic fragility curves. The present study sheds some light on the mutual interaction between the infill panels and BRBs retrofit intervention and highlights the critical aspects that must be considered in the design.

Seeds and farmers' rights as drivers of change on food systems

In the heart of Kenya's vibrant agricultural landscape lies a fundamental aspect crucial for food security, cultural heritage, and economic resilience: the right to seed. Embedded within the fabric of traditional farming practices, the right to seed encompasses the freedom of farmers to save, exchange, and utilize traditional and farmer-bred seeds. In Kenya, as in many other countries, this right is not only a legal concept but a cornerstone of agricultural sovereignty. However, its preservation faces challenges in the face of globalization, corporate interests, and evolving intellectual property regimes. Yet, amidst these challenges, significant strides are being made, with collaborative efforts at the global level, particularly through initiatives led by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), aimed at promoting and protecting farmers' rights. Every smallholder farmer has the right to safe, nutritious and healthy food and the ability to sustain themselves and their societies with the existing endorsed resources. The concept of farmers’ rights came out as a subject of debate in international agricultural circles, spearheaded by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). This includes the right to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed and propagating materials, the right to protect traditional knowledge among others. In developing countries, the right to seed is a fundamental aspect of agricultural sovereignty and food security. This still emulates the subject debate from FAO. However, attention in scientific literature and policy circles for both seeds and farmers’ rights are compromised. This paper employs mediation analysis to explore the causal relationship between seed rights, farmers' rights, and food sovereignty, highlighting the pivotal role of smallholder farmers in shaping sustainable food systems. The findings underscore the importance of inclusive policies that prioritize farmers' rights and empower local communities to sustainably manage their seed resources. Key words: Farmer-managed seeds, seed banks, Access, smallholder farmers and benefit-sharing

Integration processes in MERCOSUR: modern features and dynamics of development

The article examines the current state and prospects for the development of the MERCOSUR integration association – the common market of South American countries. The purpose of the analysis carried out in the article is to determine the role and place of Argentina in MERCOSUR. The subject of the study is the integration association in MERCOSUR, and the object is the modern specifics of integration processes within the framework of the association. The article analyzes the main macroeconomic indicators of the association and the structure of trade both within the bloc and with third countries. Based on a comprehensive and in-depth statistical analysis based on data from the international database of UNCTAD, the authors conclude that the prospects for further economic development of MERCOSUR are quite promising. The countries of the association are steadily increasing their economic potential, as well as the level of mutual cooperation in various fields – trade, investment, and digitalization. The Association is increasingly actively cooperating with third countries, largely due to Brazil's participation in the BRICS. Thus, the article shows that the integration process has advanced in qualitative aspects, and the prospects for its further development can be assessed as positive. At the same time the integration process in MERCOSUR is not free from problems and difficulties at both the country and continental and global levels, which limit and restrain its further deepening and development. The study period is 2012–2022. As a methodology, the article uses reliable statistical information and provides its comparative analysis using visual methods. The authors used historical and complex approaches.

O IMPACTO DAS ALTERAÇÕES CLIMÁTICAS NO COTIDIANO DA SOCIEDADE MODERNA

Climate change has caused significant impacts on the daily life of modern society. Changes in temperature, rainfall patterns and the increase in extreme weather events are directly affecting agriculture, water resources, urban infrastructure and public health. The increasing frequency of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods and droughts, forces society to deal with adaptation and mitigation challenges. Economic sectors such as agriculture and tourism are especially vulnerable, as are the poorest populations, who are less able to face the effects of these changes. Furthermore, rampant urbanization and industrialization contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions, further aggravating the situation. The psychological, social and economic impact of these changes becomes more evident as inequalities are accentuated, with vulnerable communities being the most harmed. Thus, the urgency of concrete actions, both at the local and global level, to mitigate the impacts of climate change, has become one of humanity's main challenges in the 21st century.

