Global Asymmetry Research Articles

Measuring Asymmetry in Time-Stamped Phylogenies.

Previous work has shown that asymmetry in viral phylogenies may be indicative of heterogeneity in transmission, for example due to acute HIV infection or the presence of ‘core groups’ with higher contact rates. Hence, evidence of asymmetry may provide clues to underlying population structure, even when direct information on, for example, stage of infection or contact rates, are missing. However, current tests of phylogenetic asymmetry (a) suffer from false positives when the tips of the phylogeny are sampled at different times and (b) only test for global asymmetry, and hence suffer from false negatives when asymmetry is localised to part of a phylogeny. We present a simple permutation-based approach for testing for asymmetry in a phylogeny, where we compare the observed phylogeny with random phylogenies with the same sampling and coalescence times, to reduce the false positive rate. We also demonstrate how profiles of measures of asymmetry calculated over a range of evolutionary times in the phylogeny can be used to identify local asymmetry. In combination with different metrics of asymmetry, this combined approach offers detailed insights of how phylogenies reconstructed from real viral datasets may deviate from the simplistic assumptions of commonly used coalescent and birth-death process models.

Three-dimensional simulations of core-collapse supernovae: from shock revival to shock breakout

We present 3D simulations of core-collapse supernovae from blast-wave initiation by the neutrino-driven mechanism to shock breakout from the stellar surface, considering two 15 Msun red supergiants (RSG) and two blue supergiants (BSG) of 15 Msun and 20 Msun. We demonstrate that the metal-rich ejecta in homologous expansion still carry fingerprints of asymmetries at the beginning of the explosion, but the final metal distribution is massively affected by the detailed progenitor structure. The most extended and fastest metal fingers and clumps are correlated with the biggest and fastest-rising plumes of neutrino-heated matter, because these plumes most effectively seed the growth of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities at the C+O/He and He/H composition-shell interfaces after the passage of the SN shock. The extent of radial mixing, global asymmetry of the metal-rich ejecta, RT-induced fragmentation of initial plumes to smaller-scale fingers, and maximal Ni and minimal H velocities do not only depend on the initial asphericity and explosion energy (which determine the shock and initial Ni velocities) but also on the density profiles and widths of C+O core and He shell and on the density gradient at the He/H transition, which lead to unsteady shock propagation and the formation of reverse shocks. Both RSG explosions retain a great global metal asymmetry with pronounced clumpiness and substructure, deep penetration of Ni fingers into the H-envelope (with maximum velocities of 4000-5000 km/s for an explosion energy around 1.5 bethe) and efficient inward H-mixing. While the 15 Msun BSG shares these properties (maximum Ni speeds up to ~3500 km/s), the 20 Msun BSG develops a much more roundish geometry without pronounced metal fingers (maximum Ni velocities only ~2200 km/s) because of reverse-shock deceleration and insufficient time for strong RT growth and fragmentation at the He/H interface.

A study of the kinematics of unusually H I‐rich galaxies

AbstractWe examine the H I kinematics of the “Bluedisk” ensemble of 48 galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and observed in H I with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. The sample consists of 25 galaxies with a high H I mass fraction and a comparatively large control sample comprising 23 galaxies of comparable stellar mass, stellar mass surface density, redshift, and inclination. By studying the H I velocity fields of these galaxies, we investigate whether there are signatures of ongoing gas accretion: i.e. global asymmetries and indications for warping and kinematical lopsidedness. We find no enhanced kinematical asymmetries between the H I‐rich sample and the control sample galaxies, indicating no significant difference in kinematical signatures such as warping and lopsidedness. Furthermore, we find no difference in position angle and systemic velocity offset with respect to the optical between both sub‐samples. We therefore do not find compelling evidence for enhanced global asymmetry of the H I‐excess galaxies ensemble properties in comparison to the control sample galaxies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Full Stokes IQUV spectropolarimetry of AGB and post-AGB stars: probing surface magnetism and atmospheric dynamics

AbstractFull Stokes spectropolarimetric observations of a Mira star (χ Cyg) and a RV Tauri star (R Sct) are presented and analyzed comparatively. From their Stokes V data (circular polarization), we report the detection of a weak magnetic field at the surface of these cool and evolved radially pulsating stars. For both stars, we analyse this detection in the framework of their complex atmospheric dynamics, with the possibility that shock waves may imprint an efficient compressive effect on the surface magnetic field. We also report strong Stokes U and Stokes Q signatures associated to metallic lines (as a global trend), those linear polarimetric features appear to be time variable along the pulsating phase. More surprising, in the Stokes U and Stokes Q data, we also detect signatures associated to individual metallic lines (such as Sr i 460.7 nm, Na D2588.9 nm), that are known (from the solar case) to be easily polarizable in case of a global asymmetry at the photospheric level.

