Global Internet Research Articles

Based on Deep Learning Model and Flink Streaming Computing Short Term Photovoltaic Power Generation Prediction for Suburban Distribution Network

With the advancement of global energy internet construction, accurate prediction of new energy generation power such as photovoltaic is an important foundation for ensuring the safety and economic working of new power systems. A short-term photovoltaic power generation prediction method for suburban distribution networks based on deep learning model fusion and Flink flow calculation is proposed to address the challenges of complex power grids, diversified disturbance factors, and isolated monitoring points. This method uses Bi directional Long Short Term Memory(BiLSTM) to extract cross sequential nonlinear characteristic of photovoltaic power generation time series data. Compared with standard LSTM, BiLSTM can consider both historical and future information simultaneously, thus extracting richer extracted features from power generation time series data. This method also integrates attention mechanism to capture the importance distribution of historical temporal features for power generation prediction, effectively solving the problem of long-term temporal dependence in standard LSTM models. The Flink streaming computing framework embeds a trained BiLSTM-Attention photovoltaic power generation prediction model, enabling real-time prediction and monitoring analysis of photovoltaic power generation at various monitoring points in the suburban distribution network. This article uses a dataset of a suburban photovoltaic power station for validation, and trains the model with historical power generation data, meteorological factors, weather types, seasons, and other information as inputs. The BiLSTM-Attention fusion model studys the temporal characteristics of power generation, and has high accuracy in predicting short-term photovoltaic power generation in different scenarios. The Flink streaming computing platform can not only process high throughput predicted power data, but also has low time delay.

Research on Jiangxi Cultural Wisdom Tourism Industry Strategy Based on OHDSI General Data Model and Digital Art Empowerment

With the rapid development and wide application of a new round of information technologies, such as the global Internet of Things, the new generation of mobile Internet, cloud computing, etc., informatization has opened a new stage of smart tourism (ST), and ST has become the main trend of tourism development in China at present and for a long time to come. Tourism industry has become one of the important pillar industries in Jiangxi, and it plays an increasingly prominent role in stimulating and supporting economic and social development. Wisdom tourism is an important means to improve tourism service, tourism management and tourism marketing, and an important starting point to promote the upgrading of tourism industry in Jiangxi Province, and to achieve carry-over and leapfrog development and overtaking at corners. This paper is constantly improving and updating on the basis of data warehouse integration mechanism. Under the data warehouse mechanism, through the effective integration of spatial data, virtual reality data and dynamic data, a comprehensive data warehouse oriented to tourism promotion, scenic spot management and department management is formed. It aims to promote the rapid implementation of ST, bring tourists a comfortable tourism experience, save costs and improve efficiency for tourism service providers.

Research on the Impact of Big Data and Enterprise Digitalization on the E-commerce Industry and Coping Strategies

Abstract: Big data, enterprise digitalization, and e-commerce all have one thing in common: they were born from the Internet. Since the onset of the 21st century, the global Internet industry has experienced rapid growth, with e-commerce emerging as a key player. Participants in e-commerce engage with both the global online marketplace and the physical market, utilizing modern communication networks and information technology to conduct business activities through e-commerce platforms or service platforms. E-commerce embodies characteristics such as market globalization, rapid transactions, virtualization, and cost-effectiveness, making it highly favored by enterprises. Presently, e-commerce relies heavily on robust databases, as well as the data collection, processing, and analysis capabilities of big data. This reliance compels traditional enterprises to undergo digital transformation. This study delves into the impact of big data and enterprise digitalization on the e-commerce industry, exploring the mechanisms underlying their influence on cross-border e-commerce. By examining these dynamics, the study aims to provide insights into the evolving landscape of e-commerce and the transformative potential of big data and digitalization in shaping its future trajectory.

