Global Asymmetry Research Articles

A New Methodology, Based on a CAD System, for Evaluating Partial and Global Asymmetries in Deer Antlers from Hunting Quality Assessment Data

In the field of biology, the ’biomarkers’ of the different animal species are of great relevance, as well as the relationships between them and the quality of the habitat. A study was proposed, analysing the antlers of the Iberian deer, to measure the bilateral asymmetry of its branches. The antlers are characterised in a 3D CAD model of their axial structure obtained via photogrammetric restitution from two photographs. This method quantifies the global and partial asymmetries of the antler’s structural features. The research evaluated 48 deer antlers from hunting days and taxidermy workshops. To quantify asymmetries, the measurements required are the same as those considered to assess the hunting quality of antlers. Bilateral deviations are estimated for each structural trait and the whole antler. Preliminary results showed a convergence between the values of global asymmetry and hunting quality. The methodology proved to be fast, inexpensive, and easy to implement, which facilitates its use in future asymmetry studies of other biological elements of animal or plant origin. It is only necessary that the starting data, which is the bilateral axial structure of the analysed element, is characterised in a 3D model.

Automatic assessment of scoliosis surgery outcome on trunk shape using left-right trunk asymmetry.

To present a novel set of Left-Right Trunk Asymmetry (LRTA) indices and use them to assess the postoperative appearance of the trunk in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients. We hypothesize that LRTA measurements provide complementary information to existing trunk asymmetry indices when documenting the outcome of scoliosis surgery. Forty-nine AIS patients with thoracic curves who underwent posterior spinal fusion were included. All had surface topography scans taken preoperatively and at least 6 months postoperatively. We documented spinal curvature using Radiographic Cobb angles, scoliometer readings and coronal balance. To evaluate Global Trunk Asymmetry (GTA), we used the standard measures of Back Surface Rotation (BSR) and Trunk Lateral Shift (TLS). To measure LRTA, we identified asymmetry areas as regions of significant deviation between the left and right sides of the 3D back surface. New parameters called Deformation Rate (DR) and Maximum Asymmetry (MA) were measured in different regions based on the asymmetry areas. We compared the GTA and LRTA changes with those in spinal curvature before and after surgery. The GTA indices, mainly TLS, showed improvement for more than 75% of patients. There was significant improvement of LRTA in the shoulder blades and waist regions (95% and 80% of patients respectively). We report positive outcomes for LRTA in the majority of patients, specifically in the shoulder blades and waist, even when no reduction of BSR is observed. The proposed indices can evaluate local trunk asymmetries and the degree to which they are improved or worsened after scoliosis surgery.

Transformer-Based Recognition Model for Ground-Glass Nodules from the View of Global 3D Asymmetry Feature Representation

Ground-glass nodules (GGN) are the main manifestation of early lung cancer, and accurate and efficient identification of ground-glass pulmonary nodules is of great significance for the treatment of lung diseases. In response to the problem of traditional machine learning requiring manual feature extraction, and most deep learning models applied to 2D image classification, this paper proposes a Transformer-based recognition model for ground-glass nodules from the view of global 3D asymmetry feature representation. Firstly, a 3D convolutional neural network is used as the backbone to extract the features of the three-dimensional CT-image block of pulmonary nodules automatically; secondly, positional encoding information is added to the extracted feature map and input into the Transformer encoder layer for further extraction of global 3D asymmetry features, which can preserve more spatial information and obtain higher-order asymmetry feature representation; finally, the extracted asymmetry features are entered into a support vector machine or ELM-KNN model to further improve the recognition ability of the model. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method reaches 95.89%, which is 4.79, 2.05, 4.11, and 2.74 percentage points higher than the common deep learning models of AlexNet, DenseNet121, GoogLeNet, and VGG19, respectively; compared with the latest models proposed in the field of pulmonary nodule classification, the accuracy has been improved by 2.05, 2.05, and 0.68 percentage points, respectively, which can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of ground-glass nodules.

