Global Dominance Research Articles

Investigation of the Linguistic Landscape of Local People at ‘’Pantura”

Indonesia, with about 700 regional languages, is considered one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The imposition of a national language and the global dominance of English constitute a danger to multilingualism. This article explores the utilization and manipulation of language in Cirebon by applying social semiotics in linguistic landscape studies. We juxtapose the conventional signage seen on government buildings with that of private enterprises, such as restaurants and retail. The national/regional language policy acknowledges the existence of tensions between macro and micro language policies, which pertain to the rights of private and individual language choice. The conflicts are analyzed. The investigation uncovers a clear and discernible arrangement in the linguistic environment, where public signs prominently showcase Indonesian, Javanese, and English languages, while personal signs exhibit Indonesian, English, as well as other foreign languages such as Korean, Japanese, and Mandarin. The research indicates that language choices are not random, emphasizing that the linguistic environment is a powerful instrument for rejuvenating endangered local languages, such as Javanese.

Assessment of Polygenic Traits Association with Yield in Soybean Genotypes

Soybean is one of the important oilseed crop at global level with special concern to India. Despite its global dominance, India's contribution to the soybean scene remains relatively modest, with a production ranking of fourth but only a 5% share of the world's output. For this concern, the analysis of the relationships among yield attributing characters and their associations with seed yield is essential to establish selection criteria. The experimental material used in the present study comprised of fourteen lines (8 F1s and 6 parental lines). The characters viz., number of pods/plant, primary branches/plant, harvest index, plant height, secondary branch/plant, biological yield, 100-seed weight and days-to-50% flowering recorded significant positive correlation coefficient with seed yield both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path coefficient analysis further pinpointed 100-seed weight, harvest index, and pods per plant as the traits with the most direct positive impact on seed yield. Additionally, the study identified plant height, pods/plant, primary branches/plant, 100-seed weight, and the harvest index as the key contributors to soybean yield, suggesting these traits as primary targets for manipulation in breeding programs aimed at yield improvement.

A brand’s Initiation and Promotion in Relation to Modern Culture Wars

Nowadays, there is a tense geopolitical situation because of the advance of NATO to Russian borders, the threat of violation of its sovereignty. The collective West aims to dismantle Russian statehood and undermine social cohesion, law and order, national values, and socio-cultural values. They fixate on restoring neocolonialism and imposing global dominance on sovereign states. The paper focuses on the aggression of the collective West towards Russia’s cultural values, posing a threat to its national historical code. The subject of the study is the actions of cultural wars between brands and countries, which caused adopting anti-crisis measures. The purpose of the study is to analyze and provide possible strategies and models of brand behavior during crisis situations caused by culture wars. The research deals with the following issues: the modern phenomenon of culture wars; the role of the cultural brand in relation to culture wars; the possibility of using commercial brands as a tool of soft power; the influence of brands on the formation and changes of cultural, national and traditional values; the phenomena of culture shock and brand cancellation culture, as well as methods of countering crisis situations.

The emergence and circulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtype C.

Introduction. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtype C is the most prevalent globally and is thought to have originated in non-human primates in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Although the global dominance of HIV-1 subtype C is well established, a thorough understanding of its evolutionary history and transmission dynamics across various risk populations remains elusive. The current knowledge is insufficient to fully capture the global diversification and dissemination of this subtype.Aim. We for the first time sought to investigate the global evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C using a selection of maximum-likelihood-based phylodynamic approaches on a total of 1210 near full-length genomic sequences sampled from 32 countries, collected in 4 continents, with sampling dates between 1986-2019 among various risk groups were analysed.Methodology. We subsampled the HIV-1 subtype C genomic datasets based on continent and risk group traits, and performed nucleotide substitution model selection analysis, maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstruction, phylogenetic tree topology similarity analysis, temporal signal analysis and traced the timings of viral spread both geographically and by risk group.Results. Based on the phylodynamic analyses of four datasets (full1210, locrisk626, loc562 and risk393), we inferred the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) in the 1930s and an evolutionary rate of 0.0023 substitutions per site per year. The total number of introduction events of HIV-1 subtype C between continents and between risk groups is estimated to be 71 and 115, respectively. The largest number of introductions occurred from Africa to Europe (n=32), from not-recorded to heterosexual (n=40) and from heterosexual to not-recorded (n=51) risk groups.Conclusion. Our results emphasize that HIV subtype C has mainly spread from Africa to Europe, likely through heterosexual transmission.

