Gliocladium Deliquescens Research Articles

New piperazinedione metabolites of Gliocladium deliquescens

The phenol (3), its γγ-dimethylallyl ether (7), and bisdethiobis(methylthio)dehydrogliotoxin (10), together with the hydroxy-acid (13), have been isolated from Gliocladium deliquescens.

Biosynthesis of bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin, a new metabolite of Gliocladium deliquescens

Bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin (2) has been identified as an amorphous, minor metabolite of Gliocladium deliquescens and characterised via the crystalline bis-4-bromobenzoate of the corresponding didehydro-derivative. The new metabolite has been synthesised from gliotoxin (1) by reduction and methylation. Feeding experiments with [14C]-(1) and -(2), prepared biosynthetically from L-[U-14C]phenylalanine, have shown that bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin is formed (8.6% incorporation), apparently irreversibly, from gliotoxin in G. deliquescens.

Biological control of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (Fomes annosus) in Finland

Fresh stumps of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with Peniophora gigantea (Fr.) Massee, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Gliocladium deliquescens Sopp, Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. ex S. F. Gray aggr. and Verticicladiella procera Kendrick in order to study their effect on infection by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. The organisms colonizing spruce stumps under natural conditions were identified by collecting samples in the field. In addition, the effect of season of the year, air temperature, precipitation and relative air temperature on fungal colonization of the stumps was investigated.

Cyclo-(L-Phenylalanyl-L-seryl) as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of gliotoxin

Feeding experiments with the four stereoisomers of cyclo-(phenylalanylseryl) have shown that only the LL-isomer is incorporated efficiently (48%) into gliotoxin in ‘Trichoderma viride’(Gliocladium deliquescens). cyclo-(L-[4′-3H]Phenylalanyl-L-[3-14C]seryl) gave gliotoxin with essentially unchanged 3H : 14C ratio. Successive feedings of non-radioactive cyclo-(L-phenylalanyl-L-seryl) and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine to cultures of T. viride led to the recovery of cyclo-(L-phenylalanyl-L-seryl) containing 1.3% of the radioactivity of the amino-acid. It is concluded that the cyclo-dipeptide is a natural metabolite of T. viride and is either an intermediate, or is interconvertible with an intermediate, on the biosynthetic pathway from phenylalanine to gliotoxin.

Analogue biosynthesis in Trichoderma viride: the formation of 3a-deoxygliotoxin

Cyclo-(L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl) is converted in cultures of Trichoderma viride(Gliocladium deliquescens) into the gliotoxin analogue, 3a-deoxygliotoxin, with an efficiency similar to that of the corresponding ‘natural’ process.

A chemical and biological assessment of Aspergillus oryzae and other filamentous fungi as protein sources for simple stomached animals.

AbstractA. oryzae had previously been selected as an organism suitable for a proposed farm fermentation system designed to improve the protein content of barley grain. Amino acid analyses and measurements of protein nutritive values in rats and pigs were carried out with A. oryzae grown on barley grain and potato substrates. For comparison, Fusarium semitectum, Trichoderma viride, Gliocladium deliquescens, Rhizopus arrhizus and a different strain of A. oryzae were also evaluated. There were small variations in the content of essential amino acids between the organisms studied. When referred to the requirements of the growing rat or pig, all species were deficient in the S‐amino acids which were generally the first limiting acids. In experiments with rats, the fungi gave net protein utilisation (NPU) values in the range 34 to 44; and true digestibilities ranged from 69 to 83%. Supplementation with L‐methionine gave a somewhat varied response with marked increases in NPU with some fungi (e.g. F. semitectum). In experiments with pigs, supplementation of A. oryzae with DL‐methionine did not give the expected increase in NPU and with one preparation (A. oryzae grown on barley) there was an apparent depression in NPU. The reason for this anomalous behaviour is not clear; and because under these experimental conditions F. semitectum behaved more predictably, it is suggested that nutritionally it is better suited to the farm process than A. oryzae. Non‐α‐amino N in the form of chitin (plus chitosan), nucleic acids and nucleotides accounted for between about 10 and 20% of the total N of the mycelia of these organisms.

Assimilation of formaldehyde and other C1-compounds by Gliocladium deliquescens and Paecilomyces varioti.

Two fungi were isolated from soil which grew on 0.1_??_0.2% formaldehyde as the sole carbon source, and identified as Gliocladium deliquescens and Paecilomyces varioti. Both the strains could grow on 5% methanol and 5% Na-formate, while the former could grow even on 7% methanol. Metabolic pathways were traced through two dimensional paper chromatography and autoradiographic techniques using 14C-formaldehyde, 14C-methanol or 14C-CO2 as substrates. The intracellular metabolites were persued and their quantitative variation with time was measured. Along with the fact that serine and malate appeared in the earlier time, then appeared organic acids and amino acids belonging to TCA cycle, and the fact that hydroxy-pyruvate reductase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities were much stronger in methanol culture than in ethanol culture, it was concluded that the two fungi followed the serine pathway in assimilating C1-compounds. Oxidation enzymes of methanol and formaldehyde were also studied, and an oxidizing system was found besides usual NAD linked methanol or formaldehyde dehydrogenases.

Microbiological Synthesis of L-dopa

The ability of microorganisms to convert N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tyrosine, N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-tyrosine, and N-formyl-L-tyrosine into their respective N-substituted L-dopa derivatives was studied. These tyrosine derivatives were examined because of the ease with which the blocking groups may be removed. L-Tyrosine derivatives were incubated with Aspergillus ochraceous or Gliocladium deliquescens, and the resulting L-dopa products were isolated and characterized. L-Dopa was metabolized by G. deliquescens to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol. L-Ascorbic acid and hydrocinnamic acid increased yields of L-dopa when added to fermentation media.