Global Form Research Articles

Analysis of plane elasticity problems using the dual mesh control domain method

The dual mesh control domain method (DMCDM) proposed by Reddy combines the advantages of the finite element method (interpolation of variables) and the finite volume method (satisfaction of the global form of the governing equations). Currently, the method has been used to solve two-dimensional heat transfer, fluid and solid mechanics problems on structured meshes of linear right triangular and bilinear rectangular elements. However, such meshes are not useful from the standpoint of most practical problems which are posed on irregular domains. The present study extends the DMCDM for the analysis of plane elasticity problems involving non-rectangular domains meshed with arbitrarily shaped elements. The approach makes use of the isoparametric formulation, in which the primal mesh used for the approximation of the geometry is also used for approximating the dependent unknowns. Several boundary value problems of elasticity are solved using the DMCDM, and the results are compared with those obtained using the finite element method (FEM). The results show that the DMCDM exhibits excellent convergence and accuracy while requiring less computational cost when compared with the FEM.

An improved model of metal/silicate differentiation during Earth's accretion

We improved the algorithm presented in Rubie et al. (2015) to model the chemical evolution of Earth driven by iron/silicate differentiation during the planet's accretion. The pressure at which the equilibration occurs during a giant impact is no longer a free parameter but is determined by the smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of Nakajima et al. (2021). Moreover, impacting planetesimals are now assumed to be too small to cause melting and differentiation and thus their materials are stored in the crystalline upper mantle of the growing planet until a hydrostatically relaxed global magma ocean forms in the aftermath of a giant impact, whose depth is also estimated from Nakajima et al. (2021). With these changes, not all dynamical simulations lead to a satisfactory reproduction of the chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE). Thus, the latter becomes diagnostic of the success of dynamical models. In the successful cases also the BSE abundances of W and Mo can be reproduced, that were previously hard to fit (Jennings et al., 2021).

Lack of orientation specific adaptation to vertically oriented Glass patterns in human visual cortex: an fMRI adaptation investigation

The perception of coherent form configurations in natural scenes relies on the activity of early visual areas that respond to local orientation cues. Subsequently, high-level visual areas pool these local signals to construct a global representation of the initial visual input. However, it is still debated whether neurons in the early visual cortex respond also to global form features. Glass patterns (GPs) are visual stimuli employed to investigate local and global form processing and consist of randomly distributed dots pairs called dipoles arranged to form specific global configurations. In the current study, we used GPs and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation to reveal the visual areas that subserve the processing of oriented GPs. Specifically, we adapted participants to vertically oriented GP, then we presented test GPs having either the same or different orientations with respect to the adapting GP. We hypothesized that if local form features are processed exclusively by early visual areas and global form by higher-order visual areas, then the effect of visual adaptation should be more pronounced in higher tier visual areas as it requires global processing of the pattern. Contrary to this expectation, our results revealed that adaptation to GPs is robust in early visual areas (V1, V2, and V3), but not in higher tier visual areas (V3AB and V4v), suggesting that form cues in oriented GPs are primarily derived from local-processing mechanisms that originate in V1. Finally, adaptation to vertically oriented GPs causes a modification in the BOLD response within early visual areas, regardless of the relative orientations of the adapting and test stimuli, indicating a lack of orientation selectivity.

How to determine city hierarchies and spatial structure of a megaregion?

ABSTRACT Megaregion has emerged as a global urban form, typically based on the polycentric strategy to enhance regional development. How to measure megaregional spatial structure and discriminate different roles of cities has become increasingly important to enrich the knowledge of the formation of a megaregion. Meanwhile, various indices have been used to identify vital nodes in the field of complex network. Which indices, however, are suitable for megaregion analysis remain unsolved. To address this requirement, this study first reviewed the typical indices for identifying vital nodes in the complex network theory, and pointed out that in a weighted city network scenario, weighted degree centrality, hub & authority score, and S-core decomposition (which represent network centrality, connectivity, and structures, respectively) are suitable for analyzing megaregional spatial structures. Then, we explored the city hierarchies and spatial structure in Guangdong Province, China, using the three indices. The hierarchical structure of the weighted city network in Guangdong Province had been identified using S-core decomposition. From the perspective of polycentric structure, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have the strongest node degrees and strength of mobility flows, while the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen corridor has been identified via the hub & authority score which is designed to evaluate the connectivity in a weighted network. Moreover, we conducted a comparison analysis of three indices. The findings of this study not only enrich the understanding of city hierarchies and the structure of a megaregion, but also highlight that although various indices are available, they should be applied selectively in accordance with the study context.