Problems and prospects of digital development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus

In the modern world of rapidly developing technologies, digitalization has become not just a trend, but a vital condition for the successful functioning of any business, regardless of its scale. In Russia, as in many other countries, digitalization processes have taken a leading position among development priorities. Today digitalization implies the active and widespread introduction of modern digital technologies, automation tools and innovative solutions in all areas of business, which means a transition from traditional, manual methods of work to automated processes based on digital data. Digitalization is of particular importance for the development of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It is this segment of the economy that is the most dynamic, flexible and adaptable to changes in most developed countries of the world. The introduction of digital solutions in small and medium-sized businesses will improve their competitiveness, create new jobs, strengthen economic growth and make Russia more competitive at the global level. The article examines the results of a study of the state of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and the Republic of Belarus, the degree of implementation of digital technologies in small and medium-sized businesses in the two countries. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, a conclusion was made about the positive dynamics of the development of both the SME sector as a whole and the level of its digitalization, the directions of digital development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus were determined.

Factores de riesgo y protección para la ideación e intento de suicidio en adolescentes y jóvenes latinoamericanos: revisión sistemática

Suicidal behavior is constituted as a public health problem, and the literature is recognized extensively for enunciating risk and protection factors associated with the attempt of suicide. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the primary studies is required by systematic reviews, thus guiding decision-making regarding the design of interventions from the risk approach. The identification of the risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents and young people in Latin America studies and the evaluation of the methodological quality of the included studies were the objectives of this systematic review. The databases CUIDEN, LILACS, Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct, SCOPUS, EBSCO, and Medline were consulted, with the results being restricted to articles in the last 10 years.A total of 3,642 documents were obtained, from which 19 studies were included. Of the studies, 52.63% (n=10) were found to have a medium internal validity level, and 57.89% (n=11) were determined to have a medium global quality level. The most frequently reported family risk factors were family dysfunction and suicide background, with other factors including the presence of mental disorder, psychoactive substances consumption, physical violence, sexual violence, and the social factor.On the other hand, the study of protective factors was found to be limited, with family functionality and support being the most frequently reported evidence.

Global, regional, and national burden of age-related macular degeneration, 1990-2019: an age-period-cohort analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study.

This study aimed to explore the burden of disease and disparities in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, with a particular focus on associations with age, period, and cohort. We derived disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and age-standardized rates of AMD from the GBD 2019. We used an age-period-cohort (APC) model to estimate the overall annual percentage changes in DALYs (net drifts), the annual percentage changes in different age groups (local drifts), the longitudinal age profiles (longitudinal age-specific rates), and the relative risks of period and cohort (period and cohort effects) between 1990 and 2019. Further analysis was conducted by country, region, gender and sociodemographic index (SDI). Globally, the number of DALYs increased from 296771.9321 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 205462.8041-418699.8184) in 1990 to 564055.0967 (95% UI, 392930.6967-789194.6407) in 2019 (59.7% were female), while the age-standardized DALYs rates decreased from 8.29 per 100,000 (95% UI, 5.8-11.58/100,000) to 7.05 per 100,000 (95% UI, 4.92-9.84/100,000). With increasing age, the burden of AMD increased, and the DALYs rates in female was greater than that in male in all age groups. The burden of disease varied across SDI regions and countries. The top three countries in terms of the number of DALYs were China, India and Italy, accounting for 45% of the global total. The burden of AMD varied according to SDI, country, and sex from 1990 to 2019. Due to global population growth and aging, AMD will continue to be a major public health problem in the future, and relevant health policies need to be continuously improved and optimized.

The impact of methods and means of combating counterfeit banknotes on economic security

The financial system plays a key role in economic development, ensuring high living standards and stable business activity. Money contributes to economic growth, but, at the same time, it also stimulates illegal actions aimed at their appropriation. The cases of counterfeiting that appeared with the minting of the first coins are gradually evolving due to technological innovations. Modern criminals use advanced methods of counterfeiting money, which presents significant difficulties even for the most advanced detection systems. Scammers focus on popular currencies such as the ruble, the US dollar and the euro, which leads to large-scale criminal activity, reaching the global level. Despite the efforts of law enforcement agencies and banks, criminal elements continue to find new ways to deceive, circumvent protective measures, and create difficult-to-recognize fakes, thereby posing threats to the country's economic security. To protect the monetary system of the state, banks and other organizations began to implement multi-level measures to counter criminal activity. Therefore, the article analyzes the impact of methods and means of combating counterfeit banknotes on economic security in the modern world.