Ionosphere Heterogeneities at Dawn−Dusk Terminator Related to the Starlink Satellites Launch Disaster on 3−8 February 2022

AbstractWe present an analysis of the evolution of the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) and its variability index Vσ during the Starlink launch disaster on 3–8 February 2022 two‐phase geomagnetic storm. JPL GIM‐TEC global maps with increased spatial (1° in latitude and longitude) and temporal (15 min cadence) resolution as well as SWARM satellite data have been used in the analysis. Comparison of data for five time periods including Starlink launches with geomagnetic Dst index demonstrates thermospheric mass densities increasing by about 50% during the development of the storm on 3–5 February. A spectrum periodogram analysis is applied on TEC at sunrise and sunset solar terminator (STh) at an altitude h = 300 km. Periodicities in the solar terminator TEC generated waves are estimated as 24 hr, 12 hr, 1 hr, 30 min, 20 min, and 15 min. A significant morning−evening asymmetry resulted in the density anomalies concentrated in a certain—evening—sector of terminator when plasma is shifted to the dusk side forming a global asymmetry.

Innovation and knowledge coordinates of modern financial market development

This article deals with the functioning of the modern financial market in the context of increasing innovation trends and the transformation of knowledge into a full-fledged economic resource. The characteristics of knowledge as a resource are highlighted from the perspective of key participants in the financial market using dialectic and abstraction methods. It has been established that in the post-industrial economy, information and knowledge have become vital resources and radically changed the principles of economic relations. Owning information and knowledge and the ability to use them forms significant competitive advantages for all economic agents without exception. In turn, analysis and synthesis methods have been used to study the innovative components of the modern financial market. It has been determined that the rapid spread of financial innovations has a contradictory nature. On the one hand, new opportunities arise for participants in the financial market, but new threats and risks also emerge. These imbalances directly result from the information-knowledge asymmetry, which has significantly intensified under modern conditions. It is argued that the development of global information asymmetry has yet to weaken information asymmetry. The massive quantitative growth of information flows forms fundamentally new approaches to their use in the financial market, primarily based on digital technologies. The article argues that the innovative and knowledge trend of the modern financial market is of a long-term nature and dictates a rapid digital transformation. The spread of digital transformations, on the one hand, is precisely the result of the innovative and knowledge paradigm of financial market development, and on the other, digitization directly "fuels" innovative trends. The innovative and knowledge model of the modern financial market forms a fundamentally new agenda for the state as a regulator. Keywords: financial market, financial intermediaries, financial instruments, individual investors, financial literacy, innovations, knowledge.

Brain asymmetry is globally different in males and females: exploring cortical volume, area, thickness, and mean curvature.

Brain asymmetry is a cornerstone in the development of higher-level cognition, but it is unclear whether and how it differs in males and females. Asymmetry has been investigated using the laterality index, which compares homologous regions as pairwise weighted differences between the left and the right hemisphere. However, if asymmetry differences between males and females are global instead of pairwise, involving proportions between multiple brain areas, novel methodological tools are needed to evaluate them. Here, we used the Amsterdam Open MRI collection to investigate sexual dimorphism in brain asymmetry by comparing laterality index with the distance index, which is a global measure of differences within and across hemispheres, and with the subtraction index, which compares pairwise raw values in the left and right hemisphere. Machine learning models, robustness tests, and group analyses of cortical volume, area, thickness, and mean curvature revealed that, of the three indices, distance index was the most successful biomarker of sexual dimorphism. These findings suggest that left-right asymmetry in males and females involves global coherence rather than pairwise contrasts. Further studies are needed to investigate the biological basis of local and global asymmetry based on growth patterns under genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

Economic asymmetries and the new “markets of tomorrow”

AbstractThis article investigates the differences between the ongoing digital advancements in the market‐based society and the future market‐technology society in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This article explores the “markets of tomorrow” that embody the production capacity limits of technological progress to respond to socio and economic transformations amid viral threats, digitalization, and sustainable growth development. Examining the digital economy and technological advancement in developed and developing countries is being conducted. Generally, three key factors play a significant role in determining business strategy and development. These are the threat of viral infections, the process of digitalization, and the need for sustainable development. Our findings show that socio‐institutional innovations are present in the current landscape and play a role in guiding suggestions for managing these markets, considering their unique characteristics. The novelty of this article is analyzing the digital divide as a new form of global asymmetry. This is particularly important when there is a growing emphasis on polarization and power relations, especially under the conditions of digital competition in new markets of tomorrow, which the Fourth Industrial Revolution has predetermined.