Fields or firings? Comparing the spike code and the electromagnetic field hypothesis.

Where is consciousness? Neurobiological theories of consciousness look primarily to synaptic firing and "spike codes" as the physical substrate of consciousness, although the specific mechanisms of consciousness remain unknown. Synaptic firing results from electrochemical processes in neuron axons and dendrites. All neurons also produce electromagnetic (EM) fields due to various mechanisms, including the electric potential created by transmembrane ion flows, known as "local field potentials," but there are also more meso-scale and macro-scale EM fields present in the brain. The functional role of these EM fields has long been a source of debate. We suggest that these fields, in both their local and global forms, may be the primary seat of consciousness, working as a gestalt with synaptic firing and other aspects of neuroanatomy to produce the marvelous complexity of minds. We call this assertion the "electromagnetic field hypothesis." The neuroanatomy of the brain produces the local and global EM fields but these fields are not identical with the anatomy of the brain. These fields are produced by, but not identical with, the brain, in the same manner that twigs and leaves are produced by a tree's branches and trunk but are not the same as the branches and trunk. As such, the EM fields represent the more granular, both spatially and temporally, aspects of the brain's structure and functioning than the neuroanatomy of the brain. The brain's various EM fields seem to be more sensitive to small changes than the neuroanatomy of the brain. We discuss issues with the spike code approach as well as the various lines of evidence supporting our argument that the brain's EM fields may be the primary seat of consciousness. This evidence (which occupies most of the paper) suggests that oscillating neural EM fields may make firing in neural circuits oscillate, and these oscillating circuits may help unify and guide conscious cognition.

Building resilience in the face of natural disasters: ICT, fossil fuel use, and sustainable development in an emerging economy

As an emerging and rapidly growing economy, Bangladesh is among the top vulnerable countries in the world in terms of natural disasters. These disasters, in turn, have significant implications for sustainable development of this country. In this research, following theoretical and empirical background, we evaluate the role of natural disaster, information and communication technology or ICT, non-renewable energy use, international cooperation in the form of globalization and public sector corruption on sustainable development of Bangladesh. We use the data from 1985 to 2021 and employ robust econometric techniques such as dynamic ARDL simulation. The result from the dynamic ARDL simulation suggests that natural disaster has positive and significant effect on sustainable development of Bangladesh in the short and long run. The use of ICT as well as non-renewable energy has positive and significant impact only in the long run. Furthermore, international cooperation significantly and positively affects sustainable development both in the long run and short run while corruption has no impact in any period. The study finally provides policy recommendations based on the above findings.

Globalised imaginaries, Arctification and resistance in Arctic tourism – an Arctification perspective on tourism actors’ views on seasonality and growth in Ylläs tourism destination

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the relationship between regional branding, global visions of the Arctic, and tourism seasonality. We analyse tourism development in the Ylläs tourism destination in Finnish Lapland, exemplifying how Arctic branding and place production are fostered and challenged among tourism actors. To analyse tourism actors’ perspectives on growth and development, we employ an Arctification perspective, understood as a form of globalisation and spatiocultural expansion of the Arctic in northern Europe. In more detail, the article examines tourism actors’ views on seasonality and year-round tourism, as these divide opinions and exemplify key development challenges and limits in the Arctic. We provide an analysis of tourism actor interviews from Ylläs, describing attitudes towards seasonality, growth, and the role of Arctic branding and the related regionalisation process in tourism development. The results reveal adaptation and opposing approaches to seeing Ylläs through the global lenses of the Arctic. We further divide these positions into exogenous and endogenous tourism development strategies. The study elaborates on how northern areas are simplistically and export-oriented associated with the Arctic through the social process of Arctification. Finally, the article proposes contextualising seasonality more robustly by paying close attention to socio-ecological sustainability, local contradictions, and alternative opinions in envisioning Arctic tourism development.