Facilitators, Barriers, and Potential Impacts of Implementation of e-Pharmacy in India and its Potential Impact on Cost, Quality, and Access to Medicines: Scoping Review.

e-Pharmacy can potentially solve problems related to the quality of services and products, cost, and access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries. This review aims to understand the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of e-pharmacy in India. This scoping review aimed (1) to understand the facilitators and barriers to the use of e-pharmacy in India and (2) to estimate the potential for e-pharmacy in India for improving access to medication, improving the quality of services and medicines, and decreasing costs of medications. All published and gray literature from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2021, relating to e-pharmacy, was searched from MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google using a systematic search strategy. In total, 1464 titles and abstracts were screened, of which 47 full-texts were included in the review. e-Pharmacy can potentially improve access to medications for remote areas, and old and debilitated individuals. e-Pharmacies can enable lean supply chain management, lower cost, and allow easy tracking of dispensed medicines. There is potential for integration of e-pharmacy services into the national program of Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana. However, the country is not adequately regulated to prevent the growth of illicit e-pharmacies. Lack of global accreditation and internet coverage, digital literacy, and transnational access are other challenges. E-pharmacy has the potential to improve universal health coverage in India by improving access to medicines and lowering the overall cost of health care. However, future growth will need specific regulations and accreditation mechanisms. Open Science Forum; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6R9YQ.

Lobbying global venues: Sitting in or speaking out?

AbstractUnderstanding interest groups' participation in global policy processes is critical not least because of an increasing shift in policy‐making powers to global institutions. This paper contributes to existing research by examining advocacy efforts at the global level and proposing a novel argument linking the degree of policy complexity and the amount of groups' resources to lobbying strategies. Specifically, it argues that interest groups invest in both inside (“sitting in”) and outside (“speaking up”) lobbying strategies when the policy at stake is complex and they have more resources. This theory is tested using extensive and novel data spanning interest groups' lobbying efforts on global Internet privacy regulation.

Smart Sensors and NodeMCU ESP8266-Based Automated Irrigation System for Effective Water Management in Agriculture

In India, agriculture is the biggest and most essential sector. The Global Internet of Things (IoT) is a vital aspect of smart farming. Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of many devices over the internet. All devices are interconnected via unique identifiers, enabling data transfer without requiring interaction between humans. A sufficient amount of water is given to the crop in agriculture at a specific time through irrigation. The primary objective of this paper is develop a controlled watering system that uses smart sensors and NodeMCU ESP8266 to improve water efficiency in plants, integrated with things of speak platform. By integrating soil moisture sensors, the system ensures that irrigation is given only when the soil penetrates a predefined dryness threshold by continuously monitoring the moisture levels in the soil. By using an optimized method, water waste is reduced and plants are given the proper amount of water for healthy growth. DHT11 sensor also monitor humidity and temperature, which enables the system to modify watering schedules in response to current meteorological conditions. These environmental elements can be implemented in the system to help it adjust to changing conditions and increase overall water efficiency. Rain sensors are used to detect rainwater. When rainwater occurs, irrigation is automatically stopped to avoid overwatering and significantly preserve water resources. The central processing unit (CPU) is the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, which extracts data collected by the sensors and regulates of irrigation system in reaction to the real-time data. This automated approach improves the accuracy of irrigation techniques while also decreasing the need for human intervention, which saves time and labour

A Security Model for Web-Based Communication

Web access involves various protocols to resolve domain names to IP addresses, establish data exchange channels with Web servers, and to authenticate communication partners. Each protocol has its own set of requirements and security measures. In addition to technical features, operating the Web also introduces organizational and political aspects which are important to consider when deploying a secure basis for Web-based communication. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic security model based on the widely deployed technologies DNS(SEC) and Web PKI to cover the three dimensions identification , resolution , and transaction . Our model enables quantification and qualification of the security assurance provided by an online service provider. To verify the applicability of our model, we investigate the online presence of Alerting Authorities in the U.S., selected German Emergency Service providers, and UN member states . We observe partially enhanced security relative to global Internet trends, yet find cause for concern as only about 6% of unique hosts cater to secure resolution. About 46% of investigated organizations use shared certificates with 1% of all organizations having no or invalid certificates. Two thirds of organizations are not uniquely identifiable and as such lack the basic requirement of trustworthy communication.