Dynamic asymmetry and the role of the conserved active-site thiol in rabbit muscle creatine kinase.

Symmetric and asymmetric crystal structures of the apo and transition state analogue forms, respectively, of the dimeric rabbit muscle creatine kinase have invoked an "induced fit" explanation for asymmetry between the two subunits and their active sites. However, previously reported thiol reactivity studies at the dual active-site cysteine 283 residues suggest a more latent asymmetry between the two subunits. The role of that highly conserved active-site cysteine has also not been clearly determined. In this work, the S-H vibrations of Cys283 were observed in the unmodified MM isoform enzyme via Raman scattering, and then one and both Cys283 residues in the same dimeric enzyme were modified to covalently attach a cyano group that reports on the active-site environment via its infrared CN stretching absorption band while maintaining the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Unmodified and Cys283-modified enzymes were investigated in the apo and transition state analogue forms of the enzyme. The narrow and invariant S-H vibrational bands report a homogeneous environment for the unmodified active-site cysteines, indicating that their thiols are hydrogen bonded to the same H-bond acceptor in the presence and absence of the substrate. The S-H peak persists at all physiologically relevant pH's, indicating that Cys283 is protonated at all pH's relevant to enzymatic activity. Molecular dynamics simulations identify the S-H hydrogen bond acceptor as a single, long-resident water molecule and suggest that the role of the conserved yet catalytically unnecessary thiol may be to dynamically rigidify that part of the active site through specific H-bonding to water. The asymmetric and broad CN stretching bands from the CN-modified Cys283 suggest an asymmetric structure in the apo form of the enzyme in which there is a dynamic exchange between spectral subpopulations associated with water-exposed and water-excluded probe environments. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate a homogeneous orientation of the SCN probe group in the active site and thus rule out a local conformational explanation at the residue level for the multipopulation CN stretching bands. The homogeneous simulated SCN orientation suggests strongly that a more global asymmetry between the two subunits is the cause of the CN probe's broad and asymmetric infrared line shape. Together, these spectral observations localized at the active-site cysteines indicate an intrinsic, dynamic asymmetry between the two subunits that exists already in the apo form of the dimeric creatine kinase enzyme, rather than being induced by the substrate. Biochemical and methodological consequences of these conclusions are considered.

Estimating location without external cues.

The ability to determine one's location is fundamental to spatial navigation. Here, it is shown that localization is theoretically possible without the use of external cues, and without knowledge of initial position or orientation. With only error-prone self-motion estimates as input, a fully disoriented agent can, in principle, determine its location in familiar spaces with 1-fold rotational symmetry. Surprisingly, localization does not require the sensing of any external cue, including the boundary. The combination of self-motion estimates and an internal map of the arena provide enough information for localization. This stands in conflict with the supposition that 2D arenas are analogous to open fields. Using a rodent error model, it is shown that the localization performance which can be achieved is enough to initiate and maintain stable firing patterns like those of grid cells, starting from full disorientation. Successful localization was achieved when the rotational asymmetry was due to the external boundary, an interior barrier or a void space within an arena. Optimal localization performance was found to depend on arena shape, arena size, local and global rotational asymmetry, and the structure of the path taken during localization. Since allothetic cues including visual and boundary contact cues were not present, localization necessarily relied on the fusion of idiothetic self-motion cues and memory of the boundary. Implications for spatial navigation mechanisms are discussed, including possible relationships with place field overdispersion and hippocampal reverse replay. Based on these results, experiments are suggested to identify if and where information fusion occurs in the mammalian spatial memory system.