Study on wave power regarding Bangladesh

Wave Energy is a type of renewable energy that uses the power of waves to generate electricity, and it is the largest estimated global resource form of ocean energy. This study deals with various techniques of wave power and focuses on the present scenario in the world and its potentiality in Bangladesh. The analysis of parameters of wave height, wavelength, and wave period; indicates the bright prospects of wave power in Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 47(1); 23-27: June 2023

Comparative analysis of the USA's Washington Ferries and road transport carbon emissions using the Trozzi and Vaccaro and Greatest Integer functions.

Countries' sectors are currently under great scrutiny for their response to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile and the general effect of the sectoral activities on the environment. As in the agenda of all sectors, environmental concerns and investigations are of high importance in shipping and maritime transport. Amidst the rising forms of globalization, the need for sustainable transportation is constantly increasing. However, the machines that are the cornerstone of transportation largely depend on fossil fuels, thus resulting in environmental degradation. Notably, environmental-related degradation has continued to account for global warming, climate change, and ocean acidification. Shipping is considered the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per ton per mile of transported unit load when compared against road transportation. In this study, six ferry lines (FLs) of Washington State Ferries were calculated to compare ship-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with those from road transportation as if the carried vehicles had used the highway instead of transport by FL. While making these calculations, the Greatest Integer function (GIF) and Trozzi and Vaccaro function (TVF) were utilized. From the examined three scenarios, i.e., all passengers travel by car instead of ferry as scenario 1, all ferries carry both cars and passengers as scenario 2, and all car-free passengers travel by bus instead of ferry as scenario 3, the outlined results are as follows: (i) none of the cars were carried by the ferry, and car-free passengers preferred traveling by their own cars as observed in scenario 1; (ii) hypothetical scenarios (1 to 3) in which the road vehicles carried on FLs had instead used the highway, and the total potential CO2 emissions of these road vehicles were calculated as 2,638,858.138, 704,958.2998, and 1,394,148.577 tonnes per year, respectively. Policy-wise, this study revealed the management strategies for CO2 emissions reduction for two transport modes, shipping and road transportation, under current conditions.

Outlining startup culture as a global form

ABSTRACTStartup entrepreneurship, understood as innovative venture creation and development, has gained a strong momentum under current capitalism, and startup cultures are being developed all over the globe. In this article, I examine startup culture as a global form and investigate the relationship between Silicon Valley – often seen as the cradle of current technology and startup entrepreneurship – and local manifestations of startup culture. I argue that Silicon Valley is an ambivalent, emblematic schema for the global construction of startup cultures. Therefore, I draw attention to the shared features of startup cultures by conceptualizing the notion in a threefold manner. Firstly, I conceive startup culture as a form of governance, which I dub startup entrepreneurialism. Secondly, I discuss startup culture as the cultural circuit of digital capitalism. Thirdly, I explore startup culture as a distinct form of economic activity that is characterized by a symbiosis between venture capital and growth companies. Drawing together, I find that startup cultures are best understood as an instantiation of a privileged form of contemporary capitalist production.

Associations Between Autism Spectrum Quotient and Integration of Visual Stimuli in 9-year-old Children: Preliminary Evidence of Sex Differences.

The dorsal stream vulnerability hypothesis posits that the dorsal stream, responsible for visual motion and visuo-motor processing, may be particularly vulnerable during neurodevelopment. Consistent with this, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with deficits in global motion integration, though deficits in ventral stream tasks, such as form identification, have also been reported. In the current study, we examined whether a similar pattern of results is found in a cohort of 381 children born with neurodevelopmental risk factors and exhibiting a wide spectrum of caregiver-reported autistic traits. We examined the associations between global motion perception, global form perception, fine motor function, visual-motor integration, and autistic traits (autism spectrum quotient, AQ) using linear regression, accounting for possible interactions with sex and other factors relevant to neurodevelopment. All assessments of dorsal stream function were significantly associated with AQ such that worse performance predicted higher AQ scores. We also observed a significant sex interaction, with worse global form perception associated with higher AQ in boys (n = 202) but not girls (n = 179). We found widespread associations between dorsal stream functions and autistic traits. These associations were observed in a large group of children with a range of AQ scores, demonstrating a range of visual function across the full spectrum of autistic traits. In addition, ventral function was associated with AQ in boys but not girls. Sex differences in the associations between visual processing and neurodevelopment should be considered in the designs of future studies.

