Global Horizons Research Articles

Democracy

Some 500 years before Christ, a noble Athenian leader, Cleisthenes, overthrew the tyrant Hippias, whose method of governance included executing any challengers to his rule. In his place, the athenians instituted a system of government of and by the people—giving the male citizens of athens a feeling of belonging to and indeed ownership of their residence, their deme. And so, democracy was born. While not a proponent, Plato gave this system of “rule by the governed” a philosophical underpinning a century and a half later, contrasting it with aristocracy, or rule by a class of philosopher-kings; oligarchy, or rule of the few, generally wealthy or privileged; timocracy, a now all but vanished concept of rule by an elite that values honor; and tyranny, a brutal lawlessness. Today, more than two millennia later, democracy has never before been more challenged or more frequently invoked as a ruling construct. From the arab Spring that spread athenian aspirations across North africa and the Middle East to vast regions of the former Soviet Union and into asia, democracy has moved from a distant ideal to a thrilling reality.Now, as the world experiences an electoral tsunami—with more of the planet’s population going to the polls than at any time in history—World Policy Journal is examining the opportunities and the challenges of democracy. We begin with the Big Question, with a selection of international experts reflecting on the biggest threats to democracy in their respective nations. To set the scene, we turn to one of Europe’s most distinguished commentators, Patrice de Beer, whose career began in the charnel house of the Khmer Rouge’s “Democratic” Kampuchea, then traced an arc through london, Washington, and Paris as a senior correspondent and editor of the French daily Le Monde.To our Chatroom, we’ve invited ai Weiwei, the brilliant artist and inspirational challenger to China’s single-party rule, who explains his vision of democracy to World Policy Journalcontributor Paul Mooney in Beijing. Our anatomy establishes the World Policy Journalautocracy Index, ranking the world’s least democratic leaders on a weighted series of criteria.James L. Creighton, a retired U.S. army colonel, chronicles the lessons he learned securing elections in afghanistan’s Uruzgan province and reflects on what’s needed to sustain a democratic system in that wartorn nation. To illustrate these challenges, linda Kinstler looks at the U.S. Commission on Presidential Debates and their efforts to export america’s democratic system to other nations, whether appropriate or not. For our Conversation, we explore the global horizons of democracy with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who describes his own experiences with democracy beginning as a student demonstrator under a Korean dictatorship and continuing through today as he negotiates with tyrannies in Syria and northern Mali and new representative governments in libya and Ivory Coast.The brilliant photojournalist Brent Stirton takes us on a tour of the horrors borne by water around the world. Robbie Corey-Boulet details the system of victor’s justice being administered in the Ivory Coast. In the Basque country of Spain, Judith Matloff has discovered some vital lessons about how development can trump revolution. Emily Schmall examines the efforts by the ruling Kirchner family to transform argentina’s economic system to a modern-day Peronism. Scientists Ron O’Dor and Edward Vanden Berghe explore the vast but shrinking bio-diversity of the world’s oceans and warn about new dangers hidden beneath the sea. Finally, in his Coda, World Policy Journal Editor David A. Andelman investigates politics’ revolving doors and suggests how the world might meet the challenges of ever more rapid change.As the 50th anniversary year of our parent World Policy Institute draws to a close, we will continue to focus on our five core themes—media and conflict, water scarcity, world financial risk, migration, and new security priorities. In these pages, on our blog (www. worldpolicy.org), and through research, policy papers, network building, programs, and events—not the least being our main anniversary celebration, World Policy around the Table, we’ve sought to highlight the rising challenges these issues present to the world and hope that you, our readers, will participate as well. Next year, we will launch a new celebration—the 30th anniversary of our Journal.

