Risk Of Glaucoma Research Articles

Prescription of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists and risk of subsequent open-angle glaucoma in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) is an antidiabetic medication with vascular protection and anti-inflammatory properties. Theoretically, the use of GLP-1RA should inhibit the development of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) as both vascular damage and inflammation are associated with OAG. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the association between the application of GLP-1RA and the subsequent OAG in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study by using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. Participants with T2DM were divided into those who used GLP-1RA and those who did not, forming the GLP-1RA and control groups. The primary outcome was the occurrence of OAG based on diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazard regression was employed to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for OAG. Results: 91 patients in the control group developed OAG, and 40 patients in the GLP-1RA group developed OAG. After adjustment for all covariates, the GLP-1RA group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of OAG compared with the control group (aHR: 0.712, 95% CI: 0.533-0.936. P = 0.0025). In the subgroup analyses, the association between GLP-1RA use and OAG incidence was more pronounced in patients with T2DM using GLP-1RA and aged younger than 60 years (P = 0.0438). Conclusion: The prescription of GLP-1RA is associated with a lower incidence of subsequent OAG in individuals with T2DM, and this association was more significant in patients with T2DM under the age of 60 years.

Combined cataract and glaucoma surgery

Cataracts and glaucoma commonly co‐exist, largely due to both being associated with older age. The crystalline lens can however cause glaucoma by phacomorphic or phacolytic processes, or by contributing to pupil block leading to primary angle closure. Medical and surgical treatments for glaucoma can also result in accelerated cataract formation. Cataract surgery in patients with glaucoma provides an opportunity to reduce medication burden and improve intraocular pressure control but has a higher risk than surgery in non‐glaucomatous eyes. Special consideration should be given to those with pseudoexfoliation (e.g. zonular instability), advanced glaucoma (e.g., risk of pressure spike and wipe out) or in those with short axial length or angle closure (e.g., shallow anterior chamber and risk of malignant glaucoma). Cataract surgery in eyes with previous subconjunctival glaucoma surgery is a particular challenge as it increases the risk of wound healing and failure of the filtering procedure. This presentation will outline steps for success in cataract surgery in patients with glaucoma and will also present recent evidence regarding the efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).

Clinical spectrum and management of pseudoexfoliation syndrome: A cross-sectional study

Background: Pseudoexfoliation is one of the most common causes of secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide. The current investigation is being carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Aims and Objectives: The current study was conducted with the goal of documenting the prevalence of the ocular clinical profile of patterns in patients with pseudo-exfoliative material attending a tertiarycare hospital’s general ophthalmology outpatient department. Materials and Methods: In the current study, 100 individuals were explored who were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation and attended the outpatient department of ophthalmology, medical college, and hospital. The Snellen chart for visual acuity was used to test visual acuity. Pseudoexfoliation glaucomawas identified based on slit lamp examination of pseudoexfoliative material, intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg, glaucomatous cupping on fundus examination, pigmentation of trabecular meshwork on gonioscopy, and glaucomatous field abnormalities on perimetry. Results: The age range of 61–70 years had the most cases of pseudoexfoliation, accounting for 23, followed by 51–60 years with 17 occurrences. The current study comprised 48 patients, 20 of whom had bilateral pseudoexfoliation and 28 of whom had unilateral pseudoexfoliation. Our findings revealed that 17 patients had high IOP. We discovered 15 cases of open-angle glaucoma and 2 cases of narrow-angle glaucoma after analyzing 48 patients. The sample of 15 individuals with open-angle glaucoma included 11 men and 4 women. Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation becomes more common as people age, and it is often unilateral at first but progressively progresses to bilateral pseudoexfoliation, necessitating frequent follow-up in unilateral cases. Pseudoexfoliation is associated with an increased risk of glaucoma, and the majority of cases have open angles.