The role of the International Criminal Court in criminalizing Israeli attacks on the Palestinian people

The International Criminal Court, which is governed by the Rome Statute, is the first permanent court established on the basis of a treaty established to hold accountable the perpetrators of the most serious crimes at the global level, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. On July 17, 1998, the work of the Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court concluded with the approval of the adoption of the Statute of the Court. The International Criminal Court is a permanent and independent institution and is not considered one of the sections of the United Nations. The Statute clarifies that the main task of prosecuting and punishing the perpetrators of crimes lies with States parties, and the Court complements those efforts. The Court is considered the focal point for the application of the international criminal justice system, to include national courts, international courts and courts that include national and international elements. The increase in the intensity of international conflicts and wars in many parts of the world has had an impact on the increase in the commission of war crimes against civilians and the high rates of human rights violations, in the absence of an appropriate mechanism adopted by the international community to reduce these violations and punish and prosecute those who are behind them, whether they are individuals, states, organizations or governments.

Green Choices: The Environmental Impact of Consumption Habits

Abstract Ecological footprint is an important indicator used to measure the impact of human activities on ecosystems. This measure reflects how people consume natural resources, the waste they generate, and the state of biodiversity. In modern times, reducing the ecological footprint is an important issue for protecting ecosystems and ensuring sustainable development. The first aspect of the ecological footprint is the efficient use of natural resources. Proper management of water and energy aims to minimize the waste of these resources. The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, helps reduce carbon emissions. This approach not only preserves the health of ecosystems, but also meets people's energy needs in a more sustainable way. The second important issue is waste management. Reducing waste in production processes, promoting recycling and recirculation of used materials contributes to reducing the environmental footprint. Each individual can help this process by making small changes in their daily life; for example, reducing the use of plastic and choosing more environmentally friendly products. Biodiversity conservation is also an important part of the ecological footprint. The health of ecosystems is related not only to the availability of natural resources, but also to the diversity of flora and fauna. Implementation of conservation projects to protect rare and endangered species ensures the sustainability of biological diversity. This also affects the strengthening of the relationship between people and ecosystems. Combating climate change is another important step in reducing our ecological footprint. Applying strategic approaches to reduce the carbon footprint is one of the most important tasks facing modern society. It also includes strategies for adapting to the effects of climate change. The active participation of the society in these issues makes it possible to achieve more effective results at the global level.

The restoration of karst rocky desertification has enhanced the carbon sequestration capacity of the ecosystem in southern China

The control of rocky desertification is the largest ecological restoration project in southwestern China, but its impact on the carbon sequestration capacity of karst ecosystems is not clear. Therefore, in this paper selects typical subtropical karst areas in Guangxi are selected as the research object, the carbon sequestration potential of the terrestrial ecosystems are quantified, including karst inorganic carbon sinks, and the response of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink to rocky desertification restorationis discussed. The results show that (1) the karst inorganic carbon sink flux (CCSF) is 42.75 t CO2/km2/yr, with a total CCS of 491.12 × 104 t CO2, accounting for only 2.5 % of the country's land area and contributing 7.6 % of the karst inorganic carbon sink. (2) The flux of the vegetation organic carbon sink is 380.44 t CO2/km2/yr, and the total amount is 4403.55 × 104 t CO2/yr., Overall, the spatial distribution exhibits a pattern of high in the northwest and low in the northeast. (3) With decreasing rocky desertification area, the magnitude of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink has exhibited a corresponding increasing trend. In particular, during 2010–2020, the rocky desertification area decreased by about 0.868 × 104 km2, and the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink increased by 114.04 t CO2/km2/yr. This article provides a systematic spatial diagnosis of the carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems, including karst inorganic carbon sinks, in the karst areas of Guangxi, and reveals their responses to the restoration of karst rocky desertification. This work has strong reference value and significance for the diagnosis and analysis of the carbon neutrality capacity at the national and global levels.

