Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

A clean and sustainable CO2 storage method in construction materials

Production of building materials emits 11% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The greenhouse gas emission from the construction industry has been tried to mininmize from early 1980s; but after four decades of development, it is not fully sustainable. Cement is the second most consumed material in the world, after water and cement production contributes for 8% of global CO2 emission. We produced a greener cement from abundantly available waste: fly ash, blast furnace lag, and rice husk ash to significantly minimize the greenhouse gas emission. Discarded aluminium foil becomes one of most landfilling waste that has high potential for recycling. On other hand, cement carbonation is a curing method that stores significant amount of CO2 into cement with lesser cost and energy compared to commercial carbon sequestration. Therefore, we incorporate aluminium foil waste and CO2 waste from industry to improve the engineering and environmental performance of the cement. We compared changes in carbonation when using gaseous carbon dioxide (gCO2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and found that the scCO2 condition achieves higher compressive strength and yielded a stronger barrier against leaching. Hence, this carbon cured cement can be widely used in underground applications, where the heavy metal leaching is a critical issue. Projections show our greener cement reducing CO2 emission by 55% compared to Portland cement and reducing direct costs by 35%. Also, our cement ultimately reduces hydrogen gas demand by recycling aluminium, which releases pure hydrogen during the production process, and this effect reduces annual CO2 emission by 35 million tonnes from this hydrogen production alone. Adopted globally, the system would permanently store 72 million tonnes of CO2 in a stable composite annually. On whole, our cement production significantly reduces the energy requirement for cement manufacturing and releases future energy, hydrogen gas, as by product.

Cutting Cement Industry CO2 Emissions through Metakaolin Use in Construction

Cement production is one of the most important industries on the planet, and humans have relied on is use dating back to the dawn of civilization. Cement manufacturing has increased at an exponential rate, reaching 3 billion metric tons in 2015, representing a 6.3% annual growth rate and accounting for around 5–8% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Geopolymer materials, which are inorganic polymers made from a wide range of aluminosilicate powders, such as metakaolin, fly ash, and blast furnace or steel slags, have also been elicited for use due to concerns about the high energy consumption and CO2 emissions connected with cement and concrete manufacturing. This study focused on the mechanical and durability properties of metakaolin in concrete production. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were used to confirm the characteristics of kaolin and metakaolin. The results showed that 15 wt.% metakaolin can be used to partially replace cement, and that metakaolin, when synthesized with alkaline activators, can also be utilized as a geopolymer to totally replace cement in concrete production. For predicting the compressive strength of different concrete mixtures, few practical models have been presented. This research has shed light on the possibility of utilizing ecologically friendly materials in the building, construction, and transportation sectors to decrease carbon dioxide emissions.

The Role of International Maritime Traffic on PM10 Pollutant in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus)

Today, over 90 percent of world trade is carried out via maritime transportation by 90,000 vessels. Like all modes of transportation that use fossil fuels, ship emissions that significantly contribute to global climate change and acidification. In this aspect, the shipping industry is responsible for a significant proportion of the global climate change problem. According to data of International Maritime Organization (IMO), more than 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to ocean-going ships. Furthermore, in European coastal areas, shipping emissions contribute with 1–7% of ambient air PM10 levels, 1–14% of PM2.5, and at least 11% of PM1 (Viana et al., 2014). Strait of Istanbul is the unique waterway between Black Sea countries and the rest of the world. As a result of the its intensive international maritime traffic, it is a serious emission factor for the city. Studies have shown that only ship emissions cause 4500 deaths per year in the Marmara region. In this study, it is discussed whether international maritime traffic is an effective factor on PM10 emissions by comparing number of passing ship from Strait of Istanbul and pm10 values between 2014 and 2018.

What can the Glasgow Declaration on Forests bring to global emission reduction?

What can the Glasgow Declaration on Forests bring to global emission reduction?

Global and regional carbon budget for 2015–2020 inferred from OCO-2 based on an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with GEOS-Chem

Abstract. Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth's surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual global carbon budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the 4D local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as − 2.02 and − 2.34 GtC yr−1, respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (9.80 GtC yr−1). Our inversion results agree with the CO2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modeled CO2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land–ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations.