EyeLife: A prospective glaucoma screening study with double‐blind genetic pre‐screening conducted within the population‐based Lifelines cohort

Purpose: Glaucoma screening potentially prevents blindness but is currently considered not cost effective due to insufficient screening test specificity given a low disease prevalence in the general population. Genetic pre‐screening could increase the prior probability (higher prevalence in a selected population). The aim of this study was to identify the relative risk of glaucoma in a subgroup of the general population with a high compared to one with a low genetic glaucoma risk.Methods: The study protocol has been published previously (PMID: 33413217). We invited 1600 participants from the European Lifelines cohort (n = 165 000) aged 55+. Participants belonged to either the highest or lowest 20% of a GWAS‐based genetic risk score distribution; subgroups had similar age and gender. Researchers and participants were blinded regarding subgroup allocation. All participants underwent frequency doubling perimetry (FDT), optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, and fundus photography to assess the optic nerve head (ONH). Any abnormal test result resulted in an ophthalmic exam including gonioscopy. Participants were classified as definite (abnormal FDT and either abnormal OCT or ONH), probable (either abnormal FDT or abnormal OCT and ONH), or possible (normal FDT with either abnormal OCT or ONH) open‐angle glaucoma (OAG), or as healthy. We obtained the relative risk of combined definite and probable OAG compared to healthy, excluding possible OAG.Results: A total of 1031 participants responded (65%; 493 with high versus 538 with low risk). Of those, 31 (29 versus 2) were classified as definite and 28 (21 versus 7) as probable OAG. The prevalence of combined definite and probable OAG was 5.7%. The relative risk was 6.3 (95% CI 3.1–12.9).Conclusions: Genetic pre‐screening seems a promising way to increase the prior probability of glaucoma and thus make glaucoma screening more cost‐effective.

Risk of Glaucoma in Association with the Use of Second-generation Antipsychotics

Risk of Glaucoma in Association with the Use of Second-generation Antipsychotics

Evaluation of Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Objective: The purpose of our study was to compare the age, gender, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), spherical equivalent values, smoking, family history of glaucoma and additional systemic diseases in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and patients with ocular hypertension (OHT); and to evaluate the relationships of these factors with each other. Material Methods: 40 patients with POAG, 40 patients with OHT and 40 individuals as control group were included in the study. Age, gender, IOP, CCT, spherical equivalent values, family history of glaucoma, history of consanguineous marriage, smoking, systemic diseases of each subject were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in gender and average age between the groups (p=0.238 and p=0.51, respectively). IOP values was higher in POAG and OHT groups compared with the control group (p=0.000). CCT was higher in OHT group compared with the other groups (on the right, p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively; on the left, p=0.013 and p=0.006, respectively). There was no significant correlation between IOP and CCT values. There was no significant difference in mean spherical equivalent values (on the right eye p=0.686; on the left eye p=0.640) . The incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease was the similar in all groups (p=0.417, p=0.058, p=0.79, p=0.236, respectively). Family history of glaucoma is increased in POAG and OHT group compared with the control group (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in history of consanguineous marriage, smoking and alcohol consumption status among all groups (p=0.899, p=0.492, p=0,899, respectively). Conclusion: High IOP is the most important risk factor in the POAG and OHT groups. Individuals with OHT and thin CCT are at higher risk of developing POAG. The significant presence of a familial history of glaucoma in the POAG and OHT groups indicates that genetic factors could be a significant risk factor. Diabetes, hypertension, and high myopia are factors that increase the risk of glaucoma.

The use of calprotectin and other inflammatory parameters in the investigation of pseudoexfoliation syndrome concomitant glaucoma and systemic diseases.

The present study aimed to investigate the value of calprotectin and other inflammatory parameters in patients with glaucoma and systemic diseases accompanying pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX-S). This prospective study included 45 PEX-S patients and 45 non-PEX control patients. Patients were investigated for the presence of glaucoma, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic brain disease (IBD), Alzheimer's disease, and neurosensory hearing loss (NSHL). After excluding diseases that may affect inflammatory parameters, a detailed biomicroscopic examination, and blood tests were performed for the patients. Glaucoma, CVD, NVK, Alzheimer's disease, and NSHL were high in the PEX-S group ( P = 0.01, P = 0.01, P = 0.04, P = 0.04, and P = 0.03, respectively). Calprotectin, ferritin, neutrophil-to-platelet ratio, and lymphocyte-to-platelet ratio were found to be high in the PEX-S group ( P < 0.01, P = 0.04, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). On evaluating the relationship between PEX-S and glaucoma and systemic diseases, it was found that elevated calprotectin increased the risk of glaucoma by 4.36 times and elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) increased the risk of CVD by 3.23 times in PEX-S patients ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). This study demonstrated the value of calprotectin elevation in detecting concomitant glaucoma in PEX-S patients and, in addition, the value of NLR elevation in detecting concomitant CVD.

