Global Economic Processes Research Articles

Ukrainian Gigonomy: Transformation of Employment, Risks and Prospects

The article deals with the transformation of the employment structure and gigonomics. Today, such economic model is becoming the dominant option of choice, which is working in almost all the spheres and sectors of the economy and is increasingly conquering the world. The employment of the population represents the general structure of the economy and changes with it, reflecting the state of development of the country. Structural economic changes have led to a change in the usual forms and types of employment of the population. The market economy served as an impetus for a change in the structure of employment in the former Soviet society, and global economic processes have unified these changes. Today, the dominant trend is the shift of the main vector of economic activity from the sphere of production to the sphere of service (in various industries), small and medium-sized businesses, the applying of the principles of freelancing and outsourcing. There is also a decrease in employment in the fields of science, education, medicine; the science loses its prestige and intrinsic value, scientific knowledge is devalued, and intellectual work is increasingly concentrating in the field of computer technology, creating a huge number of new specialties and professions that require different fundamental training, high qualifications and a large number of work places. The standard principles of organizing the work process are giving way to non-standard ones; preference is given to freedom of choice, flexibility and independence etc. The digital economy and work on digital platforms are relevant, modern and promising, but they are not devoid of certain risks and dangers. Platform employment is precarious, unstable, socially and legally vulnerable, although in developed countries almost a third of the working-age population is employed in the gig economy today. In the article, there are investigated the peculiarities of Ukrainian gigonomics based on the materials of a survey conducted by the author among gig workers in Kiev — taxi drivers of online services (Uber, Uklon, Bolt) and food delivers (Glovo, Bolt Food, Rocket). Besides, there are clarified main advantages and disadvantages of such work and there are described its threats and prospects.

Globalization, FDI and Trade in Case Study of Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis

Globalization is a complex phenomenon that has many national or international implications, as well as various impacts on the national economy and the world economy in general. The process of national economic globalization is clearly influenced by economic performance, foreign trade, financial development and its ability to attract foreign investment. Foreign capital has played a key role in the development of such a state in Pakistan. The current study used the time series data and the data range form 1981-2017. The variables are Globalization, foreign direct investment and trade. study applied ADF unit root test for stationary of these variables. First the unit root test applies at the level the variables are not stationary then apply at first difference so study applied ADF unit root test for stationary. The result shows that all variables are stationary at first difference. However, all variables are not stationary at level. the application of Johansen co-integration test appropriate applied for the purpose of association between variables. Finally, the study applied Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for the purpose of long run analysis of the study. Johansen co-integration test concluded that globalization have positive impact on FDI and Trade. (VECM) model shows that the Globalization, FDI and Trade have long run relationship.

The process of economic integration and globalization in the area of financial reporting, focusing on publication of financial statements in the Czech Republic and in selected countries of the European Union

Research background: One of the most important features of the current development of the world economy is international integration, which is taking on global dimensions. Operations of transnational companies and the development of the global capital market brings the necessity of accounting harmonization. The goal of this is to ease the mutual observation, reporting, use and thus creation of a single, international accounting. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to describe the current state of the process of harmonization during preparing the annual accounts in the Czech Republic and in selected countries of the European Union, with the analysis of impacts of change in the legislative framework to the obligations of entities in the area of preparation and publication of financial statements. Methods: Scientific procedures using theoretical methods were used in the paper, which include description, analysis, synthesis, comparison and evaluation, inclusive of processing and evaluation of data and information obtained from research conducted by business entities in the Czech Republic. Findings & Value added: The article analyses the impacts of the process of harmonization and globalization on the area of financial reporting and on publishing financial statements. Based on the acquired theoretical and practical knowledge, the paper suggests possible solutions to improve the informational obligations of accounting units. The paper also evaluates the achievement of compliance in the area of reporting financial statements from the perspective of the Czech Republic and selected countries of the European Union.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ГОТЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ЗАКАРПАТСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ

The general features of functioning and adaptation of hotel enterprises of Zakarpattia region in the conditions of pandemic are investigated in the article. Revealed the issues and relevance of the selected topic, which relate to the impact on global, regional and local economic processes of the fact of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Were analyzed the available publications of Ukrainian and foreign authors on related topics, concerning the vision of the impact of the pandemic on the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine, reaction and adaptation of education systems of different countries to the consequences of lockdown, assessments of the general problems of the hotel industry that have arisen in the process of spreading the global pandemic, the role of business innovation applied by hospitality companies during the COVID-19 crisis. The dynamics of the distribution of tourist flows in the Transcarpathian region during 2000-2019, ie in the precoronavirus stage, this allows us to identify the main trends that dominated in the field of hospitality. On the basis of a questionnaire developed and conducted by the authors, the partial results of certain aspects of scientific research are formed. The adaptation factors implemented by hotel enterprises are considered and ranked - from the most successful to the least used (compliance with antivirus measures and recommendations, change of mode of transport, new types of tourist routes, electronic means of booking and registration, organization of online tours, excursions, etc.), the scale of efficiency of factors of adaptation which is based on an estimation of average value of their usefulness is created. Demonstrated the percentage of effectiveness of measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus (compliance with social distancing, mask regimen, use of disinfectants and antiseptics, wet periodic cleaning, temperature measurement); the main causes of business complications are given; the forecasted periods of recovery of small hotel enterprises at the pre-crisis level are visualized. Relevant conclusions have been drawn from the findings and recommendations are being developed to mitigate the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Пандемия, протесты, протекционизм и президентские выборы в США в 2020 г.

The article analyzes major trends in domestic, social, economic, trade and foreign policy of the USA in 2020. The last year of Donald Trump’s presidency became the most traumatic and unpredictable for the country. The COVID-19 pandemic dominated every process in the political, social and economic life of the American society and government. At the same time, it accentuated the main trends of the Trump foreign policy. Trump became the first president to be impeached twice, the 13th president who after being nominated by his party was not reelected by the society, the first president trying to fight both unknown epidemic and economic crisis during his reelection year, the first president who chose not to come to the inauguration of his successor, the first who made decisive steps to break with American-China interdependence and the first who openly declared that he put American interests above those of the other countries, even the allies. His presidency changed the USA deeply and the last year was the turning point in this transformation. He was the most polarized president and he left behind a deeply divided country. Trump spent his last year in the White House battling with the pandemic and fighting for power, and it highlighted how limited the capabilities of the American presidency are in the polarized system where political compromise between the parties is no longer possible. At the same time this last year pointed out a critical importance of a leader’s personality for politics in all spheres. In the time of deep polarization, foreign policy became the only sphere of possible compromise for the parties. Both Democrats and Republicans supported the economic instruments sponsored by Trump of ensuring American leadership in time of pandemic, despite his arrogant style so much criticized by the opposition. After four years of Trump’s presidency the policy of sanctions is considered an effective and long-lasting instrument to control the competitors and enhance the American influence. At the same time while the trend of confrontation became dominant during the Trump’s presidency and his policy of economic nationalism could have more distant and strategic consequences, the confrontation with key actors such as China demonstrated the limits of American power to influence and to control unilaterally both the global economic and political processes and the behavior of different actors. This article is a result of a collective multi-aspect research of transformations taking place in the US on a real time basis. The analysis is built methodologically on the systemic approach to studying American political, social and economic trends, both domestically and on international level.

ПРАКТИКИ СОЛИДАРНОСТИ ЛИВАНСКОЙ ДИАСПОРЫ В МИРЕ В ПЕРИОД ПАНДЕМИИ КОВИД-19

The article examines the Lebanese diaspora, its relations with the Lebanese society and the situation in the world. The data is analyzed and the location of Lebanese diasporas in different parts of the world is considered. Lebanese immigrant communities around the world make up the largest groups of Arab immigrants. As a diaspora, Lebanese communities have historical roots in almost every corner of the world. A more significant fact of the migration of Lebanese society is considered to be the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the Lebanese immigrated to America, Africa and Northern Europe. Many factors have contributed to the spread of Lebanese society around the world. Lebanon has a free market economy and a strong commercial tradition of non-interference. The government does not restrict foreign investment, but the investment climate suffers from bureaucracy, corruption, arbitrary licensing decisions, complex customs procedures, high taxes, tariffs and fees, archaic legislation, and inadequate protection of intellectual property rights [4. Р. 143]. The idea of a diaspora-a dispersed ethnic group spanning national borders-has been revived by the intensity of global processes over the past few decades towards understanding the immigrant experience. In its Greek origin, the term diaspora means the scattering of seeds and thus means an association with migration and colonization, implying acculturation and assimilation while preserving an ingrained tradition. Also, the diaspora captures much of our analytical and popular imagination and requires explanatory power in describing the presence and conditions of the immigrant population. Understanding their position as a product of global economic, political and cultural dynamics, Lebanese immigrants demonstrate forms of identification, social ties and ways of cultural expression that take into account the global diaspora consciousness [2. Р. 82]. The diaspora, on the other hand, provides an entry into the study of the global situation and the dynamics of the economy. It should be noted that the Lebanese diaspora is an important group for studying the dynamics of immigration and how immigrants are affected by global economic, political and cultural processes.