Gender differences in association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and resting-state EEG activity

Human brain oscillations represent important features of information processing and are highly heritable. Gender has been observed to affect association between the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region) polymorphism and various endophenotypes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-HTTLPR on the spontaneous electroencephalography (EEG) activity in healthy male and female subjects. DNA samples extracted from buccal swabs and resting EEG recorded at 60 standard leads were collected from 210 (101 men and 109 women) volunteers. Spectral EEG power estimates and cortical sources of EEG activity were investigated. It was shown that effects of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on electrical activity of the brain vary as a function of gender. Women with the S/L genotype had greater global EEG power compared to men with the same genotype. In men, current source density was markedly different among genotype groups in only alpha 2 and alpha 3 frequency ranges: S/S allele carriers had higher current source density estimates in the left inferior parietal lobule in comparison with the L/L group. In women, genotype difference in global power asymmetry was found in the central-temporal region. Contrasting L/L and S/L genotype carriers also yielded significant effects in the right hemisphere inferior parietal lobule and the right postcentral gyrus with L/L genotype carriers showing lower current source density estimates than S/L genotype carriers in all but gamma bands. So, in women, the effects of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were associated with modulation of the EEG activity in a wide range of EEG frequencies. The significance of the results lies in the demonstration of gene by sex interaction with resting EEG that has implications for understanding sex-related differences in affective states, emotion and cognition.

Fluctuational-thermodynamic interpretation of small angle X-ray scattering experiments in supercritical fluids

The typical treatment of the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiment for supercritical fluids contains two interconnected uncertainties. One supposes a priori an unimodal, Gaussian-type distribution of local density for any volumes of observation in spite of its strong fluctuations near and above the actual critical point. Accordingly, the empirical or semitheoretical unified equations of state (EOS) are used to normalize the SAXS-intensities which cannot express the singular behavior of the isothermal compressibility and, as a result, cannot predict adequately the Ornstein–Zernike (OZ) correlation length. On the other hand, the numerical molecular-dynamical (MD) experiment in a combination with the coarse-graining analysis reveals the typically bimodal structure of a compressible fluid regime in the supercritical region if one takes into account not only the aggregates of particles with the augmented average density but also the steady existence of “voids” with its depletion. To reconcile qualitatively laboratory SAXS- and numerical MD-experiments the methodology of global fluid asymmetry (GFA) proposed by authors in the framework of FT-(fluctuational thermodynamics) model has been used in this work. In particular, the known problem of a “ridge” formed by the supposedly Gaussian distributions of the isothermal density fluctuations is reformulated in terms of their presumably bimodal structure. Its location below the critical isochore in the P,T-diagram found by the traditional SAXS-treatment is independently confirmed only for the liquid like peak of supercritical distribution while the additional, predicted here gas like peak is definitely located at the lower densities. The both peaks of such thin structure revealed in the density fluctuations coincide at the pseudocritical (but non-mean-field) point where the distributions of any thermodynamic densities become indeed Gaussian ones at the higher temperatures and pressures of a ridge. The phenomenological generalization of the OZ-theory based on the FT/GFA-approach is formulated in terms of the finite-range direct and total correlation integrals.

Arrangement Characteristics of Temporary Relief Facilities: A Case Study of the Sewol Ferry Disaster Using Space Syntax Modeling

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to provide a quantitative assessment of the spatial placement characteristics of temporary disaster relief facilities that were built after the Sewol ferry disaster. Among space syntax analysis indicators, we selected control value, global real relation asymmetry (RRA), local RRA, and intelligibility to use in this study. We also assessed each relief facility's accessibility by facility type and use of spatial openness. As a result of our analysis of 193 relief facilities that were classified into 9 facility types, we discovered that the types requiring control over who could access them due to their facility characteristics had RRA values confirming that such facilities used space appropriately. Furthermore, most of the facility types, including the types needing openness or awareness, showed results that were appropriate for each assessment indicator. Our study is the first to examine relief facilities, whose placements are often temporary and expedient in response to large-scale disasters, with the lens of spatial characteristics analysis. The assessment methodology used in this study can be generalized, applied regardless of region, and used as a placement plan for future temporary relief facilities.

Analysis of digital measures of cranial vault asymmetry for assessment of plagiocephaly.