Pemanfaatan Humas Siber pada Akun Instagram Band Musik Dangdut Guyon Waton

This research aims to find out how the band Guyon Waton's cyber public relations is used on Instagram. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach which uses the concept of Puspitasari and Purwani theory which is generally carried out through the use of Cyber Public Relations namely, Constant Internet Communication, Fast Internet Response, Internet Global Market, Interactive, Two-way Communication, and Economical . The results of this research show that the use of cyber public relations on Instagram by the Guyon Waton band is quite good in several ways based on analysis, namely, constant internet communication, fast internet response, global internet market, interactive, two-way communication, and economical. Guyon Waton has a characteristic of uploading funny content and follower content to keep his followers connected and active. The conclusion is that Guyon Waton uses Instagram as a medium for publicizing band activities. In its use, Guyon Waton carries out communication in a unique way, namely replying to DM messages which are then uploaded to Instagram stories. Apart from that, another unique way is to upload funny memes and some viral content to bring to life the meaning of Guyon Waton itself, namely outrageous jokes. In this unique way, Guyon Waton has so many fans that it has earned the title of band with the most followers in Indonesia at 1.5 million followers.

Research on the technology path selection of China's manufacturing industry under the high-quality development strategy

As the foundation and leading force of national economic development, manufacturing determines a country's comprehensive strength and international competitiveness, and is the key to achieving transformation, upgrading and high-quality development. Based on the perspective of global value chain embedding, this paper explores the issue of technology path selection and high-end development in my country's manufacturing industry. Against the background of Internet development, this paper analyzes the basis for technology path selection in my country's manufacturing industry to achieve intelligent transformation and high-quality development. By constructing an analytical framework for technology path selection from two aspects of internal and external factors, the theoretical basis for technology path selection in my country is proposed. Guided by high-quality development, this paper studies the internal mechanism of technology path selection that can promote the high-end, intelligent, service-oriented and green development of manufacturing industry, and discusses the technology path selection for manufacturing industry to achieve green and sustainable development. Based on an in-depth analysis of the impact and mechanism of global value chain embedding, Internet development, productive services and environmental constraints on technology path selection, this paper proposes the optimal decision equation for R&D resource allocation in my country based on factor endowment conditions, thereby promoting the transformation of manufacturing industry from factor-driven to innovation-driven, accelerating the process of achieving high-end, intelligent, service-oriented and green development, which is of great significance to promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing industry.

The evolution of public attention in acute kidney injury and continuous renal replacement therapy: trends analysis from 2004 to 2024.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and the need for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) are critically important health concerns. This study analyzes global and regional Internet search queries to understand public attention in AKI and CRRT over time. We used Google Trends™ to analyze search queries for AKI and CRRT from January 2004 to March 2024. The study examined global trends and detailed insights from the United States, including state-by-state breakdowns. We identified patterns, peaks of attention, and temporal trends in public attention, comparing regional variations across the US and top-ranking countries worldwide. Global attention in AKI peaked in October 2022, with Portugal, Zambia, and Spain showing the highest regional attention. Within the United States, peak attention was in February 2008. Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia were the top states that paid attention to AKI. Attention in CRRT peaked globally in March 2024. South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain have led the global attention to CRRT. In the United States, peak attention was in April 2020. West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky showed the highest state-specific attention in CRRT. This study reveals significant temporal and geographical variations in online search patterns for AKI and CRRT, suggesting evolving public attention to these critical health issues. This knowledge can guide the development of targeted public health initiatives, enhance medical education efforts, and help healthcare systems tailor their approach to improving awareness and outcomes in kidney health across diverse populations.

The dynamics of meaningful youth participation: Mapping the purpose of participation of Youth Dialogue on Internet Governance participants

AbstractThis study investigates how youth are navigating the regional and global Internet governance spaces using the Pyramid of Participation framework as proposed by the author, which is built on Arnstein's ladder. By understanding how youth participate in these spaces, this study seeks to understand the dynamics of meaningful youth participation by using the Youth Dialogue on Internet Governance (YOUthDIG) as an exploratory case study. The findings reveal that The Pyramid of Participation outlined in this paper provides a visual framework for decision makers to reflect on where and how participants engage with the process. This Pyramid of Participation also acknowledges that when there is no meaningful participation, that participants will choose to discontinue their participation and this motivation requires reflection on where we can enhance processes and change attitudes to ensure a better informed group of stakeholders and empowered actors.