Leveraging Industry 4.0 for Sustainable Manufacturing: A Quantitative Analysis Using FI-RST

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, which is the intensified digitalization and automation in industry, embraces cyber–physical systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence, among others. This study utilizes Fuzzy Integration–Rough Set Theory (FI-RST) analysis to quantify the impacts of the imperative Industry 4.0 technologies for manufacturing firms located in Fujian Province, China, namely, Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Additive Manufacturing (AM), on the sustainable development performance of firms. The findings of the study indicate that these technologies greatly improve the effectiveness of the utilization of resources, reduce the costs of operations, and reduce the impact on the environment. In addition, they have a favorable influence on social considerations, such as preserving the well-being of employees and the outcome of training programs. This research work has convincingly provided an underlying strategic adoption of these technologies for sustainability production by raising important insights that could be valuable for industry managers and policymakers, especially those seeking sustainability at the global level.

Text availability and the speaker’s visibility in simultaneous interpreting: effects on the process, product, and interpreters’ perceptions

ABSTRACT The input condition in simultaneous interpreting (SI) varies in practice, yet the effects of different input modalities on SI still remain largely unknown. To that end, text availability and the speaker’s visibility, two typical sources of multimodal input, were chosen to explore the effects of input modality on the SI process (fluency), product (accuracy), and interpreters’ perceptions. Data were collected from thirty student interpreters performing four comparable speeches from English to Chinese in four different conditions: audio-only, audio-video (speaker visible), audio-text (verbatim text available), and audio-video-text (speaker visible and verbatim text available). The results from analyzing audio recordings, questionnaires, and interview data showed that the increase in redundant information did not deteriorate the interpreting fluency and accuracy. Input modality had a significant effect on SI, with text availability significantly facilitating source language comprehension and target language production at the global level. However, text availability also introduced challenges in ear-eye-voice coordination at the local level. Additionally, the speaker’s visibility performed a supplementary function by promoting engagement and providing paralinguistic cues that facilitate communication. Individual differences existed in interpreters’ perceptions under different input conditions, with different challenges reported. These findings expand our understandings of multimodal processing in SI.

Spatial Price Transmission and Dynamic Volatility Spillovers in the Global Grain Markets: A TVP-VAR-Connectedness Approach.

The global food market's escalating volatility has led to a complex network of uncertainty and risk transmission across different grain markets. This study utilizes the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR)-Connectedness approach to analyze the price transmission and volatility dynamics of key grains, including wheat, maize, rice, barley, peanut, soybean, and soybean meal, and their dynamic spillover directions, intensity, and network. By integrating the TVP-VAR-Connectedness model, this research captures the time-varying variability and interconnected nature of global grain price movements. The main findings reveal significant spillover effects, particularly in corn prices, with prices of soybean dominating other grains while prices of peanut and corn experience higher external spillover effects from other grains. The conclusions drawn underscore the imperative for policymakers to consider a holistic perspective of all types of grains when addressing global food security, with this study providing valuable insights for risk management in the grain sector at both global level and country level.

VITR: Augmenting Vision Transformers with Relation-Focused Learning for Cross-Modal Information Retrieval

The relations expressed in user queries are vital for cross-modal information retrieval. Relation-focused cross-modal retrieval aims to retrieve information that corresponds to these relations, enabling effective retrieval across different modalities. Pre-trained networks, such as Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training networks, have gained significant attention and acclaim for their exceptional performance in various cross-modal learning tasks. However, the Vision Transformer (ViT) used in these networks is limited in its ability to focus on image region relations. Specifically, ViT is trained to match images with relevant descriptions at the global level, without considering the alignment between image regions and descriptions. This article introduces VITR, a novel network that enhances ViT by extracting and reasoning about image region relations based on a local encoder. VITR is comprised of two key components. Firstly, it extends the capabilities of ViT-based cross-modal networks by enabling them to extract and reason with region relations present in images. Secondly, VITR incorporates a fusion module that combines the reasoned results with global knowledge to predict similarity scores between images and descriptions. The proposed VITR network was evaluated through experiments on the tasks of relation-focused cross-modal information retrieval. The results derived from the analysis of the Flickr30K, MS-COCO, RefCOCOg, and CLEVR datasets demonstrated that the proposed VITR network consistently outperforms state-of-the-art networks in image-to-text and text-to-image retrieval.