Transport support for the processes of globalization in Russia

Research background: Despite the sanctions pressure, consequences of the pandemic coronavirus infection COVID-19 and other non-economic factors, the study of the impact of globalization processes on the country’s economy comes to the fore today, as Russia is one of the key elements of the world economic system in these difficult conditions. The dynamics of world commodity markets influence the internal economic processes of the country. The authors conclude that the processes of globalization through the influence of the world commodity markets have a significant impact on the capabilities of Russia’s transport complex and require the development of its transport potential on the principles of economic growth. Purpose of the article: Determination of the impact of globalization processes on the renewal of the transport potential of Russia on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the economic situation. Methods: To conduct the study, we used statistical reporting. Along with traditional research methods (analysis, synthesis, classification), additive models were used to form an index of transport market conditions, which allowed us to identify statistically significant determinants that allow us to determine the main directions of development of Russia’s transport potential in the context of increasing globalization processes. Findings & Value added: The results show that the most significant trends in the development of Russia’s transport potential are determined by globalization processes and require their consideration when developing measures to upgrade and modernize the country’s transport infrastructure. The developed conceptual model for assessing the impact of world commodity markets in the context of globalization of economic processes on the development of the country’s transport system contributes to the development of tools to increase the transportation of both transit and export-import cargo.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ МИГРАНТОВ В ЭПОХУ ЦИФРОВОЙ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ И ВИРТУАЛЬНОЙ МИГРАЦИИ ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ

Due to the change in the global economic and political paradigm and the increasing international competition for labor resources, it is proposed to consider integration contracts as a connecting link for the transition from the national to the individual level of regulation of the integration of migrants. Localization and individualization of the production process associated with global digitalization, the virtual migration of labor resources and labor change the attitude to integration, its mechanism and the need for social integration as such. The need to integrate into a new society disappears, and we can already talk about exclusively labor structural integration. It is worth considering how the process of individualization and localization of production processes affects migrants, or rather, their integration. Does the mobility of labor resources in the era of digitalization complicate the process of integrating migrants, makes it easier, makes it unnecessary or, most likely, modifies this complex integral process? What changes has digitalization already had on the integration process, what are happening now and what will happen as the information exchange, labor mobility, change of production algorithms and the cross-border nature of global economic processes and its participants accelerate? How digital globalization and virtual migration have affected the mobility of labor resources and the integration of migrants and how they will affect them in the future — this is the main issue of this article.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ УПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ В СИСТЕМУ УПРАВЛІННЯ АГРАРНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ

In recent years, domestic scientists are actively studying the adaptation of aspects of innovative marketing for the management system of agricultural enterprises and the possibility of its implementation in their activities. However, the development of global economic processes requires constant improvement of the principles and tools of innovative marketing and their adaptation to modern conditions of agricultural enterprises to strengthen their position in domestic and foreign markets and increase their competitiveness. The purpose of this article is to systematize the components and determine the scheme of the organizational and economic mechanism for the introduction of innovative marketing in the management system of agricultural enterprises. The article analyzes the level of innovativeness of domestic agricultural enterprises, which, according to the results of the analysis, turned out to be at a rather low level. The author found that only a small number of enterprises in the agricultural sector carry out research work. The volume of expenditures on research activities in agriculture is also quite low. Most agricultural science research is funded by the business sector and slightly less by the public sector. At the same time, the distribution of costs for all fields of science in Ukraine is radically different, a significant part of the costs falls on the public sector and a very small percentage - on the business sector. Therefore, there is a significant potential for an increase in the costs of research and development works with the understanding from the part of entrepreneurs of the need for them to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. The article also proposes the organizational and economic mechanism for implementing innovative marketing in the management system of agricultural enterprises. It consists of the following subsystems: target; manager; managed; diagnostics; informational; motivation; planning and forecasting; controlling. Stable interaction between the subsystems of the organizational and economic mechanism of innovation marketing is a prerequisite for its effective functioning in the market and, as a consequence, increases the level of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises.

