Global Economic System Research Articles

Internet Economy and Real Economy: Integration and Development in the Global Economic Landscape

In the context of the accelerating evolution of the global economic pattern and the booming development of the Internet economy, exploring the relationship between the real economy and the Internet economy is of great necessity. The global economic structure is being reshaped, and the proportion of these two economies in the global economic system is constantly changing. Developed and developing countries have different development strategies for them, so it is crucial to analyze their status and development paths. This article reviews from three aspects. First, it elaborates on the concept, scope, importance, and limitations of the real economy. Second, it analyzes the forms, advantages, and risks of the Internet economy. Finally, it explores the development direction of their integration, such as how they can mutually promote each other. The significance of this review lies in helping countries accurately understand economic trends. It enables them to optimize resource allocation, formulate relevant policies, and enhance their core competitiveness in the global economic competition, thereby promoting high - quality and sustainable economic development.

Особенности реализации системно-деятельностного подхода в изучении экономических дисциплин на иностранном языке в колледже

The article substantiates the application of the system-activity approach in teaching economic disciplines in a foreign language within the framework of secondary vocational education. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to integrate students into the global economic system, develop their professional competencies, critical thinking, and self-organization skills. The aim of the work is to prove the effectiveness of this approach through an analysis of its theoretical foundations, historical development, and practical implementation. The methodology includes the study of scientific literature, pedagogical observation, the use of interactive formats (role-playing games, projects, debates, situational simulations), and an analysis of academic performance results among students majoring in «Economics and Accounting» (38.02.01) and «Banking» (38.02.07). The research results, presented in the article, demonstrate positive trends in the mastery of professional vocabulary, analytical, and communicative skills. The authors outline key stages of classes based on the system-activity approach, as well as challenges such as language barriers, intercultural adaptation, and interdisciplinary integration, proposing solutions (small group work, open-ended questions, digital tools). Special attention is paid to practical exercises: financial statement analysis, tax planning, risk management, and business plan development. The findings can be applied in vocational education to improve the teaching of the discipline «Foreign Language in Professional Activities.» Future research prospects involve expanding students’ research activities and studying international best practices.

Navigating Digital Sovereignty and Hegemony: Arab Countries’ Digital Economy and China’s Role

This article examines the efforts of Arab nations to achieve digital sovereignty amidst the global dominance of the United States in the digital economy. It argues that while Arab countries have prioritized digital technology independence and data governance as key components of their development strategies, they encounter significant challenges due to the pervasive cultural, economic, political, and military influence of the United States. These obstacles manifest in limited access to digital resources, restricted participation in the global digital market, and insufficient representation in digital governance structures. In response, most Arab nations are increasingly adopting a strategy of ‘independent innovation’ combined with collaboration, particularly through partnerships with China. The article draws upon the conceptual frameworks of digital sovereignty and digital imperialism and employs a process-tracing methodology—that integrates with Dependency Theory—to examine Arab states’ efforts to secure digital sovereignty in an interconnected global economic system. The main contribution, however, remains in analyzing the Arab region’s effort to pursue digital sovereignty by specifically examining China’s role in fostering Arab digital independence as part and parcel of Arab national security.

Інвестування у підприємства України як інструмент підвищення їхньої бізнес-резильєнтності: дорожня карта розвитку

The article emphasizes the importance of investing in Ukrainian enterprises as a crucial tool for enhancing their business resilience during wartime and post-war recovery. It examines strategic development directions, including fostering entrepreneurship, implementing digital technologies, modernizing critical infrastructure, and integrating Ukraine into the global economy. The proposed development roadmap emphasizes a structured approach focused on attracting investments, creating a favorable environment for innovation, and ensuring long-term economic sustainability. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of international cooperation, financial transparency, and coordination between public and private entities to achieve sustainable growth. The primary focus is on structured recovery stages, encompassing short-term measures to maintain economic activity during wartime, medium-term initiatives for infrastructure reconstruction and entrepreneurship stimulation, and a long-term strategy to build an innovative economy. Examples of key measures include preferential lending, the creation of special economic zones (SEZs), government funding of research and development (R&D), and large-scale investments in green energy, all aimed at establishing a foundation for long-term national economic growth. Conclusions indicate that the effectiveness of implementing the roadmap depends on the coordination of actions among governmental and private institutions, legislative adaptations, ensuring transparency in financing, and creating an enabling investment environment. A key aspect is attracting international financial assistance and partners to collaborate on addressing economic challenges. It is determined that the proposed strategy not only enables the recovery of Ukraine’s economy but also facilitates its integration into the global economic system, ensuring sustainable growth and future competitiveness. Keywords: investments, national economy, development, business resilience, investing, economic transformation, infrastructure development, innovations, international integration, digital economy.