Cold War Kreutzer: Tolstoy’s Posthumous Political Career from Venice to Palestine

ABSTRACT The year 1960 marked the fiftieth death anniversary of Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), one of the earliest self-proclaimed world writers. That summer, the CIA-funded Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) organized a lavish international conference near Venice; meanwhile, in Haifa, the Palestinian Trotskyist Jabra Nicola (1912–1974) published his translation of Tolstoy’s sex-obsessed late novella The Kreutzer Sonata. These two events exemplified contrasting styles of Cold War literary internationalism, one aspiring to global dominance and the other to local impact. Both responded to Tolstoy’s “world” status, Kreutzer’s moral ambition, and the Soviet Union’s successful appropriation of nineteenth-century Russian literature. Exploring the CCF archives and the Arabic Kreutzer tradition, this article asks how each of these 1960 events came about, what they assumed, and what they achieved. The Palestinian Israeli case offers a usefully peripheral perspective from which the Cultural Cold War appears both more tangible and less strictly bipolar. Jabra’s translation used the resources provided by Soviet cultural diplomacy for local progressive ends: not to press for social change in Arab society, but to build the cultural confidence of readers who found themselves both minoritized as Israelis and isolated from their fellow Arabs.

“Fundamentals of Global Competition: Logistics, Technology and Polar Alliances in Past, Present and Future. Part 1”

The formation and functioning of various models of the world order has a deep and complex history that does not fit into the traditional chronologically consistent scheme, and these models themselves did not inherit each other, but were combined in varying degrees of harmony. The dynamics of international relations, at least in the medium term, will be determined by the trends observed over the past decades — such as inequality in the levels of economic development, the redistribution of shares of world wealth, the rivalry for global dominance between the United States, gradually losing its position as sole leader, China, Russia and other global players, and finally, the search for new tools balancing the global status quo. Expansion geopolitics will also remain the dominant trend in the short- to medium-term perspective. One of its striking manifestations is the Belt — Road Initiative, implemented by the PRC. Expansion geopolitics seems to get start most intensively in West Africa. The region, on the one hand, needs large infrastructure investments, on the other hand, — has a number of advantages that could create a production and logistics hub in it, the starting point of a project similar to the Chinese Belt — Road initiative.

The Effect of Organizational Structure on Employee Creativity: A Study of Lafarge Africa Plc, Calabar

The main objective of the study was to conduct an analysis of Lafarge Africa Plc, located in Calabar, with a specific emphasis on employee creativity and organizational structure. The study's specific objectives were to examine the relationship between centralization and employee creativity at Lafarge Africa Plc, Calabar, the number of management levels present, and the effects of formalization on creativity at that organization. The descriptive research method was utilized for this investigation. The subjects of this study comprised 410 employees of Lafarge Africa Plc in Calabar, consisting of both managers and regular personnel. The data for this study was collected from primary sources through the utilization of a structured questionnaire. We conducted an ordinary least square regression analysis using SPSS 27.0 in order to derive significant insights from the data. The regression results, with ?1=0.750, p=0.000, and t=1.186, indicated that there is a significant and positive relationship between the number of organizational strata and employee creativity. As demonstrated by the model results (?1=0.355, p=0.000, t=4.288), there is a significant relationship between the degree of formalization and employee creativity. The regression analysis reveals that employee creativity is considerably and positively impacted by centralization (?1=0.722, p=0.000, t=11.562). Establishing a corporate environment that encourages and acknowledges innovative thinking is imperative for the company to achieve global dominance, substantial financial success, and development.

The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars

Coffea arabica, an allotetraploid hybrid of Coffea eugenioides and Coffea canephora, is the source of approximately 60% of coffee products worldwide, and its cultivated accessions have undergone several population bottlenecks. We present chromosome-level assemblies of a di-haploid C. arabica accession and modern representatives of its diploid progenitors, C. eugenioides and C. canephora. The three species exhibit largely conserved genome structures between diploid parents and descendant subgenomes, with no obvious global subgenome dominance. We find evidence for a founding polyploidy event 350,000–610,000 years ago, followed by several pre-domestication bottlenecks, resulting in narrow genetic variation. A split between wild accessions and cultivar progenitors occurred ~30.5 thousand years ago, followed by a period of migration between the two populations. Analysis of modern varieties, including lines historically introgressed with C. canephora, highlights their breeding histories and loci that may contribute to pathogen resistance, laying the groundwork for future genomics-based breeding of C. arabica.