Deformational plagiocephaly (DP) is an asymmetry of the skull caused by extrinsic compression. With the advent of the Back to Sleep campaign, DP is of increased interest to parents and healthcare providers. Traditionally, this asymmetry has been assessed by caliper measurements. However, little consensus exists as to which caliper measures (linear) give the most accurate representation of DP. The purposes of this study are to examine different measures and to determine which have the greatest validity in the assessment of skull asymmetry. Six linear measures were assessed using 31 three-dimensional photographs of 26 children diagnosed with DP. These measurements were compared with more encompassing measures: a head perimeter measurement, a global three-dimensional measure of hemispheric asymmetry, and the radial symmetry index. These 3 broader measures were used to determine which linear, caliper-style measurements most accurately reflect overall DP. Intrarater reliability of the measurements varied widely (intraclass correlation coefficients from 0.42 to 0.99). Correlations between the measures also varied widely (0.10 < r < 0.95). The linear measure that best correlated with the inclusive measures of asymmetry was FZ-EU, the distance from the frontozygomaticus to the contralateral eurion (r ≥ 0.90). These data introduce 2 digital measures that might serve as standards against which linear measures of asymmetry may be tested: Global asymmetry and head perimeter measures were strongly correlated to each other. When these 2 parameters were compared against linear measures, FZ-EU was noted to be the best linear measure of asymmetry based on these benchmarks.

Asymmetrical hyperpolyglot potential in women? – Looking at linguistic chauvinism in the twenty-first century

Abstract This article focuses on renditions of hyperglossia in a recently published popular linguistics text entitled Babel No More. The article aims to examine in detail the seemingly asymmetrical portrayal of female polyglot prowess relative to spotlighted male linguistic proficiency in the extensive diachronic and synchronic case studies presented in the text and presents historical evidence of female polyglot contributions – past and present – to fill a perceived gap in the proffered record in this widely circulating twenty-first-century text. The seeming contrast of awe for language accumulators versus doubt for actual multilingual competence in a book bearing the subtitle The Search for the World’s Most Extraordinary Language Learners it is argued needs discoursal scrutiny both for what is says and for its brilliant use of covert linguistic strategies to revive and reconstruct eighteenth-century accounts of global asymmetry in women’s cognitive potential 300 years later. By examining three brilliantly crafted critical discourse strategies of Underdefinition, Underreportage; and Selective Visualization, which author Erard employs to simultaneously and systematically “other,” marginalize and trivialize some multilingual speakers while privileging past and present male hyperpolyglots in particular regions of the world, we understand how global exhibitionism of power and cultural knowledge is both revived and sustained in a seemingly interconnected and deterritorialized world of “cosmopolitan” access in the twenty-first century. Eventually then, this article seeks to examine what we lose when we limit ourselves to agenda rather than the pursuit of actual historical and present-day truths with globally spanning rather than regionally oriented evidence. Indeed, the article prods readers to consider what we risk to lose in fields as esoteric as linguistics when current analyses fail to focus on 51% of the world’s population – women.

Ice particle habit and surface roughness derived from PARASOL polarization measurements

Abstract. Ice clouds are an important element in the radiative balance of the earth's climate system, but their microphysical and optical properties still are not well constrained, especially ice particle habit and the degree of particle surface roughness. In situ observations have revealed common ice particle habits and evidence for surface roughness, but these observations are limited. An alternative is to infer the ice particle shape and surface roughness from satellite observations of polarized reflectivity since they are sensitive to both particle shape and degree of surface roughness. In this study an adding–doubling radiative transfer code is used to simulate polarized reflectivity for nine different ice habits and one habit mixture, along with 17 distinct levels of the surface roughness. A lookup table (LUT) is constructed from the simulation results and used to infer shape and surface roughness from PARASOL satellite polarized reflectivity data over the ocean. Globally, the retrievals yield a compact aggregate of columns as the most commonly retrieved ice habit. Analysis of PARASOL data from the tropics results in slightly more aggregates than in midlatitude or polar regions. Some level of surface roughness is inferred in nearly 70% of PARASOL data, with mean and median roughness near σ = 0.2 and 0.15, respectively. Tropical region analyses have 20% more pixels retrieved with particle surface roughness than in midlatitude or polar regions. The global asymmetry parameter inferred at a wavelength of 0.865 μm has a mean value of 0.77 and a median value of 0.75.