Tidal drag and westward drift of the lithosphere

Tidal forces are generally neglected in the discussion about the mechanisms driving plate tectonics despite a worldwide geodynamic asymmetry also observed at subduction and rift zones. The tidal drag could theoretically explain the westerly shift of the lithosphere relative to the underlying mantle. Notwithstanding, viscosity in the asthenosphere is apparently too high to allow mechanical decoupling produced by tidal forces. Here, we propose a model for global scale geodynamics accompanied by numerical simulations of the tidal interaction of the Earth with the Moon and the Sun. We provide for the first time a theoretical proof that the tidal drag can produce a westerly motion of the lithosphere, also compatible with the slowing of the Earth’s rotational spin. Our results suggest a westerly rotation of the lithosphere with a lower bound of ω≈(0.1-0.2)°/Myr in the presence of a basal effective shear viscosity η≈1016 Pa·s, but it may rise to ω>1°/Myr with a viscosity of η≲3×1014 Pa·s within the Low-Velocity Zone (LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. This faster velocity would be more compatible with the mainstream of plate motion and the global asymmetry at plate boundaries. Based on these computations, we suggest that the super-adiabatic asthenosphere, being vigorously convecting, may further reduce the viscous coupling within the LVZ. Therefore, the combination of solid Earth tides, ultra-low viscosity LVZ and asthenospheric polarized small-scale convection may mechanically satisfy the large-scale decoupling of the lithosphere relative to the underlying mantle. Relative plate motions are explained because of lateral viscosity heterogeneities at the base of the lithosphere, which determine variable lithosphere-asthenosphere decoupling and plate interactions, hence plate tectonics.

Frontal Aslant Tract and Its Role in Language: A Journey Through Tractographies and Dissections

The frontal aslant tract (FAT) is a bilateral tract located within each frontal lobe. It connects the supplementary motor area in the superior frontal gyrus with the pars opercularis in the inferior frontal gyrus. There is a new and broader conceptualization of this tract called the extended FAT (eFAT). The eFAT tract role is believed to be related to several brain functions, including verbal fluency as one of its main domains. Tractographies were performed by using DSI Studio software on a template of 1065 healthy human brains. The tract was observed in a three-dimensional plane. The Laterality Index was calculated based on the length, volume, and diameter of fibers. A t test was performed to verify the statistical significance of global asymmetry. The results were compared with cadaveric dissections performed according to the Klingler technique. An illustrative case enlightens the neurosurgical application of this anatomic knowledge. The eFAT communicates the superior frontal gyrus with the Broca area (within the left hemisphere) or its contralateral homotopic area within the nondominant hemisphere. We measured the commisural fibers, traced cingulate, striatal, and insular connections and showed the existence of new frontal projections as part of the main structure. The tract did not show a significant asymmetry between the hemispheres. The tract was successfully reconstructed, focusing on its morphology and anatomic characteristics.

Migration effects of social imbalances

Social imbalances cause or underlie practically all migrations. Due to the diversity and multidimensionality of both processes, the multiplicity of channels for their interaction, their integration into larger social trends, and other overlapping factors, this influence is nonlinear, inhomogeneous, and sometimes ambiguous. Nevertheless, when considering imbalances in such migration optics, it turns out that their dynamics are coupled with changes in the intensity, nature, and directions of human flows. First, the trend towards smoothing global income inequality in the context of the crisis of globalization and other social shifts makes the upward dynamics of mobility change to rather oscillatory, sometimes even downward. Second, although the dominant role of the socioeconomic imbalances in the movement of the population persists, sociopolitical differences between states, especially gaps in the security of living conditions, are becoming increasingly important. This is manifested in the growing share of refugees and asylum seekers in the total number of migrants. Third, against the background of the continued dominance of the global asymmetry of world development in determining migration routes, the effect of imbalances at the regional level is intensifying, in the context of which there are shifts in the geography of migration, in particular, a more intensive expansion of migration corridors between the countries of the South compared to other routes and a powerful surge of forced migration in Europe.

