Incidence Of Glaucoma Research Articles

Вторичная афакическая глаукома у детей: 15-летнее ретроспективное исследование

Aim: to assess the incidence of glaucoma in children who underwent congenital cataract surgery, to determine the risk factors for its development. Patients and Methods: this retrospective study included 206 children (301 eyes) aged 10 years or less who underwent congenital cataract surgery in the Ophthalmology Department of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University (SPbGPMU) with an average follow-up period of 8.8±0.2 years. The children were divided into 4 groups by age at the surgical procedure. Group 1 included children operated on at the age of 90 days and younger; group 2 — aged from 91 to 365 days; group 3 — from 1 year to 4 years 11 months 29 days old; group 4 — from 5 to 10 years old. Co-existing ocular disorders were present in 247 (82,1%) eyes. Co-occurring extraocular disorders were found in 52 (25,2%) of 206 operated patients. Results: by the last visit, no patient in group 4 developed glaucoma. Glaucoma was diagnosed in 21 eyes (27.3%) of 14 patients from group 1, in 16 eyes (21.1%) of 12 patients from group 2 and in 10 eyes (12.5%) of 8 patients from group 3. In 57.4% of cases, glaucoma was controlled with medications, and surgery was performed on 20 eyes, including sinus trabeculectomy and Ahmed valve implantation. Statistically significant risk factors for the development of secondary glaucoma encompassed cataract extraction in children younger than 1 year of age, microcornea, additional intraocular surgical interventions, and aphakia. Conclusion: a less effective visual outcome of aphakic glaucoma treatment is caused by multiple factors, including amblyopia, nystagmus, as well as delayed diagnosis and untimely surgical intervention. Thus, to ensure early diagnosis of glaucoma, it is necessary to put tonometry and measurement of the axial length of the eye on the list of diagnostic tools for the outpatient follow-up of patients who underwent congenital cataract surgery. Keywords: aphakic glaucoma, congenital cataract, Ahmed valve, Cataract extraction, microcornea, aphakia, intraocular surgical interventions. For citation: Sadovnikova N.N., Brzhesky V.V., Zertsalova M.A., Baranov A.Yu. Secondary aphakic glaucoma in children: a 15-year retrospective study. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2023;23(2):80–85 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2023-23-2-80-85.

Gelatin implant in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma: Safety and efficacy in real-life conditions

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Xen® implant for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Retrospective study including patients who received the Xen® implant between January 2019 and December 2020 in a university hospital. Demographic and medical data were collected using DxCare® software. The primary endpoint was a 20% reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) at 12 months according to Société Française du Glaucome (SFG) recommendations. The secondary endpoints were decrease in glaucoma medications and incidence of adverse events. Fifty-three patients (65 eyes) were included (sex ratio 0.65, age 75.38±7.31 years). IOP decreased by 18.51% from 17.86±4.22mmHg to 14.55±2.66mmHg (P<0.05). The number of glaucoma medications was 2.16±1.01 preoperatively vs 0.49±0.94 postoperatively (P<0.05). Adverse events included 8 malpositionings, 3 of which required reoperation, 1 case of increased IOP resolved by trabeculectomy, 1 case of venous ischemia treated by photocoagulation, 3 choroidal detachments and 3 corneal ulcers. Needling was required for 18 eyes. At 12 months, the IOP was lower than previously reported in the literature (14.55 vs 15.90mmHg, P<0.05), probably due to a lower preoperative IOP. The number of postoperative medications was similar to the literature (0.49 vs 0.40, P=0.51), as was the frequency of needling (27.69% vs 32.00%, P=0.36). The frequency of malpositioning was higher (12.31% vs 7.70%, P<0.05), probably due to the management of complicated patients. The efficacy of Xen® was in line with recommendations. It would be interesting to compare the efficacy of Xen® with trabeculectomy.