Wie ist Globalisierung möglich? Zur Entstehung globaler Vergleichshorizonte am Beispiel von Wissenschaft und Sport

Der Aufsatz geht von der Pramisse aus, dass Globalisierung ein unwahrscheinliches Phanomen ist und fragt, unter welchen historischen Konstellationen diese Unwahrscheinlichkeitsschwelle dennoch uberwunden werden konnte. Der Erklarungsgegenstand ist nicht faktische Globalisierung im Sinne einer raumlich verstandenen weltweiten Ausdehnung, sondern die Formation potenziell globaler Vergleichszusammenhange. Wir beantworten diese Frage am Beispiel von (Natur-)Wissenschaft und Sport. Dazu stellen wir in Abschn. 2 ein allgemeines Erklarungsmodell vor, das sich auf die Entstehungsbedingungen von Globalisierungsdynamiken bezieht. Ausgehend von der Unterscheidung zwischen einer Vernetzungs- und einer Beschreibungsdimension von Globalisierung ruckt dieses Modell die Bedeutung offentlicher Vergleichsdiskurse in den Vordergrund. In Abschn. 3 wenden wir das Erklarungsmodell auf die beiden Fallbeispiele an und zeigen, dass und weshalb der Schwerpunkt der Entstehung potenziell globaler Vergleichszusammenhange in beiden Feldern im spaten 19. Jahrhundert lag. In Abschn. 4 formulieren wir einige Vermutungen daruber, inwieweit sich das Modell auch auf andere Felder ubertragen lasst und welches Licht es auf faktische globale Expansionsprozesse wirft.

“Gender” Trouble: Feminism in China under the Impact of Western Theory and the Spatialization of Identity

Over the past ten to fifteen years, feminism in China has been marked by three closely related characteristics. The first is the introduction of “Western” feminism with “gender” as the core of theory import. The second is the articulation of the “trouble” this import of Western theory has caused. Chinese feminist texts abound with terms such as trouble, difficulty, and clash, which are used to express worries about the consequences of this new orientation of feminism in China. They prove that the import of Western theory and the transition to “gender” as the basic category of analysis are not the logical and unquestionable developments some authors claim them to be. A third characteristic is the search for an identity for Chinese feminism in a global context. Chinese scholars, under the impact of Western theory, turn to spatial definitions of Chinese feminism vis-à-vis international feminism and adopt the notion of the “local” to define their place in the world. This essay highlights the “troubling” effects the import of “gender” has on feminist theory building in China and delineates the various and sometimes conflicting efforts Chinese feminists have made to restabilize feminist theory and identity. These include different translations and definitions of “gender,” diverging outlines of the history of Chinese feminism in a global context, various definitions of the “local,” differing visions of a regional “Asian” feminism, and more complex models that try to integrate conflicting perspectives. These responses demonstrate that contrary to its universalist claims, “gender” is a specific concept that finds support among particular groups of feminists only. This essay also tries to explain why Chinese feminists insist on the “local” as a site of theory building and identity formation even where they have acquired global horizons.

Black hole complementarity with local horizons and Horowitz-Maldacena's proposal

To implement the consistent black hole complementarity principle, we need two assumptions: first, there exists a singularity near the center, and second, global horizons are the same as local horizons. However, these assumptions are not true in general. In this paper, the authors study a charged black hole in which the second assumption may not hold. From the previous simulations, we have argued that the event horizon is quite close to the outer horizon, and it seems not harmful to black hole complementarity; however, the Cauchy horizon can be different from the inner horizon, and a violation of complementarity will be possible. To maintain complementarity, we need to assume a selection principle between the singularity and the Hawking radiation generating surface; we suggest that Horowitz-Maldacena's proposal can be useful for this purpose. Finally, we discussed some conditions under which the selection principle may not work.

New Faculty Cross Borders Through Self-Study in Teacher Education: Global Horizons

This paper outlines findings from a self-study group’s investigation of personal and professional experiences between four new education faculty members. Bringing diverse teacher education experiences from three different countries, the group is situated in a Canadian university undergoing a transition toward becoming a comprehensive institution in the competing global era. Three identified themes emerged: professional value, survival, and maintaining balance. Findings revealed that self-study allows participants to share information, identify issues, appreciate personal and professional life, enjoy being teacher educators, understand teacher education, console and support each other to survive in the initial years, and maintain a balanced professional life.

Gramsci, o capital supranacional e o novo teorema da política

Gramsci e um autor da atualidade, teorico da mundializacao do capitalismo, mas ainda desconhecido, mesmo no campo do marxismo, entre as suas tendencias dominantes. Pensar a globalizacao, o seculo XXI, a nova conjuntura politica nos quadros da contemporaneidade e um desafio intelectual da maior relevância que tem, em Gramsci - certamente para surpresa de uns e negacao de outros -, uma de suas fontes mais estimulantes e reveladoras. E fascinante desvendar em seus escritos teses indispensaveis para refletirmos alguns dos principais temas do momento em horizontes mundiais.