RUSSIA'S RECENT MIDDLE EAST ENGAGEMENTS: HITTING MULTIPLE BIRDS WITH A SINGLE STONE

During the early post-Cold War period, the global order witnessed a significant shift, with Western liberal democracy emerging as the predominant force. However, this ascent of the United States in pursuit of global dominance gave rise to a Security Dilemma, fostering the emergence of alternative powers in various regions worldwide. Among these, Russia has played a prominent role, notably in the Middle East. This study seeks to examine Russia's historical and contemporary objectives in the Middle East, analyzing its political, economic, and security pursuits. Through the lens of the "Security Dilemma," the article underscores Russia's transformation into a potent regional counterbalance to Western influence in various respects. The article concludes that the sustainability of Russia's gains depends on the fluid Middle East landscape, the continuation of Putin's leadership, and the influence of potential Western sanctions.

An empirical study of trade effect on culture

ABSTRACT Given the global dominance of American movies, they play a significant role in presenting U.S. ideology and culture to the world, thus raising concern of undermining domestic culture. This paper investigates whether trade shapes culture by studying the impact of imported American movies on Chinese cultural values measured by Hofstede Index. The results show that demand for American movies has a positive and statistically significant effect on individualism, power distance, long-term orientation and indulgence. While many studies show evidence that cultural similarity stimulates trade, there is almost no empirical evidence on how international trade affects culture. This study contributes to the literatures related to the relationship between culture and trade by filling this void. The findings of this study also have strong policy implications by bringing empirical evidence to the debate on free trade of cultural products.

Appearance and Prevalence of JN.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variant in India and Its Clinical Profile in the State of Maharashtra.

In August 2023, the BA.2.86 SARS-CoV-2 variant, with over 30 spike protein mutations, emerged amidst the global dominance of XBB sub-lineages. It evolved into JN.1 by late 2023, spreading across 71 countries. JN.1, distinct for its L455S mutation, significantly dominated global sequences, raising concerns over its transmission and clinical impact. The study investigates JN.1's clinical severity and its effect on hospital admissions in Maharashtra, India. The present study involved 3,150 curated Indian SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences with collection dates between 1st August 2023 and 15th January 2024. Lineage and phylogenetic analysis of sequences was performed using Nextclade. Telephonic interviews were conducted to confirm the demographic details and obtain clinical information on the JN.1* (* indicates JN.1 and all its sub-lineages) cases. The obtained data were recorded and analyzed using Microsoft® Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). Out of 3,150 sequences analyzed, JN.1* was the most common lineage (2377/3150, 75.46%), followed by XBB.2.3* (281/3150, 8.92%) and XBB.1.16* (187/3150, 5.94%). In India, it was first identified on 6th October 2023, in Kerala. The highest proportion of JN.1* sequences originated from Maharashtra (628/2377, 26.42%), followed by West Bengal (320/2377, 13.46%), Andhra Pradesh (293/2377, 12.33%), Kerala (288/2377, 12.12%), and Karnataka (285/2377, 11.99%). In Maharashtra, the JN.1* variant was first identified on 23rd November 2023. A total of 279 JN.1* cases were included in the clinical study. Of these, 95.34% (266/279) had symptomatic disease with mild symptoms; cold (187/279, 67.03%) being the most common symptom, followed by fever (156/279, 55.91%), cough (114/279, 40.86%), and headache (28/279, 15.64%). Of all the cases, 13.26% (37/279) required institutional quarantine or hospitalization, and the rest were isolated at home. Among the hospitalized patients, 54.05% (20/37) cases were given conservative treatment while 45.95% (17/37) cases required supplemental oxygen therapy. Regarding the vaccination status, 94.26% (263/279) of cases received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, while 5.02% (14/279) were not vaccinated, of which most were children aged zero to nine years (5/14, 35.71%). The overall recovery rate among JN.1* cases was 98.57% (275/279), with 1.43% (4/279) cases succumbing to the disease. The JN.1* variant, the dominant variant in India, exhibits clinical features similar to previous circulating variants in Maharashtra without increased severity. Its notable transmissibilityunderscores the importance of studying the ongoing viral evolution. The pressing necessity for swift identification and the clinical features of new variants is essential for effective public health response.