Description of Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior towards Glaucoma in Taman Sari District, West Jakarta

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of preventable blindness globally. Today, more than 60 million people worldwide have glaucoma, with nearly half of these people developing the disease without knowing it. In 2010, there were 60.5 million individuals suffering from glaucoma. In 2020 it is estimated that the incidence of glaucoma globally will reach 76 million and 111.8 million in 2040. This can be prevented by early detection, but can only be done through screening. Therefore, there is a need for public awareness and knowledge of glaucoma to encourage their behavior to seek health facilities for eye examinations. The research was carried out in all villages in Taman Sari District. The data was obtained using a questionnaire given to the respondents according to the inclusion criteria. Researchers get a sample of 105 people. The results showed that the level of public knowledge of glaucoma in Taman Sari District, West Jakarta was classified as good. However, people's attitudes and behavior towards glaucoma examinations are still low because of their mindset. The results of the study can be used as a reference to add other variables that may affect knowledge, attitudes and behavior towards glaucoma.

Glaucoma Incidence and Progression in Diabetics: The Canary Islands Study Using the Laguna ONhE Application.

Background: Laguna ONhE provides a globin distribution function (GDF), in which a glaucoma discriminator based on deep learning plays an important role, and there is also an optimized globin individual pointer (GIP) for progression analysis. Methods: Signs of optic nerve glaucoma were identified in 1,124,885 fundus images from 203,115 diabetics obtained over 15 years and 117,813 control images. Results: A total of 743,696 images from 313,040 eyes of 173,661 diabetics were analysed. Some exclusions occurred due to excessive illumination, poor quality, or the absence of optic discs. Suspicion of glaucoma was reported in 6.70%, for an intended specificity of 99% (GDF < −15). More signs of glaucoma occur in diabetics as their years of disease increase, and after age 60, compared to controls. The GIP detected progression (p < 0.01) in 2.59% of cases with 4 controls and in 42.6% with 14 controls was higher in cases with lower GDF values. The GDF was corrected for the disc area and proved to be independent of it (r = 0.001925; p = 0.2814). Conclusions: The GDF index suggests a higher and increasing glaucoma probability in diabetics over time. Doubling the number of check-ups from four to eight increases the ability to detect GIP index progression by a factor of 5.

ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project

Previous studies regarding antioxidant consumption and glaucoma have shown contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effect of the consumption of three vitamins (A, C and E) on the incidence of glaucoma in the SUN Project. For this study, 18,669 participants were included. The mean follow-up was 11.5 years. An index including vitamins A, C and E (ACE-Vitamin Index) was calculated. Vitamin intake was extracted from participants' dietary data and vitamin supplements, if taken. Information on glaucoma incidence was collected by previously validated self-reported questionnaires. The association between glaucoma and vitamin intake was assessed by repeated-measures Cox regression using multi-adjusted hazard ratios. A total of 251 (1.3%) cases of glaucoma were detected. Participants with a higher ACE-Vitamin Index presented a reduced risk of glaucoma compared to participants with lower consumption (adjusted HR = 0.73; 95% CI, (0.55-0.98)). When each vitamin was analyzed individually, none of them had a significant protective effect. The protective effect of the ACE-Vitamin Index was higher in men and older participants (≥55 year). The consumption of vitamins A, C and E considered separately do not seem to exert a protective effect against glaucoma, but when these vitamins are considered together, they are associated with a lower risk of glaucoma.

Clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services at a tertiary care eye hospital in South India.

To study the clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services including the reasons for referral. Patients in the age group of 5 to 39 years, visiting the glaucoma clinic, who were either suspected to have glaucoma or who had been newly/previously diagnosed with glaucoma were included in the study. After informed written consent, basic demographic details of the participants including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and family history were obtained. A comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed by glaucoma specialists. The proportion of glaucoma in the study population (n = 384) was found to be 31.25%, and the incidence of glaucoma among new patients was found to be 11.9%. Among all glaucomas (n = 120), 44.2% of patients had secondary glaucomas, 27.5% had primary glaucomas, and 28.3% had congenital glaucomas. Also, 67.3% of all glaucoma patients were males. Newly diagnosed glaucoma patients presented with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of 32.9 mmHg and mild-moderate disc damage with a mean cup-disc ratio of 0.65. Nearly one-third of them had a presenting visual acuity worse than 5/60. The most common reason for referral was raised IOP. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of developing glaucoma were less in females (P = 0.04) and in patients with a higher standard of living index (P < 0.001). One-third of the patients had glaucoma and another one-third were suspects. Secondary glaucomas are more common than primary/congenital glaucomas. A comprehensive eye evaluation is a must, especially in those with predisposing factors.