Mapping Open Access Publishing Trends in Central Universities of North East India: A Scientometric Approach

ABSTRACT The study analyses open access publications across the 10 central universities of North East India, focusing on publication trends, disciplinary distribution, citation impact, collaboration patterns, and open access licensing patterns. It compiles scholarly outputs from the OpenAlex API, integrating various data sources such as Microsoft Academic Graph, ORCID, Crossref, and Unpaywall. A total of 28,832 publications from 2004–2023 were collected and analyzed using statistical methods. The findings reveal a positive trend in research output across the represented universities, with an increasing emphasis on OA publications. However, the proportion of OA publications remains relatively low compared to closed access. Citation impact varies among universities, reflecting differences in research quality and visibility. Open repositories such as SSRN, Research Square, and Zenodo are crucial in promoting OA publishing. The study also reveals common usage of licenses such as CC-BY and CC-BY-NC-ND, with variations across universities. The impact on libraries is also discussed, emphasizing the role of libraries in promoting OA, supporting researchers, and contributing to scholarly communication advancement. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, academic administrators, and researchers seeking to promote a culture of openness, collaboration, and innovation in scholarly communication within the region, country, and at the global level.

Global cell-free DNA methylation in patients with active tuberculosis and tuberculosis contacts with latent tuberculosis infection

IntroductionTo investigate whether the methylation of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) differentiates active tuberculosis (TB) from latent TB infection (LTBI). MethodsPatients with pulmonary TB, contacts with LTBI, and healthy controls were enrolled (2018–2021). Plasma cfDNA was extracted, and using a 5-methylcytosine (5mC) DNA ELISA kit, the global methylation of cfDNA (5mC-cfDNA) was measured. Results59 TB, 63 LTBI, 39 healthy controls were included. The 5mC-cfDNA level was higher in TB (6.4 %) than LTBI (4.1 %) and healthy controls (4.9 %) (both p<0.05). Independent TB factors were 5mC-cfDNA ≥6.6 % and CRP ≥0.32 mg/dL (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.594 [95 % CI:1.628–12.965], p=0.004 and 5.338 [1.659–17.176], p=0.005). Having one or both factors increased TB odds 8- and 16-fold (aOR 8.688 [3.229–23.378], p <0.001 and 16.080 [3.092–83.632], p =0.001). ConclusionThe global cfDNA methylation level was higher in TB than contacts without TB and helped differentiate patients with TB from contacts with LTBI.

Global Green Finance: Roadmap for India

Climate change, and especially, ‘climate deterioration’ is an alarming situation for the global scenario, and thus, the need for developing financial services and products that aim to reduce the effects of these changes is the need of the hour. This long-felt need has given birth to a new form of investing, known as green finance or broadly, sustainable finance. So, it can be said that green finance is a subset under the larger umbrella of the concept of sustainable finance. This article tries to bring to the knowledge of the readers the basic understanding of the concept of green finance, its various instruments available globally and its developments at the global and Indian level, highlighting the three stages of green finance’s evolution and its major theories. Further, it reveals the global presence of major green finance instruments like green bonds and its types, green mutual funds (MFs) and green stock exchanges. The article also deals with the concepts of emissions trading system and European Union’s Carbon Border Tax. The discussion becomes more specific in the subsequent sections, drawing the present picture of green finance concerning the Indian scenario—its green bank, green bonds, green MF and green stock exchange. Reserve Bank of India’s recent guidelines regarding green finance and India’s presidency at the last held G20 summit are also discussed, finally concluding with mapping the road ahead for India.