Mammographically detected asymmetries in the era of artificial intelligence

BackgroundProper assessment of mammographically detected asymmetries is essential to avoid unnecessary biopsies and missed cancers as they may be of a benign or malignant cause. According to ACR BIRADS atlas 2013, mammographically detected asymmetries are classified into asymmetry, focal asymmetry, global asymmetry, and developing asymmetry. We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence in mammographically detected asymmetries compared to breast ultrasound as well as combined mammography and ultrasound.ResultsThis study was a prospective study that comprised 51 women with breast asymmetry found on screening as well as diagnostic mammography. All participants conducted full-field digital mammography and ultrasound. Then the obtained mammographic images were processed by the artificial intelligence software system. Mammography had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 73%, a positive predictive value of 56.52%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 80%. The results of Ultrasound revealed a sensitivity of 100.00%, a specificity of 89.47%, a positive predictive value of 76.47%, a negative predictive value of 100.00%, and an accuracy of 92.16%. Combined mammography and breast ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 100.00%, a specificity of 86.84%, a positive predictive value of 72.22%, a negative predictive value of 100.00%, and an accuracy of 90.20%. Artificial intelligence results demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.62%, a specificity of 94.74%, a positive predictive value of 48.26%, a negative predictive value of 94.47%, and an accuracy of 92.16%.ConclusionsAdding breast ultrasound in the assessment of mammographically detected asymmetries led to better characterization, so it reduced the false-positive results and improved the specificity. Also, Artificial intelligence showed better specificity compared to mammography, breast ultrasound, and combined Mammography and ultrasound, so AI can be used to decrease unnecessary biopsies as it increases confidence in diagnosis, especially in cases with no definite ultrasound suspicious abnormality.

ЦИФРОВОЕ НЕРАВЕНСТВО В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ: УРОВНИ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ

Objective of the study is to examine the levels and social consequences of digital inequality in Russian society. The methodological basis of the research is the institutional approach (D. North), the provisions of the theory of digital transformation of society (M. Castels, W. Beck), the theory of stratification (P. Sorokin), the concept of social capital (P. Bourdieu). Research results. The total digitalization of society is accompanied by the emergence and deepening of digital inequality, which today has a multi-level character, manifesting itself in the form of global, national and individual asymmetry in the level of accessibility of digital technologies for countries, regions, settlement communities and certain categories of the population. Digital inequality is a multidimensional phenomenon that reflects not only the availability of digital infrastructure for various actors, but also their ability to use other vital resources that can ensure both the economic development of the country and the social well-being of a person. Prospects of the study. The problem of digital inequality is of scientific and practical interest due to the need to understand the factors of its emergence and reproduction, as well as its social consequences for countries, regions, and certain categories of citizens.

Giant valleyZeeman coupling in the surface layer of an intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide.

Spin-valley locking is ubiquitous among transition metal dichalcogenides with local or global inversion asymmetry, in turn stabilizing properties such as Ising superconductivity, and opening routes towards 'valleytronics'. The underlying valley-spin splitting is set by spin-orbit coupling but can be tuned via the application of external magnetic fields or through proximity coupling. However, only modest changes have been realized to date. Here, we investigate the electronic structure of the V-intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide V1/3NbS2 using microscopic-area spatially resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our measurements and corresponding density functional theory calculations reveal that the bulk magnetic order induces a giant valley-selective Ising coupling exceeding 50 meV in the surface NbS2 layer, equivalent to application of a ~250 T magnetic field. This energy scale is of comparable magnitude to the intrinsic spin-orbit splittings, and indicates how coupling of local magnetic moments to itinerant states of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer provides a powerful route to controlling their valley-spin splittings.