SWHEI: A New Approach to Measure Policy Effectiveness for Solar Water Heaters

In the context of the global energy transition, governments design and apply renewable energy policies as tools to replace fossil fuel sources for the heating end-use sector, which represents half of the global total final energy consumption (TFEC). In the last two decades, large deployments of solar thermal technologies, such as solar water heaters (SWH), have helped renewable energy penetrate the heating sector. To be successful, their adoption must be supported by effective policies; however, measuring the effectiveness of a particular policy is a complex task. Some studies design and propose indicators to measure this effectiveness but are difficult to replicate or adapt to specific markets. This work submits a novel policy-outcome effectiveness indicator, the Solar Water Heater Effectiveness Indicator (SWHEI), based on equipment deployment (installed capacity per capita, installed capacity growth) and the solar energy potential of each country, constructed using publicly available data to ensure replicability and universal utilization. The overall SHWEI values for the period 2003–2019 are low, reflecting the current low adoption of solar technologies, but show regional clusters of good performance, such as in Europe. Barbados achieved the maximum value of 6.9, which reflects its outstanding performance, driven by its installed capacity per capita. The analysis shows that the SWHEI is particularly useful to determine policy ineffectiveness while confounding factors could camouflage policy effectiveness. The SWHEI-active SWH policies matrix can help policymakers identify courses of action. Policymakers could 1) use market-entry policy instruments in undeveloped SWH markets (segment C, no policies in place); 2) review and improve failing SWH policies (segment D); 3) propose randomized controlled trials to study causal relationships between SWH policies and large SWHEI (segments A and B with policies in place); and 4) regulate successful markets, allowing for continued organic growth (segment A, no policies).

Examining Carbon Management and Net-Zero Carbon Goals in the Aviation Industry, Through the Qantas Group

Carbon management strategies are crucial for businesses to decrease their contribution to climate change. The aviation industry currently contributes 2% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. As part of the aviation industry, Qantas Group has enacted ambitious carbon management goals to reduce its carbon emissions. As of the 2020 financial year, the company’s Scope 1 emissions are 1,919,212 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions (t CO2-e) and its Scope 2 emissions are 4,642 t CO2-e. The company has reduced its emissions through strategies, such as carbon offsetting, sustainable fuel investment, increasing fuel efficiency and reducing its landfill contribution. The Group’s carbon management goals were examined through a framework, which found these goals to be absolute, broad scoped, ambitious, and set over a long-time frame. These are reflective of providing a successful environmental performance and mitigating its climate risk. Although Qantas has made significant progress in its carbon management goals, there is still much to be improved upon and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic remain to be seen. The Group still requires extensive alterations to its practices to achieve its net-zero emissions goal.

Is There A Link Between Climate Change and Human Health?

According to the final report of the Lancet panel on climate change [1,2], " climate change is the biggest global danger of the 21st century". The world's climate has permanently changed over time. Some regions of the Earth that are presently relatively warm were once covered in ice millions of years ago. In more recent decades, average temperatures have cycled up and down due to variations in solar radiation or the recurrent eruption of volcanoes [3]. There is broad scientific agreement that Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to global warming that is currently taking place. Global carbon dioxide emissions are rising, reaching a new high last year. Indonesians seek to fight the risk of poverty being undermined by climate change. Its effects are escalating the dangers and vulnerabilities that face the poor, adding to the strain on their already overworked coping mechanisms. Infectious diseases, malnutrition, stunting, degenerative diseases, cancer, autoimmune disease, maternal and perinatal mortality, and many more having close connection with climate change. Natural disaster to be more prevalent and aggravates the bad impact. It is need to addresses the effects of climate change on health, contemporary sociopolitical views, and the need for public health and climate change policy that places a strong emphasis on the advantages to manage climate changes in reducing health impact in Indonesia and around the world [4].

A Review of the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Solid Waste Management

Pandemics affect the very existence of human life and their effects going beyond human life to the environment. Natural resources within evolving city milieus require sustainable environmental management. In the COVID-19 pandemic, disposal of face masks in rivers have been witnessed illustrating the implications of COVID-19 on solid waste management and ultimately on the environment. The risks associated and enhanced from improper waste management continues to have adverse impact on water bodies like rivers further aggravating the previous conditions of pollution, which contribute to the effects of climate change. Interestingly, COVID-19 pandemic has had positive environmental effects especially during the lockdowns evidenced by reduced travelling hence reduced global carbon dioxide emissions thereby resulting in improved air quality. However, the pandemic has imposed a further strain on the municipal waste system of many developing economies whose waste management structures and frameworks are still straining from doubled waste generation. As part of the COVID-19 protocol, advisory of wearing face masks was made mandatory for prevention purposes. Unfortunately, a constraint exists in developing protocols towards the management of the used face masks, gloves and PPEs. Increased generation of used face masks and gloves further accelerates indiscriminate dumping of these wastes not only in water bodies but also in dumpsites. Burning of these wastes will lead to increased production of greenhouse gases that have been cited as contributing to climate change. Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, it is advisable for governments in developing countries to treat waste management as an essential service to avoid future foreseeable and unforeseeable adverse impacts on the environment.

Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and the Climatic Response of Carbon Sources and Sinks in the Chinese Grassland Ecosystem from 2010 to 2020

With the increase in global carbon dioxide emissions, China has put forward the goals of a carbon peak and carbon neutrality (double carbon) and formulated an action plan to consolidate and enhance the carbon sink capacity of the ecosystem. The Chinese grassland ecosystem (CGE) is widely distributed and is the key link for China to achieve the double carbon objectives. However, there is a relative lack of research on carbon sources and sinks in the CGE, so it is urgent to integrate and analyze the carbon sources and sinks in the grassland ecosystem on the national scale. Based on the refined grid data, the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the CGE was estimated by coupling the vegetation production model and soil respiration model. The results showed that the cumulative carbon sequestration of the CGE was 14.46 PgC from 2010 to 2020. In terms of spatial distribution, this shows that the differentiation characteristics are high in the northwest of China and low in the southeast of China, which strongly corresponds with the 400 mm isohyet and 0 °C isotherm of China. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the NEP of the CGE was positively correlated with precipitation and negatively correlated with temperature; that is, precipitation mainly promotes the accumulation of NEP, and temperature mainly inhibits it. The coupling effect of temperature and precipitation jointly affects the spatial change of carbon sources and sinks of the CGE. This study can provide a scientific basis for government departments to formulate targeted policies to deal with climate change, which is of great significance for China to improve ecosystem management, ensure ecological security and promote the realization of China’s double carbon goal.

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions arising from the maintenance of sewer networks

As the push to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions intensifies, infrastructure managers are rethinking how maintenance is planned and executed to minimise greenhouse gases (GHGs) without sacrificing the performance of their infrastructure networks. This paper addresses this need. The work includes a detailed description of the estimation of GHG emissions that arise from common sewer maintenance interventions. These detailed estimates were subsequently used to project emissions from three maintenance scenarios for a large sewer network. The study found that emissions from maintenance mainly originate from materials and that emissions from transport, traffic congestion and machinery were of secondary importance. The current practice promises the lowest emissions up to 2035 but does not address the ageing pipe network. As a consequence, the network condition and performance deteriorate further as failures rapidly accumulate. Embracing preventive maintenance coupled with circular economy thinking is shown to be an effective solution to improve the network condition and performance while at the same time offering savings of 6222 t carbon dioxide a year. These findings provide infrastructure managers with a detailed example of the potential of circular economy thinking in reducing long-term emissions along with insights into the expected trade-offs that arise with network performance and resource utilisation.

Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Human activities have caused global temperatures to increase by 1.25°C, and the current emissions trajectory suggests that we will exceed 1.5°C in less than 10 years. Though the growth rate of global carbon dioxide emissions has slowed and many countries have strengthened their emissions targets, current midcentury net zero goals are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial temperatures. The primary barriers to the achievement of a 1.5°C-compatible pathway are not geophysical but rather reflect inertia in our political and technological systems. Both political and corporate leadership are needed to overcome this inertia, supported by increased societal recognition of the need for system-level and individual lifestyle changes. The available evidence does not yet indicate that the world has seriously committed to achieving the 1.5°C goal.