The Edwards of History and the Edwards of Faith

Robert E. Brown. Jonathan Edwards and the Bible. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xxiv + 292 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00. Philip F. Gura. Jonathan Edwards: America's Evangelical. New York: Hill and Wang, 2005. xvi + 284 pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $24.00 (cloth); $15.00 (paper). David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney, eds. Jonathan Edwards at Home and Abroad: Historical Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. xxiv + 330 pp. Notes and index. $59.95. George M. Marsden. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003. xxii + 615 pp. Illustrations, maps, chronology, appendices, notes, and index. $35.00 (cloth); $22.00 (paper). Avihu Zakai. Jonathan Edwards's Philosophy of History: The Reenchantment of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003. xx + 348 pp. Notes and index. $55.00. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, volume 22, Sermons and Discourses, 1739–1742, edited by Harry S. Stout, Nathan O. Hatch, with Kyle P. Farley. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003. xiv + 582 pp. Illustrations, appendix, notes, and indexes. $95.00. The Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University (http://edwards.yale.edu). In 1888, a century and a half after Jonathan Edwards delivered his well-known sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," the liberal Congregationalist Lyman Abbott reflected on religious change in America. Arguing that Edwards was the "most characteristic preacher of the Calvinistic school in New England in the eighteenth century," Abbott took sordid delight in quoting some [End Page 131] of the most provocative and no doubt to his readers, offensive portions of the now widely reprinted sermon. What had taken place in the intervening one hundred fifty years, according to Abbott, was a sea change in popular belief, nothing less than a "new Reformation." And the reform was all for the better. Abbott relished the thought that "no minister could utter such sentiments in any pulpit in New England to-day and retain his pastorate." For all his brilliance and alleged colonial typicality, Edwards had become an embarrassment to the Gilded Age Christians of his own backyard, a relic of a bygone age of religious barbarism and intolerance. The sovereign and capricious Almighty of Edwards had become an "Indulgent Parent," happily tempered through the American experience.1 Henry Ward Beecher, Abbott's famous predecessor at Brooklyn's Plymouth Church, had thought similarly about Edwards' "Sinners": "I think a person of moral sensibilities, alone at midnight, reading that awful discourse, would well nigh go crazy."2 So influential were these sentiments that by the early twentieth century one writer would subtitle her book on Edwards The Divine Who Filled the Air with Damnation and Proved the Total Depravity of God.3 Despite Edwards's dismissal from the halls of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century religious propriety, he has strangely, in the past half-century or so, reemerged in some of the cultural spaces formerly eager to see him go. Edwards has made his way back onto the map.4 This work was begun in large part by Harvard's Perry Miller in the mid twentieth century, but Yale University Press's willingness to edit and publish The Works of Jonathan Edwards (WJE [1953–]), not secured without some considerable nudging from Miller, has resulted in Yale's centrality to the revival of scholarship on Edwards. While Miller anticipated just a few volumes in the Yale edition, his successors as editors—John E. Smith and, especially, Harry S. Stout and Kenneth P. Minkema—have expanded the series now to twenty-seven volumes. This well-funded and superbly executed set of critical editions has not only made readily accessible the bulk of Edwards's most important work, but each of the volumes contains substantial editors' introductions that orient researchers to new work on Edwards's life and thought as much as to the documents themselves. Some...

Globalisation and the Structure of Urban Social Space: The Lesson from Tel Aviv

Social area analysis tends to view the city as constituted of a mosaic of socially homogeneous containers. The Chicago model views the mosaic as compactly organised around one centre and as a response to geometrically deduced forces. The Los Angeles model views social areas to be socially constituted in a more dispersed geometry. Our model, verified in this study, shows that globalising cities may produce highly heterogeneous residential spaces, even in highly ethnic societies. We propose to start the analysis from individuals' behaviour, with respect to their actual daily life-spaces and social networks. We argue that, under these conditions, a multilayered spatial model better describes the socio-spatial reality of cities that integrate people in the globalising world. Each layer represents a socially constituted space which integrates participants in a particular social network. Members of the network manage their daily life in these spaces, which are not necessarily continuous, and in many cases expand into wide and sometimes even global horizons, creating thereby interstices with other groups' social spaces. In most cases, there are partly open social networks among layered social areas but, in one-third of the cases, protagonists developed social networks only with colleagues from their own ethnic group, avoiding interlayered networks. This may lead to social segregation even in residentially heterogeneous areas. In such cases, segregation is the result of a lack of social networks among layers. However, segregation may also follow the traditional model, in which a group concentrates in an ethnically homogeneous residential space. This may develop in areas claimed by one social group constituting a segregated territory and having intraethnic networks limited to the specific ethnic territory.