Review of Mammographic and Sonographic Features of an Uncommon Inflammatory Breast Disease - Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis

Background: Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. Its clinical features and imaging findings often mimic malignancy. The aim of this study is to review the mammographic and ultrasound features of granulomatous lobular mastitis to help differentiate it from other diagnoses. Methods: In our study, imaging data of 51 patients were reviewed retrospectively, who were diagnosed with granulomatous lobular mastitis by core needle biopsy and culture analysis. Results: The mammographic findings of granulomatous lobular mastitis observed in our study group were focal or global asymmetry (52.6%), oval or round lesions with obscured margins (15.7%), irregular mass with indistinct margins (15.7%) and associated skin thickening (26.3%) with no specific pointers to differentiate from malignancy.The most common morphological abnormality on ultrasound was single or multiple collections with or without tracts (72.5%). Other morphological abnormalities were non-mass areas with tracts (25.5%), dilated ducts with debris (13.7%) and mass (3.9%). The common associated abnormalities were perilesional increased echogenicity (86.3%), increased peripheral vascularity (88.2%), intercommunicating tracts (76.5%) and axillary adenopathy (68.6%) and these ultrasound features were pointers to differentiate granulomatous mastitis from malignancy. Conclusion: Granulomatous lobular mastitis has non-specific clinical and imaging features. Imaging, especially ultrasound as in our study, is found to be indispensable in diagnosing GLM and excluding other causes such as infective mastitis and malignancy.

SAMI-H i: the connection between global asymmetry in the ionized and neutral atomic hydrogen gas in galaxies

ABSTRACT Observations of the neutral atomic hydrogen (${\rm H\, {\small I}}$) gas in galaxies are predominantly spatially unresolved, in the form of a global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ spectral line. There has been substantial work on quantifying asymmetry in global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ spectra (‘global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ asymmetry’), but due to being spatially unresolved, it remains unknown what physical regions of galaxies the asymmetry traces, and whether the other gas phases are affected. Using optical integral field spectrograph (IFS) observations from the Sydney AAO Multi-object IFS (SAMI) survey for which global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ spectra are also available (SAMI-${\rm H\, {\small I}}$), we study the connection between asymmetry in galaxies’ ionized and neutral gas reservoirs to test if and how they can help us better understand the origin of global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ asymmetry. We reconstruct the global Hα spectral line from the IFS observations and find that while some global Hα asymmetries can arise from disturbed ionized gas kinematics, the majority of asymmetric cases are driven by the distribution of Hα-emitting gas. When compared to the ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$, we find no evidence for a relationship between the global Hα and ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ asymmetry. Further, a visual inspection reveals that cases where galaxies have qualitatively similar Hα and ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ spectral profiles can be spurious, with the similarity originating from an irregular 2D Hα flux distribution. Our results highlight that comparisons between global Hα and ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ asymmetry are not straightforward, and that many global ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$ asymmetries trace disturbances that do not significantly impact the central regions of galaxies.

Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced mammography in the characterization of breast asymmetry

BackgroundBreast asymmetry is a prevalent mammographic finding described in BI-RADS atlas as asymmetry, focal asymmetry, global asymmetry, and developing asymmetry. Mammography has a limited role in discrimination between benign and malignant asymmetry, and digital mammography can overlook up to 15–30% of breast tumors. The purpose of our study was to assess the role of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) in distinction between benign and malignant asymmetries.ResultsOut of the studied 540 indeterminate and suspicious asymmetries, and according to final histopathological results, 97/540 (17.9%) asymmetries were benign, 395/540(73%) asymmetries were malignant, 48/540 (8.9%) asymmetries were normal with no underlying pathology. After comparing results of sonomammography and CEM, CEM showed higher sensitivity (96.5% vs. 85.8), specificity (77.1% vs. 64.4%), NPV (88.8% vs. 62.7%), PPV (92.04% vs. 86.7%) and accuracy (91.3% vs. 80%).ConclusionsCEM has proven to be a valuable and beneficial imaging technicality for patients and radiologists, with breast cancer detection sensitivities superior to that of full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with ultrasonography (US).

Polarimetry of the Total Lunar Eclipse on 2022 November 8

Abstract We have measured the degree of linear polarization of the Moon during its total eclipse on 2022 November 8, and found P ≈ −2% in the V filter. The plane of preferential polarization was oriented at ∼36° counting clockwise from the lunar equator. These measurements suggest global asymmetry in the spatial distribution of aerosol particles in the uppermost atmosphere of Earth, with their net linear polarization being P ≈ −6.5%.