Effect of Low-Fat Dietary Modification on Incident Open-Angle Glaucoma

We tested whether dietary modification (DM) altered the risk for incident primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Secondary analysis of a randomized intervention trial. We linked Medicare claims data to 45 203 women in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, of which 23 776 participants were enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare Part B and had physician claims. Women were randomized to follow either DM (a low-fat diet, with increased vegetable, fruit, and grain intake) or their usual diet without modification. Nine thousand three hundred forty women were randomized to the DM intervention, whereas 13 877 women were randomized to the control group. Our analyses were based on an intention-to-treat design, with a follow-up to the end of continuous Medicare coverage, death, or the last claims date (12/31/2018), whichever occurred first. Primary open-angle glaucoma was defined as the first claim with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, codes. Dietary data were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of POAG. Subgroup analyses were performed with P values for interaction. After exclusion of women with Medicare-derived glaucoma before randomization, the final analysis included 23 217 women (mean age, 64.4 ± 5.8 years). Baseline characteristics were balanced between the intervention and control groups. Primary open-angle glaucoma incidence was 11.1 per 1000 woman-years (mean follow-up, 11.6 ± 7.4 years; mean DM duration, 5.2 ± 3.2 years). We found no overall benefit of DM in reducing incident POAG (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.12). Race and participant age did not modify this relation (P = 0.08 and P = 0.24 for interaction, respectively). In further analysis of baseline nutrient and food intake stratified by quartile groups, risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in DM participants in the lowest quartile group for percentage calories (kilocalories) from total fat (33.8 or lower) was increased (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41; P = 0.007 for interaction). Analysis suggests that DM in participants in the lowest quartile group for percentage calories from total fat at baseline increased the risk of incident OAG among women regardless of age or race. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Incidence of Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Risk of Secondary Glaucoma: A Nationwide Population-based Study Using a Rare Disease Registry

To determine Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) incidence and secondary glaucoma risk. Nationwide retrospective cohort study. The Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database from 2002 to 2019 along with the registration-program database for rare intractable diseases (ie, the rare disease registry) were accessed to identify ophthalmologist/neurologist-confirmed SWS patients. SWS incidence was estimated in a same-birth-year population (ie, a birth cohort) from 2002 to 2009. Among the SWS patients born between 2002 and 2019, the incidence of SWS-associated glaucoma was estimated. During the 18-year observational period, a total of 1049 patients were registered as SWS. The mean birth-cohort SWS incidence was 3.08 (95% CI 2.52-3.64) per 100000 people per year, with an approximate female-to-male ratio of 0.97:1. Among the 217 SWS patients born between 2002 and 2019, secondary glaucoma arose in 18 (8.3%) cases, including 12 males (66.7%). Among these 18 SWS-associated glaucoma cases, 15 (83.3%) were diagnosed before 1 year of age, and the other 3 (16.7%) between age 1 and 2 years. Among the 660 SWS patients under age 40 years during the study period, SWS-associated glaucoma was identified in 79 (12.0%) cases. Neurologic manifestations such as epilepsy, hemiparesis, and mental retardation did not significantly differ between SWS patients with and those without secondary glaucoma. This study identified birth-cohort SWS incidence and determined secondary-glaucoma risk in a population of East Asian ethnicity. These data could help to promote better understanding of the epidemiologic features of SWS patients.

Potential for Collider Bias in Studies Examining the Association of Central Corneal Thickness With Glaucoma.

Central corneal thickness (CCT) may be biologically related to glaucoma or observed as associated with glaucoma simply due to its effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. We aimed to determine if the previously reported CCT-glaucoma associations, in which the analyses were adjusted for IOP or participants were selected on IOP, could be explained by collider bias. We simulated datasets mimicking a longitudinal population-based study (Los Angeles Latino Eye Study) and a trial (Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study) such that: (i) CCT was not truly associated with glaucoma, (ii) CCT and true IOP both contribute to measured IOP, and (iii) true IOP contributes to glaucoma risk. We then tested whether an association between CCT and glaucoma could be spuriously induced simply by adjusting for or selecting on measured IOP. A thinner CCT was significantly associated with higher glaucoma incidence in the simulated longitudinal population-based study when adjusted for measured IOP, but not crudely (unadjusted). A thinner CCT was crudely associated with glaucoma incidence in the simulated trial in which the participants were selected for high measured IOP. Effect sizes in the simulations were similar to those observed in the original studies. Our findings question whether CCT is biologically associated with glaucoma and suggest that current evidence may be due to collider bias. This indicates that CCT alone cannot be used as a factor to identify people at high risk of glaucoma in the general population. Using CCT in combination with IOP may be superior to using IOP alone.