Integracije i dezintegracije u međunarodnim odnosima kao posledica globalnih ekonomskih procesa

The subject of this paper is integration as an objective tendency and the most important element of the current global processes and increasingly intensive disintegration processes. Qualitative analysis points to the main characteristics of integration as a consequence of growing interdependence, connectivity and cooperation and disintegration, which is strongly encouraged by the instrumentalization of this process for hidden and masked specific goals. The established process and the worrying and devastating implications in the economic and social function have been analysed. Emerging forces with current and potential geopolitical power as an alternative to the existing order are placed in the context of influencing both opposing processes. The research objective is to consider the inevitability of intertwining and the collision of integration and disintegration, a number of manifested economic and social problems as a consequence of global economic processes, while identifying the significance and impact of different coercive actions on the sustainability and possibility of the established process. The results indicate that the importance of the military force is growing rapidly; the polarization between the developing and developed world is getting deeper, and the border between them is a source of tension and conflict. The constant state of instability, clash and conflict has the potential for numerous and greater dangers in the world in the long run.

Глобальные экономические процессы и структурная трансформация российской экономики

Глобальные экономические процессы и структурная трансформация российской экономики

РЕСТАВРАЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ І ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ЗАГРОЗИ: ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ТЕОРЕТИЧНИХ КОНЦЕПЦІЙ

The purpose of the article is to study the dependence of the cultural heritage objects preservation on their social value and highlight the global trends in the restoration industry. The research methodology applies the general scientific methods of theoretical research, as well as general logical scientific methods of analysis, comparison and explanation. An integrated approach consists in the use of the methods of studying of the historical facts, confirmed by various sources. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of transformations of restoration theoretical concepts due to global economic and political processes. The dependence of the preservation of works of art on their social value is revealed and it is emphasized that the scientific significance of the monument is not always a sufficient argument for its preservation. Conclusions. The article considers the restoration activity as a component of the cultural life of modern society and defines the concept of the social value of art objects as its ideological superstructure. The author of the article defines the global threats to the preservation of the world cultural heritage and studies the influences of political and economic factors on the preservation of art objects. Particular attention is paid to the ambiguity of interpretations of the basic concepts of restoration science by representatives of different cultures and the need to create a universal heritage protection doctrine. Alternative concepts of modern restoration theory are presented. The author points out that considering the dangers and challenges of our time, it is necessary to rethink the established postulates of restoration activities, to look for effective models for cultural heritage integration into the modern cultural context.

Technological globalization: current state, risks and consequences

The process of technological globalization defining features of modern society and economy. The process leads to increasing interconnectedness and integration of national economies and global division of labor between countries. In recent decades, the process has received growing attention from academics and business. Technological globalization has made economic globalization possible. Nevertheless, many scientists claim that there is a crisis in the process of economic globalization. Some scientists state that the process of economic globalization is over, and the world is experiencing the process of deglobalization. Nevertheless, at the same time, there almost none no research dedicated to the process of deglobalization in the technology sphere. The article is aimed at analyzing the current state, risks, and consequences of technological globalization as well as possible directions for future research. The materials may be of interest to researchers of globalization issues, as well as to politicians and economists.