China’s Increasing Influence: What This Means for American Security

Purpose: With its growing domestic and international interest, China has solidified itself as a significant player in international relations, shaking up traditional geopolitics through its military and economic expansion and shifting focus in diplomatic relations. Consequently, it is crucial to understand China’s importance and effect on the United States’ own development in order to react to it correctly and efficiently.
 Methodology: This paper will detail the military, diplomatic, and economic aspects of the modern rise of China, respectively, including our recommendations for how the United States should respond to these three key areas in its relations with China. To do so, the International Relations Organization at Virginia Tech split into three initiatives, focusing on the three aspects of the modern rise of China as listed above. The Organization then spent several weeks conducting research using open-source intelligence and information from experts on the subject to understand the methods and strategies employed by China to expand its influence and power in other nations. After conducting research, the Organization began discussing the implications that the findings would have on U.S. national security and started synthesizing the research into our paper and recommendations.
 Findings: From our research, it is clear that China is seeking to build a strong military presence in Africa to expand their influence and reach in areas outside of Asia. Additionally, their maintenance of diplomacy with Russian and alliance with President Vladimir Putin makes it evident that they are desiring to position themselves as a contrasting force to the United States in terms of global military dominance. China’s goal of reunification with Taiwan furthers this notion, as in doing so they intend to increase its presence in the South Pacific arena. In terms of China’s diplomacy, we find their creation of the BRICS trade agreement to significantly increase their ties with the countries involved. We find China to be progressively focusing on their diplomatic relations with the BRICS countries, which in turn threatens the U.S. diplomatic relations with these countries and undermines their power and strength as a global superpower among the Eastern sphere. Lastly, China’s influence on the BRICS countries has lasting economic repercussions on the U.S. through the creation of BRICS itself, which we find to clearly be done to oppose the U.S.’ G7 trade agreement. We conclude that this, along with their Belt and Road Initiative and new presence in South American trade, is done as a method for China to compete with the trade dominance of the United States and widen the gap between these countries and the U.S. economically.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: To combat China’s military involvement in Africa, we recommend for the United States to lean on its international allies to formulate an arms deal with other countries in order to formulate a better long-term arms deal, dismissing possible transactions with China. In terms of dealing with military expansion in the South Pacific, we recommend the U.S. to undertake policies to put an end to China’s maritime power in the Pacific and increase funding for the Air Force and Navy to invest in new technologies to deal with such power. We also recommend for the United States to promote diplomatic cooperation with Brazil, Russia, India, and South America to combat China’s increasing influence with these countries in BRICS. The United States must also focus on better positioning their diplomatic stance to be allied with nations continuing to push for bilateral issues and human rights conferences in Brazil and India, as well as support India in their push for UN Security Council membership. On the economic side, the United States must respond to China’s infrastructure plan for their economy by investing in other forms of development, such as agriculture, medicine, and digital infrastructure. This paper contributed to the theory of International Affairs and U.S.-China relations through analyzing various diplomatic, economic, and militaristic outlooks with the aims of providing a cohesive study on the level of threat towards American security. The theory of International Relations was augmented via the research and delineation of applicable studies and global conflicts. Thorough examination of included sources contributed to this theory and the practice of IR.

Analysis of the Business Models of Alibaba

In the era of the burgeoning network economy, Alibaba, the most successful e-commerce company in China, has emerged as a pivotal player, shaping the landscape of e-commerce with its innovative business model and expansive global footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Alibaba’s strategic evolution, technology integration, operational dynamics, and global market expansion. Founded in 1999 by Jack Ma and associates, Alibaba has grown from its roots as a business-to-business (B2B) platform to a multifaceted conglomerate encompassing business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and cloud computing services. At its core, Alibaba’s corporate strategy emphasizes long-term vision, customer-centricity, and global dominance, positioning itself as the foremost e-commerce service provider. Alibaba’s technological prowess is evident in its seamless integration of advanced communication, computing, and financial technologies, facilitating secure transactions and enhancing user experience. The company’s operational model emphasizes customer segmentation, revenue diversification, and robust logistics management, driving sustainable growth and market leadership. Furthermore, Alibaba’s strategic expansion into international markets, including Russia, Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, Australia, and Africa, underscores its commitment to global commerce and economic empowerment. Through strategic investments and partnerships, Alibaba continues to redefine the contours of e-commerce, fostering innovation, connectivity, and inclusive growth on a global scale.