Prediction of near-term risk of developing breast cancer using computerized features from bilateral mammograms

Asymmetry of bilateral mammographic tissue density and patterns is a potentially strong indicator of having or developing breast abnormalities or early cancers. The purpose of this study is to design and test the global asymmetry features from bilateral mammograms to predict the near-term risk of women developing detectable high risk breast lesions or cancer in the next sequential screening mammography examination. The image dataset includes mammograms acquired from 90 women who underwent routine screening examinations, all interpreted as negative and not recalled by the radiologists during the original screening procedures. A computerized breast cancer risk analysis scheme using four image processing modules, including image preprocessing, suspicious region segmentation, image feature extraction, and classification was designed to detect and compute image feature asymmetry between the left and right breasts imaged on the mammograms. The highest computed area under curve (AUC) is 0.754±0.024 when applying the new computerized aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme to our testing dataset. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 0.58 and 0.80, respectively.

Ionization break-out from millisecond pulsar wind nebulae: an X-ray probe of the origin of superluminous supernovae

Magnetic spin-down of a millisecond neutron star has been proposed as the power source of hydrogen-poor "superluminous" supernovae (SLSNe-I). However, producing an unambiguous test that can distinguish this model from alternatives, such as circumstellar interaction, has proven challenging. After the supernova explosion, the pulsar wind inflates a hot cavity behind the expanding stellar ejecta: the nascent millisecond pulsar wind nebula. Electron/positron pairs injected by the wind cool through inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron emission, producing a pair cascade and hard X-ray spectrum inside the nebula. These X-rays ionize the inner exposed side of the ejecta, driving an ionization front that propagates outwards with time. Under some conditions this front can breach the ejecta surface within months after the optical supernova peak, allowing ~0.1-1 keV photons to escape the nebula unattenuated with a characteristic luminosity L_X ~ 1e43-1e45 erg/s. This "ionization break-out" may explain the luminous X-ray emission observed from the transient SCP 06F, providing direct evidence that this SLSN was indeed engine-powered. Luminous break-out requires a low ejecta mass and that the spin-down time of the pulsar be comparable to the photon diffusion timescale at optical maximum, the latter condition similar to that required for a supernova with a high optical fluence. These relatively special requirements may explain why most SLSNe-I are not accompanied by detectable X-ray emission. Global asymmetry of the supernova ejecta increases the likelihood of an early break-out along the direction of lowest density. Atomic states with lower threshold energies are more readily ionized at earlier times near optical maximum, allowing UV break-out across a wider range of pulsar and ejecta properties than X-ray break-out, possibly contributing to the blue/UV colors of SLSNe-I.

Determination of symmetry parameters of objects in noisy images

Measures and functionals of global asymmetry of noisy and noise-free images are axiomatically introduced. Explicit expressions are obtained that make these functionals applicable for determining the symmetry axes of noisy images. It is shown that some asymmetry functionals are unstable against noise levels of images; i.e., the symmetry axis obtained using these functionals may deviate significantly if the signal-to-noise ratio is large. Sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained under which the symmetry axes calculated using asymmetry functionals remain unchanged.

The Characteristic and Changes of the Event-Related Potentials (ERP) and Brain Topographic Maps before and after Treatment with rTMS in Subjective Tinnitus Patients

ObjectivesTo compare the event-related potentials (ERPs) and brain topographic maps characteristic and change in normal controls and subjective tinnitus patients before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment.Methods and ParticipantsThe ERPs and brain topographic maps elicited by target stimulus were compared before and after 1-week treatment with rTMS in 20 subjective tinnitus patients and 16 healthy controls.ResultsBefore rTMS, target stimulus elicited a larger N1 component than the standard stimuli (repeating sounds)in control group but not in tinnitus patients. Instead, the tinnitus group pre-treatment exhibited larger amplitude of N1 in response to standard stimuli than to deviant stimuli. Furthermore tinnitus patients had smaller mismatch negativity (MMN) and late discriminative negativity (LDN)component at Fz compared with the control group. After rTMS treatment, tinnitus patients showed increased N1 response to deviant stimuli and larger MMN and LDN compared with pre-treatment. The topographic maps for the tinnitus group before rTMS -treatment demonstrated global asymmetry between the left and right cerebral hemispheres with more negative activities in left side and more positive activities in right side. In contrast, the brain topographic maps for patients after rTMS-treatment and controls seem roughly symmetrical. The ERP amplitudes and brain topographic maps in post-treatment patient group showed no significant difference with those in controls.ConclusionsThe characterical changes in ERP and brain topographic maps in tinnitus patients maybe related with the electrophysiological mechanism of tinnitus induction and development. It can be used as an objective biomarker for the evaluation of auditory central in subjective tinnitus patients. These findings support the notion that rTMS treatment in tinnitus patients may exert a beneficial effect.