Вплив глобального конкурентного середовища економіки знань на стратегічний розвиток підприємств

Annotation. The modern environment is constantly in a state of change, which encourages economic development and the formation of new paradigms Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the concept of the global competitive environment of the knowledge economy and to determine the main factors of its influence on the strategic development of the enterprise. Results. The article considers the approaches to the definition of “competitive environment”, offers its own definition of the competitive environment, considers the essence of global economic development processes that affect the dynamics of the competitive environment and for the first time offers an author’s interpretation of the global competitive environment of knowledge economy. The characteristic features of the knowledge economy at different levels of government are considered and it is determined that the world environment of the XXI century is due to the influence of knowledge and innovative entrepreneurship. Conclusions. Authors consider the knowledge economy as a stage of development of society and an important factor in ensuring the competitiveness of economic systems. According to the authors the global competitive environment of the knowledge economy is a system of elements, namely – business entities and their relationships, competitive conditions and factors of influence due to global integration processes based on the strategic development of business entities to ensure their competitiveness through the use of intellectual capital. The factors influencing the global competitive environment of the knowledge economy on the strategic development of the enterprise are identified, where the author’s approach is to aggregate factors and highlight the factor of “immediate environment”, which includes everything related to suppliers, customers and competitors. Keywords: competition; competitive environment; global; global competitive environment; knowledge economy.

Geopolitical Factors of Economic Security of Modern Russia in the Context of Technological Fallback

Russian national economy, as it has been repeatedly acknowledged at the highest level, was and, up to this time, remains oriented at the export of raw materials, rather than at the development of processing industries and hi-tech enterprises. Our country is ridden by substantial unresolved institutional problems: low efficiency of the government apparatus, relatively high degree of corruption, difficulties with protection of private property and enforcement of contracts. From the perspective of doing business and attractiveness to foreign investors, Russia stands in a rather unfavorable condition. Under such circumstances, it is critically important to shape the national basis for innovative activity in the sphere of digital economy, develop and implement the achievements of the new digital paradigm. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the complexity of theoretical aspects of assuring national economic security in the context of the current paradigm of technological fallback: place and importance of Russia in the global economic processes, influence channels of anti-Russian sanctions and assessment of their impact on the Russian economy, competition between Russia and other leading states of the world in the field of achieving efficient innovational development of the national economy.

MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY'S FINANCES WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF ESTABLISHING SUSTAINABLE CONTINUOUS LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL STABILITY UNDER GLOBAL PROCESSES

<jats:p>Globalization, in its current form, represents a new dynamic complex, especially when it comes to its implications for the economy and business of economic entities. It manifests its implications not only through competition, but also through economic growth and development. A modern company should provide adequate management that is able to create and develop comparative advantages that will enable it to be actively involved in global market flows. Global changes have conditioned a new way of doing business, and thus a significant turn in the approach to financial management. This has led to changes in the basic economic settings and criteria for successful management and business. The financial position of a company is one of the indicators of the company's success to function in a global and turbulent market environment. Starting from this fact, a practical treatment of this problem and analytical indicators of the financial position of the three dependent production companies operating within the MH Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske will be done. The aim of the research is to show the extent to which the management of these companies has accepted the requirements of global economic processes and adapted their business to them. That is, whether financial management provides a satisfactory level of liquidity and financial stability of these three companies.</jats:p>

CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE TERRITORIES OF THE CARPATHIAN EUROREGION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION

In the context of globalisation interstate borders in relation to economic relations have acquired a new meaning, which required the creation of a new system of regulation based on the principles of liberalisation, elimination of trade barriers, ensuring free movement of capital. On the one hand, the process of economic globalisation highlights the problems and contradictions remaining at the national level between the regulatory functions of state administrative bodies and the needs of unimpeded development of the Carpathian Euroregion. In this respect, inter-state institutions, as well as the harmonised legal norms underpinning them, prevent attempts to disrupt the competitive environment at the regional level. On the other hand, multilateral organisations are the mechanisms within which representatives of national administrations of the participating countries can negotiate the mutual removal of obstacles at the level of inter-state relations. Determined that, Those "dimensions" of the economy dominated by the "symbolic mediation" of relations - the financial market and consumption driven by consumerism - are most susceptible to globalisation. Much less globalised are commodity production and the labour market. There are theoretical justifications of the necessity of movement of the world community on the way of standardization in the field of economy. They found their adherents in the idea of combination, interpenetration, enrichment of national ways of development of economy not simply adjusting them to the general tendencies through destruction and suppression, but the way of connection on principles of equality, collectivism, preservation of traditional orientation of development. A certain development of theoretical views on the processes of globalisation influence on economic processes of specific countries we find in the works of specialists of the Club of Rome, as well as representatives of many international governmental and non-governmental organisations. They analyse in detail the processes of globalisation themselves and the obstacles that stand in their way. At the same time, external limits - limits arising from the past, and internal limits - limits arising from the future, which give birth to a more dangerous alternative to globalization - the movement of anti-globalization. Thus, it is hardly appropriate to speak of globalisation only as a process of continued growth of mutual trade, investment, increasing interdependence of countries and transcountry territories. Such an understanding of globalisation would be too simplistic and superficial and would not reveal qualitatively new elements of the globalisation process taking into account the manifestations of the specific development of the Carpathian Euroregion.