The Impact of an Unfavorable External Environment on Ensuring Russia’s Technological Sovereignty: Sanctions Context

In the context of growing geopolitical tensions and increasing technological and economic competition, which has a global nature, ensuring national technological sovereignty is becoming one of the key tasks to support the competitive, sustainable, and safe development of the Russian Federation. Sanctions and other restrictive measures imposed against the country become serious challenges for the development of domestic science, industry, and the social sphere. From the standpoint of the systems-evolutionary approach, the authors studied the structure and dynamics of technological sanctions against Russia, systematically presented in dynamics and analytically comprehended statistical indicators that allow assessing the impact of sanctions on the development of the country’s innovation system. The logical modeling of the vector of the external environmental factors impact (the mega-level of the global economic system), including technological sanctions, on ensuring national technological sovereignty (the macro-, meso-, micro-, and nano-level) was carried out, allowing us to form a systemic understanding of the main directions of such impact on the mechanism for achieving Russia’s technological sovereignty. It was concluded that in order to ensure national technological sovereignty, it is necessary to strengthen internal innovation processes, form an effective model of the science and production spheres interaction, diversify technological partners, develop domestic production, including the implementation of the industrial mega-projects, strengthen information and cyber security, and enhance the system of state regulation and stimulation of innovative technological processes.

Production network structure, specialization and unemployment: Measuring the structural resilience of national economies

Production network structure, specialization and unemployment: Measuring the structural resilience of national economies

Transcendence and Reshaping: The Concept, Mechanism and Realization Path of “One Belt, One Road” to Promote the Change of Global Economic Governance System

Since the end of 2019 the new crown pneumonia epidemic has brought a profound impact on the world economy, the world economy has seen a large-scale contraction, economic and trade relations between major countries have faced great challenges, and economic forms such as trade protectionism and anti-globalization have been rapidly pursued, the new crown pneumonia epidemic has also led to the disruption of the global supply chain, and the industrial production of many countries has been seriously impacted, and the global political and economic landscape has undergone significant The global political and economic landscape has undergone significant changes, and global economic governance is facing numerous dilemmas, posing unprecedented challenges to the global economy. The shortcomings of the global economic governance mechanism dominated by developed countries have been highlighted, and the global governance mechanism dominated by developed countries is facing problems such as structural changes in the dominant forces, contradictions and conflicts between different forces, the evolution of the global governance system failing to keep pace with the development of globalization, the lack of opportunities for participation by disadvantaged groups and regions, and the diminishing dominant position of developed countries and other relevant countries in global governance. The Belt and Road Initiative advocated by China, based on its comprehensive national strength and the responsibility of a great power, advocates the building of a community of human destiny, adheres to the stance of multilateralism, upholds the concept of win-win cooperation and development, and focuses on the need to respond to global challenges and to promote changes in the global economic governance system. Based on a new type of development, multilateralism and economic globalization, China has participated in the transformation of the global economic governance system by strengthening global cooperation to prevent global economic risks, building a governance concept of a community of human destiny, formulating more balanced economic policies and rules, and realizing governance innovations in digital governance, so as to promote the improvement of the global economic governance environment conducive to the double cycle of mutual reinforcement. The Belt and Road Initiative advocated by China is a product of the changes in the world economy and the evolution of the international landscape, and its purpose is to conduct business on the basis of access to roads and navigation, to find a new impetus for the growth of the world economy, to respond to the deepening of economic globalization, and to realize the transcendence and reshaping of the pattern of global economic governance.