Netflix India: The Battle of Trials and Expectations

Netflix launched its services in India on January 6, 2016, to gain 100 million subscribers. The journey of Netflix was a mix of a few opportunities and multiple challenges. India had a vast subscriber base, and 4G internet services were unfolded at a nominal price by Reliance Jio in September 2016 to increase the subscriber base further. However, OTT players offered regional content at a meager price. Even after unrolling 4G internet services, the rural hinterland’s network availability was poor. Few OTT provided content at a low cost with ad-based revenue and gave a run to Netflix India. Restricted password sharing across devices was also a constraint in the business journey of Netflix. From 2016 to 2022, Netflix followed every bit of action to penetrate the Indian customer subscription base but could not reach the desired milestone. What should Netflix do to tap the opportunities of a perspective market like India? What business framework must Netflix follow to differentiate itself from other OTT players? “Today you are witnessing the birth of a new global internet TV network. With this launch, consumers around the world from Singapore to St. Petersburg, from San Francisco to Sao Paulo will be able to enjoy TV shows and movies simultaneously with no more waiting. With the help of the internet, we are putting power in consumers’ hands to watch whenever, wherever, and on whatever device.”2 The news was announced on January 6, 2016, by the co-founder and chief executive officer of Netflix. Post this announcement, Netflix made its online streaming services available in 130 countries, including India, which was one of the budding digital markets of the world. Netflix provided video streaming services like feature films, documentaries, biopics, docueries, web series, and T.V. shows in multiple languages and genres. During a prominent event held in India, Netflix targeted 100 million subscribers in the Indian sub-continent. However, India was not a smooth ride for the company, due to several constraints such as poor connectivity of the Internet, varied linguistic landscapes, and tough competition from other Over the Top (OTT) players like Disney, Hotstar, and Direct to Home (DTH). Compared to other OTT players who provided services at affordable prices and content in regional Indian languages, Netflix was rated high on the price spectrum and slightly foreign in terms of content. Although Netflix lost 200,000 global subscribers in the first quarter of 2022 still it targeted to produce 50% of original content from the current 37% in India by 2025. Netflix did every experiment and altered its business strategies with changing times such as including shows of different genres such as comedy shows, period movies, drama, etc. It slashed away prices, offered content in regional languages, clamped down sharing of passwords, and experimented with a premium to ad-led revenue model, yet the Indian market was going tough. Although this market offered tremendous opportunities, it was a gamble for Netflix to overhaul its business strategy. Should Netflix rework its business model to achieve its targeted customer subscription base? What differentiation strategy could Netflix adopt to have a cutting edge above its competitors? What value proposition must Netflix offer to acquire and satisfy its customer base? Should Netflix continue experimenting in the Indian market although it was not economical to do so?

Network Attack Classification with a Shallow Neural Network for Internet and Internet of Things (IoT) Traffic

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of connected devices as part of the so-called Internet of Things (IoT), both in private spaces and the industry. Integrated distributed systems have shown many benefits compared to isolated devices. However, exposing industrial infrastructure to the global Internet also generates security challenges that need to be addressed to benefit from tighter systems integration and reduced reaction times. Machine learning algorithms have demonstrated their capacity to detect sophisticated cyber attack patterns. However, they often consume significant amounts of memory, computing resources, and scarce energy. Furthermore, their training relies on the availability of datasets that accurately represent real-world data traffic subject to cyber attacks. Network attacks are relatively rare events, as is reflected in the distribution of typical training datasets. Such imbalanced datasets can bias the training of a neural network and prevent it from successfully detecting underrepresented attack samples, generally known as the problem of imbalanced learning. This paper presents a shallow neural network comprising only 110 ReLU-activated artificial neurons capable of detecting representative attacks observed on a communication network. To enable the training of such small neural networks, we propose an improved attack-sharing loss function to cope with imbalanced learning. We demonstrate that our proposed solution can detect network attacks with an F1 score above 99% for various attacks found in current intrusion detection system datasets, focusing on IoT device communication. We further show that our solution can reduce the false negative detection rate of our proposed shallow network and thus further improve network security while enabling processing at line rate in low-complexity network intrusion systems.