The emissions responsibility accounting of multinational enterprises for an efficient climate policy

The achievement of global warming limits below 2 °C and 1.5 °C requires deeper involvement of nonstate and subnational actors. In this paper, we focus on multinational enterprises (MNEs) and propose a new technology-adjusted investment-based emission accounting (TIBA) system that considers the technology gap between parent companies and their foreign affiliates. Specifically, TIBA rewards the home regions that transfer clean technology to host regions through MNEs to reduce global emissions and penalizes home regions that expand with high emission intensities through MNEs to increase global emissions. Under the TIBA system, the economies with high outward foreign direct investment stocks are assigned significantly higher responsibilities of emissions than under the production-based accounting (PBA), such as the United States, major European economies, Japan, and Canada. However, the increases in responsibilities differ sharply, depending on their investing regions and industries, as well as the technology transfers. Moreover, our measurements suggest that ideal technology transfers under TIBA would reduce emissions by up to 3,762 Mt, accounting for ∼16% of global Carbon Dioxide emissions from industrial processes involving fossil fuel combustion in 2016. This implies that there is room for improvement in low-carbon technology transfers through MNEs to combat global climate change. Thus, we argue that TIBA targets an efficient policy that highlights the role of MNEs.

Development of an Arduino-based photobioreactor to investigate algae growth rate and CO<sub>2</sub> removal efficiency

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Global carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions are rising, and microalgae have been a primary focus for alleviating the negative impacts of increasing CO<sub>2</sub> levels. CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration is influenced by pH level, temperature, light, nutrient levels, and aeration. This study adapted a 2-chamber system with a 6-Liter vertical-column photobioreactor. It was constructed to remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the air using microalgae. Arduino sensors, namely temperature, pH, and CO<sub>2</sub> gas, were incorporated to monitor microalgal growth. Two 7-day trials, with an initial algae mass of 15 g, were implemented to investigate the growth and CO<sub>2</sub> removal rates. The results showed that trial 1 yielded 21.5 g with a growth rate of 0.56 gxin-2 x day-1, and trial 2, a final sample of 19.7 g with a growth rate of 0.51 gxin-2 x day-1. The CO<sub>2</sub> removal rate for trial 1 increased from 10.17% to 22.04%. However, the CO<sub>2</sub> removal rate for trial 2 decreased from 15.66% to 3.55%. In terms of relative percent error, the Arduino sensors' accuracy was also determined to be low, ranging from 0.85 to 1.94. With accurate readings, the findings show that the CO<sub>2</sub> removal efficiency rate and algae growth rate are directly proportional to each other.</span>

Effects of cementitious stabilisers on performance and life cycle impacts of full-depth reclamation

ABSTRACT Approximately 5% of the global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are generated from cement manufacturing. Partial substitution of the clinker in the portland cement with supplementary cementingmaterials (SCM) is a solution to reduce the CO2 emission associated with cement production. Binders containing SCM, specifically designed for road applications, are called hydraulic road binders (HRB). A comparative life cycleassessment (LCA) was conducted to assess the effects of different HRB on the environmental impacts of the full-depth reclamation process. Three different types of HRB and general use cement were used to stabilise reclaimedpavement material containing 60% RAP. The pavement design and performance prediction were done using AASHTOWare Pavement ME. The life cycle impact assessment was performed with Athena software. The results of theanalysis indicated that using HRB, with low clinker content, in the full-depth reclamation implementation could reduce global warming potential by up to 27%.

Spectral and energy efficiencies maximization in downlink NOMA systems

Due to the huge connectivity and ever-growing demands of diverse services and high data rate applications, more effective radio access techniques are required for the next generation wireless systems. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising candidate which has been recognized as an effective multiple access technique that notably improves the spectral efficiency (SE). In addition to SE, energy efficiency (EE) is also attracting too much interest nowadays due to the limited power of end users (EU) and internet of things (IoT) devices, and the strict environmental concerns related to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of communication devices. However, in fact there is a trade-off relationship between SE and EE. In this paper, the SE-EE trade-off relationship in NOMA-based systems is mathematically modeled and analyzed. On the other hand, in order to attain an elastic SE-EE trade-off relationship, the problem is formulated as an optimization problem with an objective of maximizing the EE under the constraint of satisfying a minimum SE demand. Simulation results confirmed the theoretical findings of this study and further asserted the validation of the proposed power allocation scheme which aims to achieve a more flexible trad-off relationship between SE and EE.