Normal forms of [formula omitted]-graded Q-manifolds

Following recent results of A.K. and V.S. on Z-graded manifolds, we give several local and global normal forms results for Q-structures on those, i.e. for differential graded manifolds. In particular, we explain in which sense their relevant structures are concentrated along the zero-locus of their curvatures, especially when the negative-part is of Koszul-Tate type. We also give a local splitting theorem.

Nonparametric estimation of the shape functions and related asymptotic results

Arriaza et al (Metrika 82:99–124, 2019) introduced the right and left shape functions, which enjoy interesting properties in terms of describing the global form of a distribution. This paper proposes and studies nonparametric estimators of those functions. The estimators involve nonparametric estimation of the quantile and density functions. Pointwise and uniform consistency are proved under general regularity assumptions, as well as the limit in law. Simulations are included to study the practical performance of the proposed estimators. The analysis of a real data set illustrates the methodology.

#6287 EFFECT OF REMOTE ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS, COGNITIVE FUNCTION, AND BONE IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Abstract Background and Aims Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a process in which a brief period of ischemia is induced in one part of the body to protect another part from damage due to subsequent periods of more severe ischemia. Hemodialysis sessions are considered an ischemic process because it involves reducing blood flow to certain parts of the body, which can lead to tissue damage .Malnutrition, deterioration of cognitive function, bone disorders, cardiovascular disease, and hemodynamic instability can result from ischemia induced by hemodialysis sessions. These adverse effects increase mortality in HD patients. RIPC has been studied as a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients; however, the effect of RIPC on cognitive function, nutritional status, and bone disorder among hemodialysis patients has not been enough studied. Aim: to assess the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on nutritional status, bone disorders, and cognitive function in hemodialysis patients at the urology and nephrology center, Mansoura University. Method Fifty patients who received regular hemodialysis for more than one year in our dialysis unit were included. The patients were randomized (single-blind) into two groups a control group (20 patients) and an intervention group (30 patients). Before each HD session, sphygmomanometer cuffs was placed around the non-vascular access arm. Three cycles of ischemia for five minutes were performed followed by reperfusion for five minutes. Ischemia was induced by inflating the sphygmomanometer cuffs to 200 mmHg. This maneuver was done before each HD session for 12 weeks. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) was used to assess cognitive function. The nutritional state was assessed by anthropometric measurement (body weight, BMI), laboratory (serum albumin and serum cholesterol), and Subjective Global Assessment Form (SGA). Serum calcium (s.Ca) and serum phosphorus (s.po), serum alkaline phosphate (s. ALP) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were used as indices for bone profile. Results The intervention group include 30 patient with mean age (36+/-10), 19 male (63.3%) and 11 females (36.7%). The control group include 20 patient with mean age (46+/-9), 12 male (60%) and eight female (40%). None of these patients’ demographic data (age, sex, original kidney disease, and duration of dialysis) were significantly different between the study groups (P>0.05). MOCA test score at baseline was (24.5 +/-2.6) at intervention group and (24.4+/-3.2) at control group, and after 12 weeks intervention was (24.8 +/-2.2) at intervention group and (24.4+/-2.8) at control group. there were no statistical significance regarding cognitive function between the two group over time (p = 0.4). NO significant Statistical changes in anthropometric measurements (Body weight (p = 0.3) and BMI (P = 0.6) were found between the two groups. Additionally, no significant changes (serum albumin and cholesterol) were detected. SGA score at baseline was at intervention group (1.2+/-0.4) and control group (1.1 +/- 0.3), and after 12 week was at the intervention group (1.4 +/-0.5) and control group (1.6 +/-0.5). SGA showed no statistical significance between the two groups over time (p = 0.2). No significant statistical changes regarding bone profile (s.ca (p = 0.5), s.PO (p = 0.2), s.ALP (p = 0.7) and iPTH (p = 0.5)). Conclusion Although some studies showed a beneficial effect of RIBC on reduction of cardiovascular risk, our study found no significant effect on cognitive function, nutritional status, and bone disorders among hemodialysis patients.