The Basic Picture of Market Economy Operation Under the Complement of Freedom and Regulation

Market economy is the foundation of the modern global economic system. Its operation principle is based on the independent decision-making of individuals and enterprises, and it spontaneously adjusts the balance between supply and demand through the market mechanism. The "invisible hand" is an economic concept put forward by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. That is, in the market economy, individuals seem to be guided by an "invisible hand" in the process of pursuing personal interests, which makes their behavior ultimately promote the improvement of the overall welfare of the society. In the market economy, this "invisible hand" coordinates the relationship between supply and demand through the price mechanism, guides the effective allocation of resources, and makes the individual's pursuit of interests to increase the social wealth unconsciously.The "invisible hand" is one of the core principles of the operation of the market economy, explaining how the market can effectively allocate resources and promote the growth of economic welfare without a central plan. However, the market economy is not without defects, so proper regulation is needed to ensure its healthy and stable operation. Government regulation plays an important role in the economic operation through the implementation of proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, as well as flexible and moderate industrial policies. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between the two and give full play to the role of the government and the "two hands". The role of the government and the market is not opposite, but complement each other. They should be coordinated, complement each other's advantages and make concerted efforts.

Economic Empowerment Based on Local Wisdom in Aceh Through The Mawah System

The mawah (profit and loss sharing) system in Acehnese society seems to have been abandoned because it is considered unable to compete with the sophisticated and modern global economic system. In fact, mawah is substantively a populist economy that helps the lower middle class to play an active role in the economic sector while still providing mutual benefits for capital owners (shahibul mal) and capital managers (mudharib). In addition, the practice of usury through loan sharks is increasingly phenomenal in Acehnese society. Therefore, research on economic empowerment with the mawah system in the context of Acehnese local wisdom is very important to do. The purpose of this study is to reveal the economic empowerment of the community with the mawah system in the socio-cultural context and find the implications of mawah in economic empowerment with a socio-cultural approach. Qualitative research with data tracking techniques through observation, interviews and documentation in two locations, namely Aceh Tamiang and Pidie Jaya. The results of the study revealed economic empowerment with a local wisdom approach through the mawah system is still practiced in Acehnese society based on the principles of brotherhood, ta'awun(mutual help), amanah (credible), responsibility and honesty which are preceded by an oral agreement with a profit-loss sharing pattern. While the implication is that the mawah system can improve work ethics and productive efforts so that it can support and increase the income of family economists.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF IMPLEMENTING THE SAFE HARBOUR REGIME IN TRANSFER PRICING

The article examines the conceptual basis and international experience with the implementation of the safe harbour regime in the area of transfer pricing. It argues for the need to use this mechanism as an effective tool for minimising tax risks, optimising the administrative burden and increasing the predictability of tax rules. It is noted that the safe harbour regime is based on the establishment of clear criteria for low-risk transactions, which makes it possible to reduce the volume of controls and increase the level of transparency of intra-group transactions. The article analyses the main features of the safe harbour regime, in particular its voluntary nature, the clarity of the compliance criteria, the simplification of administrative procedures, the limitation of its scope and the harmonisation with international standards. It shows that the implementation of this regime helps to reduce conflicts between business and tax authorities, promotes trust between the parties and contributes to the creation of a stable tax environment. The historical aspects of the emergence of the concept of safe harbours in the context of global initiatives to combat base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) are examined. The role of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in developing standards to ensure consistency in transfer pricing approaches is identified. International experience in implementing the regime in developed countries, such as the United States, Germany and Australia, and in developing countries, such as Brazil and India, will be examined. The paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of different models of safe harbour implementation, taking into account their adaptability to local conditions, their compliance with international standards and their ability to minimise administrative costs. Particular attention is paid to the harmonisation of the safe harbour regime with European directives, which ensures consistency of tax approaches within the Single Economic Space. It finds that the use of this regime in EU countries helps to attract investment, but faces challenges due to the need to take into account national specificities. It is demonstrated that the successful implementation of the safe harbour regime depends on its adaptation to the national legal framework, institutional characteristics and economic realities. Evidence shows that clarity of criteria and transparency of procedures are key conditions for effective implementation of the regime. The author suggests ways to improve the mechanisms for implementing safe harbours, taking into account international recommendations and the specific economic conditions of individual countries. The author identifies the need to create tools to monitor the effectiveness of the regime and to provide technical assistance to tax authorities and companies. The research analyses the potential impact of safe harbours on the tax system and investment climate of the countries implementing the regime. It is shown that the introduction of safe harbours has a positive impact on reducing administrative costs, reducing the number of disputes and stimulating economic activity. It concludes that the safe harbour regime is an important strategic tool in the transfer pricing system that can ensure a balance between the interests of the state and those of business. The author emphasises the need for further research to integrate the best international practices into national tax systems. The study provides a theoretical and practical basis for the development of new approaches to the implementation of safe harbours that will facilitate the integration of countries into the global economic system and increase their competitiveness.