Tracking Transfer of Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Countries along the Silk Roads Through Global Value Chains.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task. Adopting the methods of input-output technique and complex network analysis, we first construct a fairer method to trace carbon dioxide emission transfer based on global value chains, then trace the source of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the Silk Roads countries with a long-term multiple regional input-output database. We find that, first, after the proposal of the BRI, the total direct carbon dioxide emissions of the Silk Roads countries and China’s proportion of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the other Silk Roads countries have both declined. Second, the Silk Roads countries are generally the net receivers of carbon dioxide emission transfer, and the inflow is mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries and core countries in other sub-regions. Then, the transfer of carbon dioxide emission accepted by the Silk Roads countries comes mostly from large developing countries, such as China, Russia, and India, and developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, and Germany. The products are mainly concentrated in energy and chemical industries, as well as heavy industries, such as mining and quarrying, and metal products. We suggest that, due to the high degree of spatial and industrial concentrations of carbon dioxide emission transfer, it is necessary to make targeted policies for these countries and industries to reduce these transfers.

Modeling the compressive strength of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag using soft computing techniques.

Concern regarding global climate change and its detrimental effects on society demands the building sector, one of the major contributors to global warming. Reducing cement usage is a significant challenge for the concrete industry; achieving this objective can help reduce global carbon dioxide emissions. Replacing the cement in concrete with by-product ashes is a promising approach for reducing the embodied carbon in concrete and improving some of its properties. Among different by-product ashes, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a viable option to produce sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC). Compressive strength (CS), on the other hand, is an essential characteristic among other evaluated properties. As a result, establishing trustworthy models to forecast the CS of SCC is critical to saving cost, time, and energy. Furthermore, it provides helpful instruction for planning building projects and determining the best time to remove the formwork. In this study, four alternative models were suggested to predict the CS of SCC mixes produced by GGBFS: the artificial neural network (ANN), nonlinear model (NLR), linear relationship model (LR), and multi-logistic model (MLR). To do so, an extensive set of data consisting of about 200 mixtures were extracted and analyzed to develop the models, and various mixture proportions and curing times were considered input variables. To test the effectiveness of the suggested models, several statistical evaluations including determination coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), scatter index (SI), root mean squared error (RMSE), and objective (OBJ) value were utilized. In comparison to other models, the ANN model performed better to forecast the CS of SCC mixes incorporating GGBFS. The RMSE, MAE, OBJ, and R2 values for this model were 4.73MPa, 2.3MPa, 3.4MPa, and 0.955, respectively.

Recent Progress of SAPO-34 Zeolite Membranes for CO2 Separation: A Review.

In the zeolite family, the silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-34 zeolite has a unique chemical structure, distinctive pore size, adsorption characteristics, as well as chemical and thermal stability, and recently, has attracted much research attention. Increasing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions pose a serious environmental threat to humans, animals, plants, and the entire environment. This mini-review summarizes the role of SAPO-34 zeolite membranes, including mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) and pure SAPO-34 membranes in CO2 separation. Specifically, this paper summarizes significant developments in SAPO-34 membranes for CO2 removal from air and natural gas. Consideration is given to a variety of successes in SAPO-34 membranes, and future ideas are described in detail to foresee how SAPO-34 could be employed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. We hope that this study will serve as a detailed guide to the use of SAPO-34 membranes in industrial CO2 separation.

Processing wood into a phase change material with high solar-thermal conversion efficiency by introducing stable polyethylene glycol-based energy storage polymer

Wood is widely used in the field of building materials as a green and renewable natural porous material. With the continuous increase of global carbon dioxide emissions and increasingly serious environmental problems, improving the energy storage performance of wood is conducive to reduce carbon dioxide and regulate the temperature of the living environment. In this work, a composite phase change material is prepared by introducing stable polyethylene glycol-based energy storage polymer (PGMA) into the porous structure of delignified wood by high temperature immersion method. The wood structure has a greater influence on the crystallinity of PGMA and the modifier is widely distributed inside the lumen and also the cell wall, with crystallinity of 90% PGMA-Wood up to 8.97% and it exhibits good dimensional stability at high temperature. The thermal conductivity of 90% PGMA-Wood is increased to 0.32W/m·K, which reaches 190% higher than that of original wood for the lattice heat transfer replaces phonon heat transfer. The phase change temperature of 90% PGMA-Wood meets the comfortable indoor temperature for human with the melting enthalpy and solidification enthalpy are 25.12 J/g and 31.59 J/g, respectively. The simulated sunlight experiment shows that under the same lighting conditions, the indoor temperature of the house model made by 90% PGMA-Wood is 3 °C higher than that of the house made of original wood, which also has stronger thermal insulation performance at low temperature. All above indicates thatPGMA-Wood have great potential applications in the field of solar-thermal energy conversion and storage as building insulation board and agricultural greenhouses.