The Impact of Sinonasal Symptoms in Relation to Potentially Life-Threatening Comorbidities.

While general health may be influenced by sinonasal symptoms, their effects may be overshadowed by comorbid states which may be more serious. To assess the validity of this postulate, we measured the extent to which sinonasal symptoms and concurrent conditions influenced general health. Observational outcomes study. Academic medical center, community care sites. Adults with sinonasal symptoms completed the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test, along with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System global health short form. Comorbidities were categorized with the Deyo modification of the Charlson comorbidity index. Multivariate regression analyses were utilized to determine the relative impact of sinonasal symptoms and concurrent comorbid conditions on general health. Data from 219 consecutive patients demonstrated that sinonasal symptoms were associated with significantly diminished general physical (β = -1.431, p < .001), mental (β = -1.000, p < .001), overall (β = -1.026, p < .001), and social health (β = -0.872, p = .003), regardless of the presence of potentially life-threatening comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions included cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease, peptic ulcer, diabetes mellitus, and hepatic disease. The effect of sinonasal symptoms was neither subsumed nor overshadowed by the effects of comorbid states. Nasal, ear, sleep, and psychological domain scores were also associated with general physical, mental, and global health while adjusting for the impact of comorbidities. Sinonasal symptoms have a substantial effect on general health which is not subsumed by the presence of potentially life-threatening concurrent comorbidities. These data may help support the importance of funding and resource allocation for conditions causing sinonasal symptoms.

Special Cosserat rods with rate-dependent evolving natural configurations

We present a nonlinear, geometrically exact, and thermodynamically consistent framework for modeling special Cosserat rods with evolving natural configurations. In contrast to the common usage of the point-wise Clausius–Duhem inequality to embody the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we enforce the strictly weaker form that the rate of total entropy production is non-decreasing. The constitutive relations between the state variables and applied forces needed to close the governing field equations are derived via prescribing frame indifferent forms of the Helmholtz energy and the total dissipation rate and requiring that the state variables evolve in a way that maximizes the rate of total entropy production. Due to the flexibility afforded by enforcing a global form of the Second Law, there are two models obtained from this procedure: one satisfying the stronger form of the Clausius–Duhem inequality and one satisfying the weaker global form of the Clausius–Duhem inequality. Finally, we show that in contrast to other viscoelastic Cosserat rod models introduced in the past, certain quadratic strain energies in our model yield both solid-like stress relaxation and creep.

A State Under Siege: Iran’s Survival Through Alter-Globalization and the Third Way

Alter-globalization comprises a set of civil society organizations that refute the methods and consequences of liberal globalization or globalized capitalism. At the same time, these organizations hope to achieve a different form of globalization or global economy than the existing ones. This article intends to shed light on Iran’s foreign and economic policies, which were established on the basis of the non-aligned state ideology. This ideology forced Iran to find a third way that was neither capitalist like the West nor socialist like the East, which allowed Iran’s domestic economic powers not only to concentrate on the main power but also to interfere less in foreign policy affairs. Based on Shia Islamic sources and interpretations, Iran’s unique ideology had to find a way to adopt globalized approaches vis-a-vis internal and regional turmoil. This article concludes that Iran created its own path based on this Islamic interpretation and involved domestic forces committed to the revolution’s ideological path, which, nevertheless, found detours that would let it take part in the globalized economy and, in the end, categorize Iran as an alter-globalized state.

Rings from the Forbidden Forest: the function and meaning of Roman trinket rings

AbstractA group of 24 bronze finger-rings threaded onto a wire bracelet was unearthed in 2018 at the Roman vicus at Wareswald (the “Forbidden Forest”) in Gallia Belgica. The find is analyzed here alongside evidence for the use, sale, and production of Roman rings. The find represents the work of a local craftsman, active in the first quarter of the 4th c. CE. While the rings were made in a small rural town, they closely imitate expensive global ring forms. The function and meaning of the very common class of trinket rings to which the Wareswald rings belong are considered, along with how these rings were used to make statements about identity, including local and regional affiliations, literacy, marital status, or other social connections. It is suggested that the popularity of many trinket rings lay in their ability to provide a sense of participation in upper-class fashion at a very low price.