Keadilan Ekonomi Islam sebagai Solusi Alternatif bagi Krisis Ekonomi Global

This study aims to analyze how Islamic economic principles can be applied effectively in the global economic system. This study uses a library research method with a comprehensive literature analysis with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results state that Islamic economics is a paradigm that offers alternatives and transformative solutions to build a more just, sustainable, and humane global economic system. By integrating the principles of justice, solidarity, and sustainability, Islamic economics can answer the failure of capitalism and socialism in overcoming social inequality, exploitation of natural resources, and financial instability. Through instruments such as zakat, waqf, the prohibition of usury, and partnership-based financing, Islamic economics creates a balance between individual and collective interests while maintaining ecological balance. Challenges in its implementation, such as resistance from the capitalist system, lack of global understanding, and the need for harmonization with modern market mechanisms, require collaborative approaches, technological innovation, and commitment across countries. If implemented consistently, Islamic economics can revolutionize the world's economic structure, create equitable prosperity, and strengthen human relationships with the environment, building the foundation for a more harmonious and sustainable world order.

Examining Trade Strategies in Europe and Ukraine: Navigating Challenges and Building Economic Strength and Sustainability

Objective: This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the trade strategies of the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the context of potential advantages and related challenges for economic resilience. Theoretical Framework: Today, the global community operates within an integrated global economic system. Against the backdrop of globalised integration of the socio-economic sphere, international trade is positioned as a significant factor in the intensification of economic development. In this context, trade strategies can create new opportunities or risks for the national economy. Method: The research methodology utilized general scientific methods, including analytical review, comparative analysis, synthesis, and abstraction, to evaluate trade strategies in Europe and Ukraine, their impact on export-import dynamics, and to develop recommendations for optimizing strategies. Results and Discussion: The impact of trade strategies on the level of economic resilience is examined. It is substantiated that a high level of competition in the global market requires the adaptability of producers' trade strategies and the formation of appropriate structures to coordinate the functioning of the external economic relations infrastructure complex. The main success factors of a trading strategy when entering new markets are highlighted, including preliminary research of local legislation requirements and market dynamics, the development of adaptive marketing strategies, and effective management of customs processes. Active participation in the international trade environment has proven to open additional opportunities for realising economic potential. At the same time, it is necessary to specify the development strategy to ensure long-term competitive advantages. Research Implications: The specifics of forming the modern concept of international trade development in the context of the European community and Ukraine are identified. The main principles of modern trade strategies are considered, their strengths and weaknesses are analysed, and directions for improvement are highlighted. Originality/Value: The study finds that international trade helps to mitigate the limitations of national resource potential and the narrowness of the domestic market, intensifies the potential for innovative industrialisation, and accelerates economic growth.

Зовнішня торгівля України з країнами ЄС на сучасному етапі

The article analyzes the state of Ukraine’s external trade in goods and services with European Union countries at the present stage and searches for solutions to strengthen the weight of Ukraine’s external trade positions in the European market. The proportion of trade in goods and services between Ukraine and EU countries is determined. A comparative assessment of the volumes of external trade turnover, exports, and imports of Ukraine with European Union countries is conducted in terms of goods and services before the full-scale war, and current trends are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the domestic agrarian sector, which is capable not only of fully providing the population of the country with food products but also of forming an active position for the country in the international markets of a number of key agri-food products. It is substantiated that due to its traditionally strong food exports, Ukraine acts as one of the guarantors of food security in the world on the global market. It is asserted that the further resilience and success of the Ukrainian economy requires the continuation of strategy adaptations, investments in infrastructure recovery, and expansion of sales markets. Global and local economic conditions will continue to impact our country’s trade relations, with flexibility, innovation, and strategic planning remaining key aspects to ensure stable development and Ukraine’s integration into the global economic system. Creating a favorable investment climate, implementing judicial and other reforms, and a more flexible taxation system will facilitate the development of international business entities. Given the current realities, the Ukrainian government needs to work on strengthening export logistics and finding alternative ways to export goods and services.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TNC AS KEY FIGURES IN THE ACCELERATION OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES

The article examines the process of the formation of transnational corporations (TNCs) as key subjects accelerating economic globalization. The role of TNCs in the development of international trade, the integration of national economies into the global economic system, and the transformation of global relations is highlighted. It is noted that transnationalization is an important factor of economic globalization, and TNCs, functioning through direct foreign investments, become catalysts of its processes. The relationship between the evolution of TNCs and the spread of globalization trends, which causes irreversible structural changes in the world economy, is substantiated. At the same time, the contradictory influence of TNCs is analyzed: the creation of new opportunities for international cooperation is accompanied by challenges for countries with transition economies. The strengthening of the positions of TNCs in the global economy is accompanied by both the emergence of new opportunities for effective interaction between countries and the strengthening of imbalances between economies with different levels of development. The results of the study can be useful for the formation of policies aimed at balancing the influence of TNCs on the global economic space.

Evaluating the environmental effects of Japan's tourism: insights into pandemic-induced changes and driving forces

Abstract The intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism has significantly influenced emissions from supply chains, highlighting a complex dynamic between tourism and climate change. Although the pandemic represents a unique event within a specific timeframe, analyzing its impact on tourism provides valuable insights into the characteristics of tourism carbon footprints (TCF) in the context of sudden public health crises. Accordingly, we used the latest data available from the global multi-regional input–output table of EXIOBASE3 and Japan’s tourist consumption statistics to estimate the TCF from all tourist sources in Japan based on the global economic system, and we visualized the carbon flow caused by population mobility. The decomposition of the environmental impact of the pandemic response further identified the driving forces of TCF changes. The main findings suggested that substantial differences exist in the emission levels and sectoral distributions of TCF between inbound and domestic tourism in Japan. Domestic TCF accounted for the majority of the overall TCF, and it also showed a stronger ability to withstand the pandemic impact, accounting for over 90% of Japan’s TCF during the pandemic. The pandemic greatly reduced the TCF and further exacerbated the driving differences. Prior to the pandemic, Japan’s TCF had diverse driving forces; however, pandemic-induced restrictions magnified the volume effect, especially in the inbound TCF, whereas other effects remained substantial for the domestic TCF.

НАПРЯМИ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПРОВІДНИХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ БАНКІВ

The current state of financial markets is dynamic, rapidly evolving, and characterized by the emergence of new mechanisms for investment activities. Therefore, investment banks play a crucial role in ensuring their growth and maintaining stable operations as active participants in the mobilization of financial resources. Moreover, they serve as a key instrument for managing financial resources, mitigating risks, and implementing innovative business development solutions. Amid the transformational processes of the global economic system, investment banks can act as a mechanism for facilitating the inflow of foreign direct investment. Thus, in the face of contemporary digital challenges, the role of investment banks within the financial system can be defined through the identification and analysis of their key operational areas, enabling adaptation to new challenges and societal needs, as well as the development of effective strategies for their further advancement. This article aims to highlight the main areas of activity of investment banks. Within this scope, it explores the historical background of investment banking and describes the structure of an investment bank. Given the complexity of the investment banking structure, the classification of banking institutions into groups such as “Bulge Brackets,” “Middle Market,” “Regional / Industry Boutiques,” and “Elite Boutiques / Independent Advisors” is provided, along with their respective representatives. Based on the conducted research, the article identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned investment bank groups. Additionally, several factors distinguishing different categories of investment banking institutions are examined. The study presents the Top 10 leading investment banks in the United States in 2025, including their market capitalization, total consolidated assets, and key characteristics. Furthermore, it discusses investment banks headquartered outside the United States that hold significant influence in the financial sector. The execution of financial transactions by investment banks occurs through a series of interrelated stages, which allows for the classification and detailed examination of the key functional areas of these institutions.

The World Is Bent: Plasticity, Globalization, and the Cosmopolitan Critic

ABSTRACT Remarking on the rapid and widespread changes associated with globalization at the turn of this century, Thomas Friedman declared that “the world is flat.” He was referring to what he imagined as a leveled playing field among different countries in a global economic system dominated by multinational corporations. But as Ranjan Ghosh’s The Plastic Turn (2022) reveals, the world in an era of globalization is not so much flat as “bent,” tending toward flexible yet firm structures that affect everyday life on the planet. Such a plasticized world system, with its lack of traditional parameters and its dynamic micropolitics, poses challenges to both world literature and the potential cosmopolitan criticism associated with it. This article examines that the plastic turn, as analyzed by Ghosh, discloses new arrangements of power and knowledge in the contemporary world system, thus paving the way for different forms of cosmopolitan criticism in the twenty-first century.