Empowering IoT connectivity: unveiling the potential of IoT.Js for enhanced interconnectivity

ABSTRACT The concept of a global Internet of Things (IoT), as proposed by Bart, revolutionizes connectivity by assigning unique digital identities to everyday objects, thereby enabling the development of smarter devices. However, the advancement and expansion of the IoT face significant obstacles and constraints, including energy efficiency and memory usage, which require further investigation. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel framework named IoT.js. This framework aims to facilitate the interconnection of lightweight devices within the web-based IoT ecosystem. These devices, ranging from microcontrollers to those with limited memory capacities, stand to benefit from IoT.js’s utilization of JavaScript for IoT application development. By promoting collaboration among lightweight devices with small memory sizes, IoT.js offers a promising solution to the resource constraints encountered in IoT deployments. This study contributes to the advancement of the IoT landscape by introducing a new approach that not only enables the efficient use of limited resources but also facilitates the seamless interconnection of lightweight devices within the IoT network. Additionally, the study conducts performance analysis to measure the efficacy of the proposed framework. Through rigorous evaluation of key metrics, such as energy efficiency and memory usage, the research findings validate the effectiveness of IoT.js in addressing the challenges associated with IoT deployment. Overall, the proposed IoT.js based approach represents a significant step forward in enhancing interconnectivity within the IoT ecosystem, thereby unlocking new possibilities for the development of innovative IoT applications and services.

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Doppler Weather Profile for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites.

Low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites are widely acknowledged as a promising infrastructure solution for global Internet of Things (IoT) services. However, the Doppler effect presents a significant challenge in the context of long-range (LoRa) modulation uplink connectivity. This study comprehensively examines the operational efficiency of LEO satellites concerning the Doppler weather effect, with state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques. Two LEO satellite constellations-Globalstar and the International Space Station (ISS)-were detected and tracked using ground radars in Perth and Brisbane, Australia, for 24 h starting 1 January 2024. The study involves modelling the constellation, calculating latency, and frequency offset and designing a hybrid Iterative Input Selection-Long Short-Term Memory Network (IIS-LSTM) integrated model to predict the Doppler weather profile for LEO satellites. The IIS algorithm selects relevant input variables for the model, while the LSTM algorithm learns and predicts patterns. This model is compared with Convolutional Neural Network and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models. The results show that the packet delivery rate is above 91% for the sensitive spread factor 12 with a bandwidth of 11.5 MHz for Globalstar and 145.8 MHz for ISS NAUKA. The carrier frequency for ISS orbiting at 402.3 km is 631 MHz and 500 MHz for Globalstar at 1414 km altitude, aiding in combating packet losses. The ISS-LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 97.51% and a loss of 1.17% with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from 0-30 dB. The XGB model has the fastest testing time, attaining ≈0.0997 s for higher SNRs and an accuracy of 87%. However, in lower SNR, it proves to be computationally expensive. IIS-LSTM attains a better computation time for lower SNRs at ≈0.4651 s, followed by XGB at ≈0.5990 and CNN at ≈0.6120 s. The study calls for further research on LoRa Doppler analysis, considering atmospheric attenuation, and relevant space parameters for future work.

Hierarchical agglomerative clustering approach for direct and obstructed link classification in IsOWC systems

A novel. to the best of our knowledge, technique based on hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) is proposed to classify the direct and obstructed links in intersatellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC) systems. Prior to the training phase, an exploratory data analysis and preprocessing technique are conducted on a dataset composing 250 instances with four unlabeled input features: relative intensity noise, propagation distance, pointing error, and insertion loss. These datasets extract from IsOWC systems utilizing on-off keying modulation. The HAC technique demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 92.7%, surpassing other machine learning techniques. Additionally, the impact of input feature combinations is discussed in detail using dendrogram plots and various performance metrics. The results provide valuable insights for localizing satellite constellations in earth orbit and advancing global Internet accessibility.

Who should be responsible? Responsibility attribution and public response to data security risks in China’s intelligent connected vehicles

As the global Internet of Vehicles (IoV) industry continues to expand, the associated risks, such as data security, software vulnerabilities, communication hijacking, and privacy breaches in intelligent connected vehicles, have become increasingly severe. This issue has emerged as an urgent concern for governments worldwide. Understanding the public's attribution of responsibility for these risks, the factors influencing such attributions, and how these attributions affect public response behaviors is crucial for creating an effective risk communication environment and promoting the healthy development of the IoV industry. Our study categorizes public response behaviors into defensive and positive coping behaviors on the basis of attitudes toward risk. We conduct surveys within and empirical analyses of major Chinese cities where intelligent connected vehicles are predominantly used and perform a heterogeneity analysis among cities of different administrative levels to explore how the public attributes responsibility and reacts to these risks. Data from 523 respondents indicate that while both types of response behaviors are influenced by risk perception and sources of information, only positive coping behaviors are affected by the attribution of responsibility. Responsibility attribution itself is influenced by risk perception, an individual's occupation, and information sources. Additionally, cities of different administrative levels show slight variations in the relationships among responsibility attribution, information sources, and response behaviors.