Associations between patient-reported nutritional status, survival, and toxicity among patients with limited stage small-cell lung cancer (LS SCLC) in a randomized trial of high-dose, twice-daily (BID) thoracic radiotherapy (TRT).

8519 Background: Up to 1/3 of LS SCLC patients are cured by chemoradiotherapy (CRT), but severe toxicity is frequent and population-based studies show that many patients do not receive standard CRT. More knowledge on how to predict who experiences side-effects or achieves long term disease control is needed. Poor nutritional status is strongly associated with inferior survival in many types of cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, but little is known about whether this is the case in LS SCLC. We investigated whether nutritional status reported by patients on the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG-SGA SF) was associated with toxicity and survival among participants in a trial comparing high dose with standard dose twice-daily TRT in LS-SCLC (NCT02041845, n=170). Methods: Patients received four courses of platinum/etoposide chemotherapy and were randomized to TRT of 60 Gy/40 fractions or 45 Gy/30 fractions. Patients completed PG-SGA SF before treatment commenced and were categorized as having low (PG-SGA SF score 0–3.9), intermediate (4.0–8.9) and high (≥9) risk of malnutrition. Toxicity was graded according to CTCAE 4.0. Median follow-up for survival was 49 months. Results: 113/170 (66.5%) patients completed PG-SGA SF at baseline. Median age was 65 years, 46.0% were men, 88.5% had PS 0-1, 87.6% stage III disease and 22.1% weight loss of &gt;5% the three months before inclusion. Median PG-SGA SF score was 3.0, 52.2% of patients had low, 29.2% intermediate, and 18.6% high risk of malnutrition. Numerically, there were more patients with stage III, PS 1-2 and pleural fluid among those at high risk. There was no difference in mean no. of chemotherapy courses (low: 3.85, intermediate: 3.88, high: 3.90, p=0.95) or TRT completion (low: 96.6%, intermediate: 97.0%, high: 95.2%, p=1.0). There were no statistically significant differences in proportions who experienced grade 3-4 toxicity (low: 88%, intermediate: 91%, high: 86%, p=0.86), median PFS (low: 15.1 months, intermediate: 11.8 months, high: NR, p=0.23), 2-year survival (low: 68%, intermediate: 52%, high: 67%, p=0.28) or median OS (low: 38.1 months, intermediate: 25.8 months, high: NR, p=0.15). Patients with weight loss &gt;5% did not experience more grade 3-4 toxicity (92% vs. 87%, p=0.73), had similar median PFS (24.0 vs. 15.9 months, p=0.69), 2-year survival (64.0% vs. 66.2%, p=0.84) and median OS (30.6 vs. 35.1 months, p=0.93) as those without. Conclusions: Our study suggest that LS SCLC patients tolerate and should receive concurrent chemotherapy and twice-daily TRT regardless of nutritional status and weight loss.

The Expectations and Development of Trans-musical and Bi-temporal Competence for Musician-teachers: An Autoethnographic Perspective

This autoethnographic article begins with a brief survey of some cross-cultural perspective based on diverse but collaborative authorial backgrounds in musical education from Africa and the United States, respectively. They describe their music teaching experiences and the changes they have made in their knowledge, skills, and preferences in music cultures and teaching methodology to succeed in their respective teaching positions. Their paper argues for keeping children at the heart of debates linked to their development. Towards this end, they contend that, instead of students adapting automatically to their teachers’ music culture, music educators expand their knowledge, skills and preferences to include the enculturative music preference of their students. Such an approach avoids enculturational discontinuity, particularly disrupting the cultural continuity of lifelong learning in music, as in case of the effects of colonialism and cultural marginalisation have had on educational curricula. In addition, we adjusted our teaching methodology to include more student-centred, participatory, collaborative instruction. This article, therefore, advocates for providing students with opportunities for contributing to research development, gaining experience with issues involving cultural policies and for reinterpreting and recirculating examples of contemporary global forms of music in addition to creating and expanding music-making in their music culture. The article, therefore, recommends for the preparation and certification of trans-musical and bi-temporal music educators.