ELECTRONIC ARBITRATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM FOR RESOLVING E-COMMERCE DISPUTES

Purpose: Technological development and technological advancements have led to the emergence of a new type of electronic transaction known as e-commerce, which has become one of the fundamental pillars of the new global economic system. Theoretical Framework: With the increasing number of disputes arising from e-commerce, there has been a need to explore new methods to resolve such disputes electronically. This has given rise to electronic arbitration, which is characterized by features not found in traditional dispute resolution systems, such as speed, efficiency, low cost, and a higher level of enforceability compared to traditional arbitration. Electronic arbitration aligns closely with the nature of e-commerce disputes. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to comprehensively address all aspects of electronic arbitration as a means of resolving international trade disputes. Findings: Due to advancements in the field of technological communication and the suitability of this new method, countries have adopted what is known as electronic arbitration. This method has proven to be highly significant in resolving arbitration disputes, aligning with the characteristics of commerce, particularly in terms of the speed of conducting both conventional and electronic transactions. Research Implications: The findings of this research will contribute to the recognition of electronic arbitration as an important mechanism for resolving e-commerce disputes, particularly in the field of international trade. Its key features include saving both time and effort, offering flexible justice that aligns with the will of both disputing parties and the requirements of e-commerce. Originality/Value: Given the importance and prominent position of arbitration among other dispute resolution methods, countries and international organizations have worked to regulate it as an alternative method of settlement in international trade, both in international and national legislation. Similarly, the Algerian legislator has organized its provisions within Law No. 08-09 concerning civil and administrative procedures.

Electronic Arbitration as an Alternative Mechanism for Resolving E-Commerce Disputes

Purpose: Technological development and technological advancements have led to the emergence of a new type of electronic transaction known as e-commerce, which has become one of the fundamental pillars of the new global economic system. Theoretical Framework: With the increasing number of disputes arising from e-commerce, there has been a need to explore new methods to resolve such disputes electronically. This has given rise to electronic arbitration, which is characterized by features not found in traditional dispute resolution systems, such as speed, efficiency, low cost, and a higher level of enforceability compared to traditional arbitration. Electronic arbitration aligns closely with the nature of e-commerce disputes. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to comprehensively address all aspects of electronic arbitration as a means of resolving international trade disputes. Findings: Due to advancements in the field of technological communication and the suitability of this new method, countries have adopted what is known as electronic arbitration. This method has proven to be highly significant in resolving arbitration disputes, aligning with the characteristics of commerce, particularly in terms of the speed of conducting both conventional and electronic transactions. Research Implications: The findings of this research will contribute to the recognition of electronic arbitration as an important mechanism for resolving e-commerce disputes, particularly in the field of international trade. Its key features include saving both time and effort, offering flexible justice that aligns with the will of both disputing parties and the requirements of e-commerce. Originality/Value: Given the importance and prominent position of arbitration among other dispute resolution methods, countries and international organizations have worked to regulate it as an alternative method of settlement in international trade, both in international and national legislation. Similarly, the Algerian legislator has organized its provisions within Law No. 08-09 concerning civil and administrative procedures.

International Economic Cooperation Organization in Globalization and Anti-globalization: Roles and Challenges

In the wave of economic globalization, the economies of all countries are closely linked, forming a complex and diversified international economic system. However, the trend of anti-globalization has grown more and more prominent in recent years due to significant changes in the global economic landscape and the ongoing accumulation of internal contradictions. This phenomenon is now unavoidable in the process of global development. In light of this, it is especially important and urgent to consider how international economic cooperation organizations will develop as important pillars of the global economic governance system, what major obstacles they will face, and how they will grow going forward. These organizations need to flexibly adapt to the ever-changing international economic environment to strengthen global economic cooperation and governance and jointly address the challenges posed by anti-globalization. This paper focuses on three representative international economic cooperation organizations, namely the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, and adopts the research method of literature review, aiming to systematically summarize the research results of previous researchers. Through in-depth analysis, this paper seeks to reveal how these organizations have evolved new roles and faced unprecedented challenges in the complex context of globalization and anti-globalization. Lastly, this paper will offer specific policy recommendations for these international economic cooperation organizations based on the research mentioned above in order to help them respond to the current circumstances more effectively and to support the robust growth of the world economy.