Genetics and Glaucoma: the state of the art.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Although genetic background contributes differently to rare early-onset glaucoma (before age 40) or common adult-onset glaucoma, it is now considered an important factor in all major forms of the disease. Genetic and genomic studies, including GWAS, are contributing to identifying novel loci associated with glaucoma or to endophenotypes across ancestries to enrich the knowledge about glaucoma genetic susceptibility. Moreover, new high-throughput functional genomics contributes to defining the relevance of genetic results in the biological pathways and processes involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. Such studies are expected to advance significantly our understanding of glaucoma's genetic basis and provide new druggable targets to treat glaucoma. This review gives an overview of the role of genetics in the pathogenesis or risk of glaucoma.

Incident glaucoma and ocular hypertension after periocular and intravitreal steroid injections: a claims-based analysis

Background/aimsThis study aims to determine the incidence and risk of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) following ocular steroid injections using healthcare claims data.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed deidentified insurance claims data...

Association of GNB3, ACE polymorphisms with POAG and NTG

ABSTRACT Purpose Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) represents the most prevalent form of glaucoma and stands as a foremost contributor to irreversible vision impairment on a global scale. Despite notable strides made in comprehending the genetic underpinnings of POAG, investigations within the context of Russia remain constrained. Methods The study cohort comprised a total of 235 individuals, with 135 of them exhibiting various forms of glaucoma encompassing both POAG and (NTG, while the remaining 100 individuals served as control subjects. Each participant underwent a comprehensive ocular examination to ascertain their ocular health status. Genotyping of the relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was carried out using the Taq Man genotyping assay. Specifically, the two SNPs under scrutiny were GNB3 rs5443 gene and ACE rs4646994. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association of these SNPs with glaucoma risk. Results The presence of the T allele of rs5443 was found to be associated with NTG (p = .004). However, no statistically significant correlation was identified between this SNP and POAG (p = .88). Conclusion This study provides evidence of an association between the T allele of rs5443 and a reduced susceptibility NTG within the Russian population. These observations augment the comprehension of the genetic underpinnings of glaucoma and hold potential implications for the prospective development of targeted therapeutic interventions.

Effect of Glucosamine on Intraocular Pressure and Risk of Developing Glaucoma.

Glucosamine supplementation is common but can be associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and could contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. It may be prudent for ophthalmologists to elicit any history of glucosamine use from their patients and advise them accordingly. Further studies on the role of glucosamine in glaucoma are warranted. The most frequently recommended slow-acting medication for osteoarthritis symptoms is glucosamine, although its effectiveness is questionable. Widely used glucosamine sulfate supplements may increase IOP. In the current study, we analyzed online databases such as UK Biobank, MedWatch, and FinnGen to evaluate the relationship between glucosamine and IOP and glaucoma. We included budesonide and fluticasone in the analysis for comparison since these drugs are associated with increased IOP. In UK Biobank subjects, glucosamine use was associated with increased corneal compensated IOP ( P =0.002, 2-tailed t test). This was also true in subjects without glaucoma ( P =0.002, 2-tailed t test). However, no significant association between glucosamine and IOP was detected in subjects with a diagnosis of glaucoma. In MedWatch, 0.21% of subjects taking glucosamine reported glaucoma, 0.29% of subjects using budesonide reported glaucoma, and 0.22% of subjects using fluticasone reported glaucoma. In contrast, 0.08% of subjects using any other drug reported glaucoma. This variability is significant ( P <0.001, 2-tailed Fisher exact test). Data from FinnGen on the risk of primary open angle glaucoma or glaucoma in subjects using glucosamine before the diagnosis of the disease revealed a significantly increased risk for both primary open angle glaucoma (hazard ratio: 2.35) and glaucoma (hazard ratio: 1.95). Glucosamine supplementation is common but can be associated with increased IOP and could contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. It may be prudent for ophthalmologists to elicit any history of glucosamine use from their patients and advise them accordingly. Further studies on the role of glucosamine in glaucoma are warranted.