Knowledge Structures and Components of Rural Resilience in the 2010s: Conceptual Development and Implications

Resilience is being widely adopted as a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding sustainability dynamics, despite the conceptual challenges in developing proxies and indicators for researchers and policy makers. In our study, we observed how the concept of resilience undergoes continued extension within the rural resilience literature. We comprehensively reviewed rural resilience literature using keyword co-occurrence network (KCN) analysis and a systematic review of shortlisted papers. We conducted the KCN analysis for 1186 papers to characterize the state of the rural resilience literature, and systematically reviewed 36 shortlisted papers to further examine how rural resilience analysis and its assessment tools are helping understand the complexity and interdependence of rural social-ecological systems, over three three-year periods from 2010 to 2018. The results show that the knowledge structure built by the high frequency of co-occurrence keywords remains similar over the three-year periods, including climate change, resilience, vulnerability, adaptation, and management, whereas the components of knowledge have greatly expanded, indicating an increased understanding of rural system dynamics. Through the systematic review, we found that developing resilience assessment tools is often designed as a process to strengthen adaptive capacity at the household or community level in response to global processes of climate change and economic globalization. Furthermore, community resilience is found to be an interesting knowledge component that has characterized rural resilience literature in the 2010s. Based on our study, we summarized conceptual characteristics of rural resilience and discussed the challenges and implications for researchers and policy makers.

Latin America in the 21st Century: Regional Development Trajectories

Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC), which includes more than thirty countries, is traditionally characterized by a complex combination of elements of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The latter, stemming from traditional economic social and political differentiation and ideological polarization, in the modern context strengthens regional contradictions and creates new division lines. At the same time, the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries was marked by a growing integration of the region into the global market and globalization processes in general. In order to provide an outlook on the possible future developments in LAC, the author examines how the key trends of the current world politics permeate the region. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the methodology proposed by the Russian researcher M.M. Lebedeva who outlines three basic megatrends — globalization, integration, and democratization and their counter-trends — deglobalization, disintegration, and dedemocratization, accordingly. It is within this broader context of a complex interplay of these trends and counter-trends, that the dynamics of regional processes in LAC is conceived. On this basis, the author identifies three possible regional development scenarios. The first one presupposes strengthening of institutional linkages between North, Central, and South America on the basis of Pan-American ideas. The second implies civilizational ‘isolation’ of LAC within large but still only regional integration projects. Finally, the third scenario proceeds from the linear development of the current regional trends. It implies further fragmentation of LAC within subregional organizations and chaotization of regional international relations. The author concludes that currently the regional development is affected predominantly by counter-trends, which are evidenced by increasing isolationism, an impasse facing major integration projects and democratic institutions, and the growth of populist movements. At the same time, all this shows that Latin America is fully integrated in global economic and political processes since these counter-trends characterize the development of a contemporary system of international relations in general.

Становление и развитие местных органов государственного управления Китайской Народной Республики

The relevance of the research is primarily due to the fact that most of the aspects of the development of local government in China, despite a number of errors and Chinese specifics, do not cease to be of interest to many countries, especially the States of the post-Soviet space. In this regard, the author has attempted to analyze the formation and functioning of local organs of state administration in China. In the course of the research, the author found that local self-government in China began to be built as an institution in the early 1950s, and finally formed in the 2000s, despite the fact that community traditions in the agricultural areas of China began to take shape during the ruling Western Han dynasty. The most important reason why various aspects of Chinese local self-government attract the attention of domestic sinologists is the annually increasing global role of the PRC in global political and economic processes. In this combination, it is obvious that the system of local government of the PRC is unique and effective, and the experience of the PRC in the formation and organization of the functioning of the local government system can be used by the Russian Federation in the process of optimizing local government.