A Review on Image Steganography Techniques

In contemporary times, the exploration of digital multimedia has transformed it into a reliable medium for secure communication. Steganography, the art of concealed communication through mediums like images, has emerged as a pivotal approach, countered by the opposing method of steganalysis for detecting embedded data. This review delves into diverse methodologies examined by researchers, elucidating the primary objective of image steganography—to safeguard data messages from illicit access. The essence lies in discreetly transferring embedded secure data to the target destination without detection by unauthorized users. While various carrier file formats can be employed, digital images, owing to their widespread use on the global Internet, become the preferred medium. The realm of steganographic methodologies encompasses a broad spectrum, varying in complexity, each with its distinct strengths and weaknesses. This exploration underscores the dynamic landscape of image steganography, affirming the ongoing pursuit of effective methods to protect information from unauthorized access through covert channels. The review article provides an overview of various methodologies employed by researchers in the field of image steganography. It emphasizes the significance of using digital images as carrier files due to their prevalence on the worldwide Internet. The content acknowledges the complexity of steganographic methods and highlights that each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. Overall, the discussion underscores the importance of exploring and analyzing these methodologies to enhance the effectiveness of image steganography in secure communication.

Does internet use benefit health?-PSM-DID evidence from China's CHARLS.

Amid the increasing global internet penetration, understanding the impact of internet use on residents' health is crucial. This aids in formulating more effective health policies and provides empirical evidence for promoting health equity and improving overall public health. Drawing on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this paper employs the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Differences (PSM-DID) method to examine the impact of the internet on individual health and further explores the pathways through which the internet affects health. We introduce the research background and significance in the introduction. Then, in the theoretical analysis, it incorporates internet variables into the Becker health demand model to analyze changes in health demand and impact pathways. The empirical analysis tests the theoretical findings, leading to empirical results. Finally, the study discusses the results and provides relevant recommendations. The findings indicate significant positive effects of the internet on both physical and psychological health. These effects are realized through reducing health information asymmetry, lowering health costs, and increasing exposure to health-promoting environments. In the heterogeneity analysis, economic-related internet content shows a significant positive impact on resident health. Intensive internet use adversely affects psychological health. The beneficial effects of the internet on health are more pronounced among older individuals, those covered by medical insurance, and regions with higher levels of digital economy. Based on these findings, the study offers policy recommendations concerning individuals' internet use patterns, the digital evolution of the healthcare industry, and government infrastructure development.

Integrated preparation and manipulation of high-dimensional flying structured photons

The hope for a futuristic global quantum internet that provides robust and high-capacity quantum information transfer lies largely on qudits, the fundamental quantum information carriers prepared in high-dimensional superposition states. However, preparing and manipulating N-dimensional flying qudits as well as subsequently establishing their entanglement are still challenging tasks, which require precise and simultaneous maneuver of 2 (N-1) parameters across multiple degrees of freedom. Here, using an integrated approach, we explore the synergy from two degrees of freedom of light, spatial mode and polarization, to generate, encode, and manipulate flying structured photons and their formed qudits in a four-dimensional Hilbert space with high quantum fidelity, intrinsically enabling enhanced noise resilience and higher quantum data rates. The four eigen spin–orbit modes of our qudits possess identical spatial–temporal characteristics in terms of intensity distribution and group velocity, thereby preserving long-haul coherence within the entirety of the quantum data transmission link. Judiciously leveraging the bi-photon entanglement, which is well preserved in the integrated manipulation process, we present versatile spin–orbit cluster states in an extensive dimensional Hilbert space. Such cluster states hold the promise for quantum error correction which can further bolster the channel robustness in long-range quantum communication.