Association between dietary antioxidant indices and glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between dietary antioxidant indices (DAI) and glaucoma using the data from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsOur study comprised participants who completed the NHANES dietary intake interview and visual health questionnaire at age 40 or older. The intakes of the vitamins A, C, and E as well as of zinc, selenium, and magnesium were used to generate the DAI, which represents the overall antioxidant qualities. The self-report method for glaucoma diagnosis (ever been told by an eye doctor) was used. Survey logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between DAI and glaucoma.ResultsA total of 6,128 participants were included in our study. The unadjusted model’s findings revealed a negative correlation between dietary antioxidant indices and self-reported glaucoma [0.93 (0.90, 0.96), p &amp;lt; 0.0001]. For every unit increase in dietary antioxidant indices, the risks of self-reported glaucoma in model 1 (adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status and PIR) decreased by 5% [0.95 (0.90, 0.99), p = 0.02]. After adjusting all the covariates (model 2), the risks of self-reported glaucoma decreased by 6% [0.94 (0.90, 0.99), p = 0.02] for each unit increase of dietary antioxidant indices. After converting DAI into classified variables (tertile), the same trend was found (p = 0.001).ConclusionIn this analysis of the NHANES database, we found higher dietary antioxidant indices were associated with lower risk of glaucoma.

Association of APOE Haplotypes With Common Age-Related Ocular Diseases in 412,171 Individuals.

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, has controversially been associated with reduced risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we sought to systematically quantify the associations of APOE haplotypes with age-related ocular diseases and to assess their scope and age-dependency. We included genetic and registry data from 412,171 Finnish individuals in the FinnGen study. Disease endpoints were defined using nationwide registries. APOE genotypes were directly genotyped using Illumina and Affymetrix arrays or imputed using a custom Finnish reference panel. We evaluated the disease associations of APOE genotypes containing ε2 (without ε4) and ε4 (without ε2) compared with the ε3ε3 genotype using logistic regressions stratified by age. APOE ε4 enriched haplotypes were inversely associated with overall glaucoma (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92-0.99, P = 0.0047), and its subtypes POAG (OR = 0.95, P = 0.027), normal-tension glaucoma (OR = 0.87, P = 0.0058), and suspected glaucoma (OR = 0.95, P = 0.014). Individuals with the ε4 allele also had lower odds for AMD (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.76-0.84, P < 0.001), seen both in dry and neovascular subgroups. A slight negative association was also detected in senile cataract, but this was not reproducible in age-group analyses. Our results support prior evidence of the inverse association of APOE ε4 with glaucoma, but the association was weaker than for AMD. We could not show an association with exfoliation glaucoma, supporting the hypothesis that APOE may be involved in regulating retinal ganglion cell degeneration rather than intraocular pressure.

Cannabis use and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study

Several observational studies have investigated the association between cannabis use and intraocular pressure, but its association with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains unclear. In this study, we leveraged human genetic data to assess through Mendelian randomization (MR) whether cannabis use affects POAG. We used five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with lifetime cannabis use (P-value < 5 × 10–8) from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) (N = 184,765) by the International Cannabis Consortium, 23andMe, and UK Biobank and eleven SNPs associated with cannabis use disorder (P-value < 5 × 10–7) from a GWAS meta-analysis of (17,068 cases and 357,219 controls of European descent) from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders working group, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, and deCode. We associated the selected five SNPs from the GWAS of lifetime cannabis use and the eleven SNPs from the GWAS of cannabis use disorder, with the largest to date GWAS meta-analysis of POAG (16,677 cases and 199,580 controls). MR analysis suggested no evidence for a causal association of lifetime cannabis use and cannabis use disorder with POAG (odds ratio (OR) of outcome per doubling of the odds of exposure (95% confidence interval): 1.04 (0.88; 1.23) for lifetime cannabis use and 0.97 (0.92; 1.03) for cannabis use disorder). Sensitivity analyses to address pleiotropy and weak instrument bias yielded similar estimates to the primary analysis. In conclusion, our results do not support a causal association between cannabis use and POAG.