Global asymmetry of fluids and local singularity in the diameter of the coexistence curve

By combining a measurable vapor-liquid coexistence curve and the extended van der Waals-type of equation of state (EOS) with the additional temperature-dependent coefficient, the phenomenological model of global fluid asymmetry has been developed separately for both coexisting bulk phases in the entire range of subcritical states. It is shown, in particular, that the adequate description of a liquid branch and its near-critical vicinity in terms of appropriate critical exponents and amplitudes connected by the two-scale-factor universal interrelations can be achieved. The asymmetric influence of heterophase fluctuations on the criticality of gaseous states is demonstrated. It is inherently similar to the well-known Fisher's droplet model, which corresponds to the scaling EOS too. The principle of corresponding isotherms has been formulated without any adjustable parameters. An attempt to avoid the use of a locally singular coexistence-curve diameter is proposed in the framework of two alternative models. The accurate vapor-liquid data for two fluid metals, Rb and Cs, as well as two molecular fluids, C(2)H(6) and CO(2), are reanalyzed by the above models to confirm the presumed opportunity.

Long‐term analysis of ionospheric polar patches based on CHAMP TEC data

Total electron content (TEC) from LEO satellites offers great possibility to sound the upper ionosphere and plasmasphere. This paper describes a method to derive absolute TEC observations aboard CHAMP considering multipath effects and receiver differential code bias. The long‒term data set of 9 years GPS observations is used to investigate the climatological behavior of high‒latitude plasma patches in both hemispheres. The occurrence of polar patches has a clear correlation with the solar cycle, which is less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Summed over all years, we observed a higher number of patches in the SH. The maximum occurrence rate of patches has been found at the dayside polar cusp during 12:00–18:00 MLT (magnetic local time) supporting the mechanisms for patch creation by local particle precipitation and by intrusion of subauroral plasma into the polar cap through tongues of ionization (TOIs). The latter mechanism seems to be even more important in the SH. Investigating the patches in comparison with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, we found that decreased IMF Bz and enhanced merging electric field preceded the patch observation; hence, patch creation follows a period of enhanced solar wind input into the magnetosphere/ionosphere. We further found an annual cycle in patch occurrence with maxima at equinox and December solstice and a June solstice minimum which reflects the global ionospheric seasonal asymmetry in electron density. We suggest that enhanced TEC at midlatitudes and low latitudes during December solstice provides a greater possibility to transport high‐density plasma to the polar region through the buildup of TOIs.

Spatial distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter fromHerschelHIFI and PACS observations

Context. In the past 15 years, several studies suggested that water in the stratosphere of Jupiter originated from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) comet impacts in July 1994, but a direct proof was missing. Only a very sensitive instrument observing with high spectral/spatial resolution can help to solve this problem. This is the case of the Herschel Space Observatory, which is the first telescope capable of mapping water in Jupiter’s stratosphere.Aims. We observed the spatial distribution of the water emission in Jupiter’s stratosphere with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) onboard Herschel to constrain its origin. In parallel, we monitored Jupiter’s stratospheric temperature with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) to separate temperature from water variability.Methods. We obtained a 25-point map of the 1669.9 GHz water line with HIFI in July 2010 and several maps with PACS in October 2009 and December 2010. The 2010 PACS map is a 400-point raster of the water 66.4 μ m emission. Additionally, we mapped the methane ν 4 band emission to constrain the stratospheric temperature in Jupiter in the same periods with the IRTF.Results. Water is found to be restricted to pressures lower than 2 mbar. Its column density decreases by a factor of 2−3 between southern and northern latitudes, consistently between the HIFI and the PACS 66.4 μ m maps. We infer that an emission maximum seen around 15 °S is caused by a warm stratospheric belt detected in the IRTF data. Conclusions. Latitudinal temperature variability cannot explain the global north-south asymmetry in the water maps. From the latitudinal and vertical distributions of water in Jupiter’s stratosphere, we rule out interplanetary dust particles as its main source. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Jupiter’s stratospheric water was delivered by the SL9 comet and that more than 95% of the observed water comes from the comet according to our models.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in A 46,XY Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Patient on Hormone Therapy

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in A 46,XY Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Patient on Hormone Therapy