Europe Without America

This essay examines the historically anomalous nature of the contemporary US-led European security order in the context of other distinctive aspects of European history. These include the absence of a long-lasting hegemon since the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe’s rise and global dominance, and its instigation of the two world wars which brought its own destruction. The essay argues that America’s role as effectively a non-territorial hegemon allowed Europe largely to reconcile the ‘impossible trinity’ of unity, security and liberty which had previously eluded it. However, this anomalous and relatively happy period could soon end if, due to US internal political dynamics or a need to strategically prioritise East Asia, the American Leviathan withdraws from its function as Europe’s security provider.

Overview of JN.1 the variant of interest: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis

Amidst the ongoing global battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes monitoring variants of interest (VOIs) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The JN.1 variant, initially considered within the framework of BA.2.86, has rapidly gained global prevalence, prompting its reclassification as an independent VOI. This study assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the JN.1 variant. A literature review from PubMed, and expert opinions from newspaper articles were utilized for information collection. The study incorporates a comprehensive SWOT analysis, associated with the JN.1 variant. The JN.1 variant's global dominance is marked by exponential increases in COVID-19 cases, impacting healthcare systems. While strengths include global guidance, vaccine effectiveness, and a robust surveillance system, weaknesses encompass wastewater analysis, seasonal impacts, and immune escape capabilities. Opportunities lie in continuous vaccination campaigns, monitoring, research, vaccine adaptation, and adaptive strategies. Threats include co-circulation with respiratory diseases, lower antibody responses, and potential global spread. The study underscores the importance of clear public communication, continuous surveillance, and research efforts in addressing the challenges posed by the JN.1 variant. Recommendations include assessing vaccine effectiveness, updating strategies and fostering global collaboration for a more effective response.

Altered receptor binding, antibody evasion and retention of T cell recognition by the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 spike protein

The XBB.1.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly achieved global dominance and exhibits a high growth advantage over previous variants. Preliminary reports suggest that the success of XBB.1.5 stems from mutations within its spike glycoprotein, causing immune evasion and enhanced receptor binding. We present receptor binding studies that demonstrate retention of binding contacts with the human ACE2 receptor and a striking decrease in binding to mouse ACE2 due to the revertant R493Q mutation. Despite extensive evasion of antibody binding, we highlight a region on the XBB.1.5 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) that is recognized by serum antibodies from a donor with hybrid immunity, collected prior to the emergence of the XBB.1.5 variant. T cell assays reveal high frequencies of XBB.1.5 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells amongst donors with hybrid immunity, with the CD4+ T cells skewed towards a Th1 cell phenotype and having attenuated effector cytokine secretion as compared to ancestral spike protein-specific cells. Thus, while the XBB.1.5 variant has retained efficient human receptor binding and gained antigenic alterations, it remains susceptible to recognition by T cells induced via vaccination and previous infection.

SYSTEMIC FEATURES OF INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE USA

Due to the importance of innovations as a factor for economic growth and competitiveness, ensuring their sustainable development is a universal task for the country. The most intense race for innovation is observed among countries striving for global dominance. This article is dedicated to the study of the specific features of innovation development in the United States, where innovative potential has become one of the cornerstones of their economic strategy and a key driver of their success. The United States has significant distinctions from other countries in terms of culture, institutions, economic organizations, economic regulation, etc., which together create the basic conditions for innovation and require consideration. The focus on innovation development in the United States is driven by intensified competition with other global players, particularly from China.The main goal of the research is to summarize and characterize the systemic features of innovation development in the United States, as well as to identify the key factors intensifying innovation productivity in the country.The study of the systemic features of innovation development in the United States covered the analysis of 1) civilizational factors; 2) institutional system; 3) economic system; 4) innovation system; 5) state innovation policy. The main factors intensifying innovation productivity in the United States were identified as the combination of entrepreneurial and large-scale capitalism, venture capital investment, and territorial agglomerations of innovative structures. The need to consider the peculiarities of innovation generation in the military sector, universities, and non-profit organizations has been justified. The strength of the United States innovation system has been statistically demonstrated, however, the increasing competition in science and innovation from China has been confirmed. This has led to the intensification and change in the type of state innovation policy in the United States, with a focus on targeted support for innovation in industry in the context of the green transition.

Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the Rhine-Neckar/Heidelberg Region 01/2021 – 07/2023

In January 2021, the monitoring of circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 was initiated in Germany under the Corona Surveillance Act, which was discontinued after July 2023. This initiative aimed to enhance pandemic containment, as specific amino acid changes, particularly in the spike protein, were associated with increased transmission and reduced vaccine efficacy.Our group conducted whole genome sequencing using the ARTIC protocol (currently V4) on Illumina's NextSeq 500 platform (and, starting in May 2023, on the MiSeq DX platform) for SARS-CoV-2 positive specimen from patients at Heidelberg University Hospital, associated hospitals, and the public health office in the Rhine-Neckar/Heidelberg region. In total, we sequenced 26,795 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples between January 2021 and July 2023. Valid sequences, meeting the requirements for upload to the German electronic sequencing data hub (DESH) operated by the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), were determined for 24,852 samples, and the lineage/clade could be identified for 25,912 samples.The year 2021 witnessed significant dynamics in the circulating variants in the Rhine-Neckar/Heidelberg region, including A.27.RN, followed by the emergence of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), subsequently displaced by B.1.617.2 (Delta), and the initial occurrences of B.1.1.529 (Omicron). By January 2022, B.1.1.529 had superseded B.1.617.2, dominating with over 90%. The years 2022 and 2023 were then characterized by the dominance of B.1.1.529 and its sublineages, particularly BA.5 and BA.2, and more recently, the emergence of recombinant variants like XBB.1.5.Since the global dominance of B.1.617.2, the identified variant distribution in our local study, apart from a time delay in the spread of new variants, can be considered largely representative of the global distribution.om a time delay in the spread of new variants, can be considered largely representative of the global distribution.

A virtual insight into mushroom secondary metabolites: 3D-QSAR, docking, pharmacophore-based analysis and molecular modeling to analyze their anti-breast cancer potential

Breast cancer is a major issue of investigation in drug discovery due to its rising frequency and global dominance. Plants are significant natural sources for the development of novel medications and therapies. Medicinal mushrooms have many biological response modifiers and are used for the treatment of many physical illnesses. In this research, a database of 89 macro-molecules with anti-breast cancer activity, which were previously isolated from the mushrooms in literature, has been selected for the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3D-QSAR) studies. The 3D-QSAR model was necessarily used in Pharmacopoeia virtual evaluation of the database to develop novel MCF-7 inhibitors. With the known potential targets of breast cancer, the docking studies were achieved. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the targets’ stability with the best-chosen natural product molecule was found. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of three compounds, resulting after the docking study, were predicted. The compound C1 (Pseudonocardian A) showed the features of effective compounds because it has bioavailability from different coral species and is toxicity-free for the prevention of many dermatological illnesses. C1 is chemically active and possesses charge transfer inside the monomer, as seen by the band gaps of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) electrons. The reactivity descriptors ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential (μ), hardness (η), softness (S), electronegativity (χ), and electrophilicity index (ω) have been estimated using the energies of frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO–LUMO). Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential maps were created to show that the C1 is reactive. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The Secret of China Keeping Leading the Export of Steel Trade Since 21 Century

The foundation was set by early industrialization, post-1949 emphasis on heavy industries, and post-1978 economic reforms.China emerged as a significant exporter of steel in the 21st century due to several factors that enhanced its competitiveness. These factors include the presence of abundant reserves of iron ore, a substantial labour force, and developments in technology. As a result, China successfully debunked the prevailing notion of relying solely on domestic resources and established itself as a prominent player in the global steel market. This paper examines China's global steel market dominance due to historical foundations, economic reforms, and competitive advantages. This study employs the H-O model and the supply and demand model, utilizing secondary data from various sources. The samples for this study include China's total population, China's GDP, Australia, and Europe and the United States. The type of data utilized in this research is secondary data, and it involves characteristics such as bar charts to observe the steel industry's development in China, Australia, and Europe and the United States. The data encompasses steel resource content, total steel import and export, total steel production, and the environmental policy stringency index. This paper proposes a novel avenue for future research, focusing on the integration of environmental factors into models explaining international steel trade dynamics. The investigation aims to shed light on the influence of environmental standards on trade patterns and, consequently, advance our comprehension of China's position within the global steel market.