Glaucoma in Black Individuals: How Far Have We Come and Where Do We Go From Here?

Purpose: To provide updates on the key scientific discoveries made and sociological theories put forth that have allowed for a better understanding of the disproportionate burden of glaucoma among Black individuals, and to provide insights into future directions for this important field of work. Design: Perspective with a scoping review of the literature. Methods: Review, synthesis, and critical appraisal of selected literature on the impact of glaucoma in Black Americans. Important studies within and outside of ophthalmology are considered to allow for a greater understanding of the historical, sociopolitical, and encompassing medical contexts surrounding this complex issue. Results: A historical overview of key epidemiologic studies highlights the repeated and unequivocal demonstration of increased risk of glaucoma in Black individuals. To begin to understand this multi-layered racial disparity, a historical review of race as a social-legal construct is provided. A careful examination of genetic ancestry is considered as a partial means by which increased glaucoma risk is conferred among Black individuals. The growing body of work examining social determinants as an important driver for racial disparities in glaucoma is also reviewed. Finally, the pitfalls and dangers of race-based medicine are highlighted through illustrative cases before providing insights to future directions. Conclusions: Though our understanding of the disparities in glaucoma in Black individuals has grown over the past decades, gaps persist, particularly due to deficient data driven by a lack of studies in this disproportionately burdened group. Though the use of race as a variable may become increasingly less relevant with the rise of precision medicine, it remains a crucial, though flawed concept that continues to be our best means by which to measure, investigate, and intervene upon these disparities in our efforts to achieve health equity.

Prevalence and Severity of Glaucoma in the California Medicare Population

PurposeTo examine the prevalence of glaucoma by type and severity in the 2019 California (CA) Medicare population, and to identify associated demographic and systemic factors. DesignRetrospective cross-sectional. MethodsThe study population included all 2019 CA Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years old with Part A and Part B coverage. Outcomes included prevalence of any glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), secondary open angle glaucoma (SOAG), and angle closure glaucoma (ACG). Covariates included age, sex, race and ethnicity, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, pseudophakia, and age-related macular degeneration. Logistic regression modeling was used to examine multivariable predictors of each type of glaucoma. ResultsOf 5,856,491 beneficiaries in the 2019 California Medicare population, there were 220,662 (3.8%) with any glaucoma, 171,988 (2.9%) with POAG, 8,827 (0.2%) with SOAG, and 12,978 (0.2%) with ACG. The largest proportion of beneficiaries had moderate to severe glaucoma (68,553/220,662 [31.0%] for any glaucoma moderate stage, 3,168/12,978 [24.4%] for ACG severe stage). Multivariable predictors of any glaucoma included age ≥85 versus 65-69 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.00, 2.06), female versus male sex (aOR=1.03, 95% CI=1.02, 1.04), Black versus Non-Hispanic White race and ethnicity (aOR=1.70, 95% CI=1.67, 1.73), and CCI ≥5 versus 0 (aOR=5.59, 95%=5.51, 5.67). ConclusionsIn the 2019 CA Medicare population, multiple demographic and systemic factors were associated with increased likelihood of glaucoma, and beneficiaries with glaucoma had high prevalence of moderate to severe disease. Strategies are needed to improve early screening and diagnosis for elderly individuals at risk for glaucoma in California.

Association between optic atrophy 1 polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma risk: Based on a meta-analysis.