Evolutionary Approach to Biological Homochirality

We study a very simple linear evolutionary model based on distribution of protocells by total enantiomeric excess and without any mutual inhibition and show that such model can produce two species with values of total enantiomeric excess in each of the species approaching pm 1 when there is a global Lleftrightarrow D symmetry. We then consider a scenario when there is a small external global asymmetry factor, like weak interaction, and show that only one of the species remains in such a case, and that is the one, which is more efficient in replication. We perform an estimate of the time necessary to reach homochirality in such a model and show that reasonable assumptions lead to an estimate of around 300 thousand years plus or minus a couple of orders of magnitude. Despite this seemingly large time to reach homochirality, the model is immune to racemization because amino acids in the model follow the lifespan of the protocells rather than the time needed to reach homochirality. We show that not needing mutual inhibition in such evolutionary model is due to the difference in the topology of the spaces in which considered model and many known models of biological homochirality operate. Bifurcation-based models operate in disconnected zero-dimensional space (the space is just two points with enantiomeric excess equal -1 and 1), whereas considered evolutionary model (in its continuous representation) operates in one-dimensional connected space, that is the whole interval between -1 and 1 of total enantiomeric excess. We then proceed with the analysis of the replication process in non-homochiral environment and show that replication errors (the probability to attach an amino acid of wrong chirality) result in a smooth decrease of replication time when total enantiomeric excess of the replicated structure moves away from zero. We show that this decrease in replication time is sufficient for considered model to work.

Origin of nontopological soliton dark matter: solitosynthesis or phase transition

This work demonstrates that nontopological solitons with large global charges and masses, even above the Planck scale, can form in the early universe and dominate the dark matter abundance. In solitosynthesis, solitons prefer to grow as large as possible under equilibrium dynamics when an initial global charge asymmetry is present. Their abundance is set by when soliton formation via particle fusion freezes out, and their charges are set by the time it takes to accumulate free particles. This work improves the estimation of both quantities, and in particular shows that much larger-charged solitons form than previously thought. The results are estimated analytically and validated numerically by solving the coupled Boltzmann equations. Without solitosynthesis, phase transitions can still form solitons from particles left inside false-vacuum pockets and determine their present-day abundance and properties. Even with zero charge asymmetry, solitons formed in this way can have very large charges on account of statistical fluctuations in the numbers of (anti)particles inside each pocket.

Usefulness of the Kinect-V2 System for Determining the Global Gait Index to Assess Functional Recovery after Total Knee Arthroplasty.

The Korean Knee Society (KKS) score is used for functional evaluation during follow-up after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but it is time-consuming to measure and is limited by its subjective nature. We investigated whether the global gait asymmetry index (GGA) that can be obtained using the Kinect-V2 system could overcome the KKS limitations. Forty-three patients who underwent TKA from January 2019 to December 2019 were included. Postoperatively, regular follow-up was performed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, and at 4, 6, and 12months. At each follow-up visit, the KKS was measured, and the walking path was followed with six Kinect-V2 systems. After allowing the participants to walk naturally, the range of motion of each joint of the lower extremity and GGA were obtained. Changes in the KKS and GGA scores and measurement times were investigated until the final follow-up. A statistical model was made to predict the KKS from the GGA score using data at all observed time points, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey's post-hoc tests and Pearson correlation tests were used for evaluation. Both the KKS and GGA scores improved significantly from 4 weeks postoperatively until the final follow-up. The measurement time was significantly shorter for the GGA (9.3 ± 1.4min) than for the KKS (32.4 ± 9.2min; P < 0.001) score. The predicted and actual KKS values clustered close to a straight line on the scatter plot, but the prediction was less accurate in the initial stage (2 weeks post-surgery) than at later time points. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square of the error (RMSE) were considered to be poorly predicted in the initial stage (8 weeks post-surgery) compared to the later time-points (MAE ≥ 5 and RMSE ≥ 6 for 8 weeks post-surgery). In the early phase after knee joint surgery (up to 12 weeks post-surgery), the GGA index does not predict the KKS well. However, after this time point, the GGA index can be simply measured in the outpatient department and may be able to replace the KKS. Thus, evaluation of the GGA index using the Kinect-V2 may be a useful method to evaluate functional recovery in the outpatient clinic after knee joint surgery.