Jonathan Edwards at home and abroad. Historical memories, cultural movements, global horizons. Edited by David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney. Pp. xxiii + 330. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. $59.95. 1 57003 519 9

<i>Jonathan Edwards at home and abroad. Historical memories, cultural movements, global horizons</i>. Edited by David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney. Pp. xxiii + 330. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. $59.95. 1 57003 519 9

Jonathan Edwards at Home and Abroad: Historical Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons. Ed. by David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. xxiv, 330 pp. $59.95, isbn 1-57003-519-9.)

Jonathan Edwards at Home and Abroad: Historical Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons. Ed. by David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. xxiv, 330 pp. $59.95, isbn 1-57003-519-9.)

Reviews of Books:Jonathan Edwards at Home and Abroad: Historical Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons David W. Kling, Douglas A. Sweeney

Reviews of Books:Jonathan Edwards at Home and Abroad: Historical Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons David W. Kling, Douglas A. Sweeney

Jonathan Edwards at home and abroad: historical memories, cultural movements, global horizons

Jonathan Edwards at home and abroad: historical memories, cultural movements, global horizons

SO(3,2)/Sp(2) symmetries in BTZ black holes

We study global flat embeddings, three accelerations and Hawking temperatures of the BTZ black holes in the framework of two-time physics scheme associated with Sp(2) local symmetry, to construct their corresponding SO(3,2) global symmetry invariant Lagrangians both inside and outside event horizons. Moreover, the Sp(2) local symmetry is discussed in terms of the metric time-independence.

Infinitesimal Calculus of Variations

It is desirable that physical laws should beformulated infinitesimally, while it is well known thatthe calculus of variations, which has long beenconcerned with local or global horizons, gives aunifying viewpoint of various arenas of modern physics.The principal objective of this paper is toinfinitesimalize the calculus of variations by makinguse of the vanguard of modern differential geometry,namely, synthetic differential geometry, in whichnilpotent infinitesimals of various orders areabundantly and coherently available. Our treatment iscompletely coordinate-free, the decomposition of a stateinto its position and velocity components beingreplaced by the vertical-horizontal decompositionassociated with an appropriate connection. Within ournewly established infinitesimal calculus of variations, generalized conservation laws of momentum andenergy are demonstrated.

Maine: Public access to telecommunications and information—local links to global horizons

The promise of the National Information Infra‐structure (NII) depends on how each state develops telecommunications policy and practice. In Maine that promise is being realized by all citizens as state and local decisions now being made or considered define the future of our communications. This policy supports the free flow of information to all and is opening up new opportunities for people to participate actively in governance, education, and economic development. Similarly, these decisions can contribute to ensuring retention of the status quo, which, until recently, consisted predominantly of an academic and government‐controlled network of computer and information systems that could be accessed by individuals with the means to do so.

The Wellcome Tropical Medicine Resource: 19th century principles, 21st century technology, and distance learning with global horizons

The Wellcome Tropical Medicine Resource: 19th century principles, 21st century technology, and distance learning with global horizons

Toward Global Horizons: Student Stories from an International Teacher Education Project

Abstract These authors present an international teacher education project as an approach to the development of global consciousness in student teachers. Following a brief overview of the five year Regina-Yaounde Inter-University Project, the stories of two of the student participants, one from Cameroon, Africa, the other from Canada, are presented. These stories speak to the impact that the student exchange component of the project has had on their professional development. Exposure to field experiences in a country on another continent has had a profound effect on their subsequent involvement in education. The paper concludes with a discussion of the development of global awareness in the two students as a case of what the continental philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer terms the “fusion of horizons”