Emerging evidence suggested a significant association between optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) risk. However, the current data are inconsistent or even contradictory. Given these, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the precise association between OPA1 polymorphisms and POAG risk. Online databases were retrieved, and the related studies were reviewed from inception to December 1, 2022. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to examine the statistical power of each genetic model. In addition, heterogeneity, sensitivity, cumulative analysis, and publication bias were analyzed to guarantee statistical power. Overall, 14 studies within 11 publications (involving 2,413 POAG patients and 1,904 controls) were included and some significant association between OPA1 rs166850 C/T (T vs. C: OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.06-1.45, P = 0.01, I2 = 39.0%; CT vs. CC: OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.05-1.79, P = 0.02, I2 = 41.6%; CT + TT vs. CC: 1.37, 95%CI = 1.06-1.77, P = 0.02, I2 = 41.6%), rs10451941T/C (TC + CC vs. TT: OR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.41-2.28, P < 0.01, I2 = 71.9%) polymorphisms and POAG susceptibility. In addition, further significant associations were also observed in the stratified analysis, especially in normal tension glaucoma groups and Caucasian descendants. The observed evidences suggest that OPA1 polymorphisms may be associate with POAG susceptibility significantly.

Anterior Chamber / Iris / Pupil / Lens Related Complications in Vitreoretinal Surgery

Pars plana vitrectomy is usually performed to remove vitreous opacities, reduce vitreoretinal traction, restore the normal anatomical relationship between the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and reach the subretinal space. This surgical method involves an approach in which 3 ports (sometimes 4) are placed 3-4 mm posterior to the surgical limbus, depending on the condition of the crystalline lens. Complications related to conjunctiva, sclera, cornea and lens can be seen after or after vitrectomy surgery. Nuclear sclerotic cataract is the most common complication of vitrectomy. Cataracts may develop in up to 90% of phakic eyes in patients older than 50 years of age within 3-6 months after vitrectomy. There may also be refraction changes, iris defects, and an increased risk of long-term open-angle glaucoma.

Association between dietary calcium, potassium, and magnesium consumption and glaucoma.

Calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) may be involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma by influencing the retinal oxidative stress and regulate blood pressure. However, epidemiological opinions on dietary intake of macroelement related to glaucoma are inconsistent. Herein, this study aims to explore the association between dietary Ca, K, and Mg consumption and glaucoma. Data of 7,042 adults aged ≥40 years old who received the glaucoma examinations were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2005 to 2008 in this cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between dietary Ca, K, and Mg intake and glaucoma with the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also investigated this relationship in individuals of different age, with/without hypertension and visual field defect (VFD). There were 502 (8.11%) participants had glaucoma. After adjusted for covariables, we found that enough dietary Ca consumption was related to a decreased risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.59, 95%CI: (0.42-0.81)], whether in persons with/without hypertension (all P<0.05). In particular, dietary K intake may be a potential protect factor for glaucoma in non-hypertension populations [OR = 0.47, 95%CI: (0.22-0.99), P = 0.049]. Additionally, hypertension/non-hypertension persons who aged <65 years old or with/without VFD should all pay attention to the enough dietary supplement of Ca, K, and Mg according to their own circumstances. Enough dietary Ca, K, and Mg consumption may be potential protect factors of glaucoma that could provide some dietary reference for developing targeted glaucoma prevention and control measures.

Awareness and Knowledge About Glaucoma in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Survey.

Background Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This study aimed to assess the Saudi population's levels of awareness and knowledge regarding glaucoma risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the Glaucoma Awareness Campaign attendees during the World Glaucoma Week (2015-2016). A structured questionnaire was used, and a knowledge score (0-25) was calculated as the sum of all correct answers. Sociodemographic factors, personal and family history of glaucoma, and the presence of risk factors were investigated and analyzed as factors affecting knowledge. Results The study included 1751 participants, with amean age of 40.23 (SD ±13.86) years; 51.5% were males, 3.7% hadglaucomaand 22.6% had a family history of glaucoma. The overall awareness rate was 65.6%, which was moderately higher among females (71.6%), older participants (≥40 years, 69.7%), and highly educated participants (70.6%). Concerning knowledge, 15.4% had fair to good knowledge (score 15-25). Participants with a personal history of glaucoma had relatively greater knowledge regarding glaucoma-specific questions, such as optic nerve damage (p=0.001) and the requirement of lifetime treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma are limited among the Saudi population, regardless of socioeconomic class or educational status. Knowledge about glaucoma should be further promoted to enable early screening and prevention.