STRUCTURAL OUTCOME AFTER SURGERY FOR STAGE 5 RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY BASED ON THE NEW INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION: ICROP 3.

This study investigated the outcomes of vitrectomy for Stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) based on the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity third edition, in which Stage 5 ROP is divided into three subgroups. Fifty-four eyes of 34 patients with Stage 5 ROP who underwent vitrectomy between 2004 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data including sex, gestational age and weight at birth, International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity 3 subcategories, perioperative use of intravitreal bevacizumab injection and laser photocoagulation, surgical procedure and complications, final retinal reattachment, and follow-up period were collected. Complete retinal reattachment was achieved in 16 eyes (88.9%) with Stage 5A and 13 eyes (39.4%) with Stage 5B ( P = 0.0003, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Three patients with Stage 5C were considered inoperable. Postoperative anatomical failure was significantly associated with stage (Stage 5B vs. 5A; odds ratio, 17.986; 95% confidence interval, 3.712-148.502; P = 0.0001, multivariate logistic regression analysis). Intraoperative intravitreal bevacizumab was significantly associated with lower postoperative incidence of vitreous hemorrhage and glaucoma ( P = 0.041, chi-square test). Staging of preoperative anatomical features based on International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity 3 is a useful predictor for final anatomical success. Intraoperative intravitreal bevacizumab might reduce postoperative complication risks.

Glaucoma Cases Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A VAERS Database Analysis.

Background: To counter the rapidly spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), global vaccination efforts were initiated in December 2020. We assess the risk of glaucoma following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and evaluate its onset interval and clinical presentations in patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the glaucoma cases reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database between 16 December 2020, and 30 April 2022. We assessed the crude reporting rate of glaucoma, clinical presentations, onset duration, and associated risk factors. Results: During this period, 161 glaucoma cases were reported, with crude reporting rates (per million doses) of 0.09, 0.06, and 0.07 for BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S, respectively. The mean age of the patients was 60.41 ± 17.56 years, and 67.7% were women. More than half (56.6%) of the cases were reported within the first week of vaccination. The cumulative-incidence analysis showed a higher risk of glaucoma in patients who received the BNT162b2 vaccines compared with mRNA-1273 (p = 0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of glaucoma following vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S is extremely rare. Amongst the patients diagnosed with glaucoma, the onset interval of adverse events was shorter among those who received the BNT162b2 and rAd26.COV2.S vaccines compared with mRNA-1273. Most glaucoma cases were reported within the first week following vaccination in female patients and from the fifth to seventh decade. This study provides insights into the possible temporal association between reported glaucoma events and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines; however, further investigations are required to identify the potential causality link and pathological mechanisms.

Outcome of Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty in R.M. Kedia Eye hospital - A Retrospective Study

Infectious keratitis is the major cause of vision threatening condition and the leading cause of corneal blindness in developing countries. Therapeutic keratoplasty is the procedure for terminating or improving an actively infectious corneal disease. This study was carried out to determine the outcome of therapeutic keratoplasty for infective keratitis at R.M. Kedia eye hospital. This was retrospective study where all cases that underwent TPK for active infective keratitis from May 2019 to April 2020 were included in the study. Data were collected about demographic parameters, indication for surgery, details of donor tissue in terms of donor size, graft size and endothelial density. The outcome of TPK was measured in terms of anatomic stability, eradication of disease, graft clarity and development of cataract and glaucoma. 30 eyes of 30 patients underwent TPK for infective keratitis. 73.3% were male. Average age of the patients was 42. In 60% of patients organisms were isolated as follows: 11 cases of fungus, 3 cases of bacteria and 4 cases of mixed bacteria and fungus. Two surgeries (6.6%) were combined with extracapsular cataract extraction without posterior chamber intraocular lens. The eradication of infection after primary TPK was 23 (76.8%). Twelve eyes (40%) had documentation of variable grades of cataract. One case had secondary glaucoma. Six cases (20%) had graft failure. Therapeutic keratoplasty is the procedure for terminating or improving an actively infectious corneal disease. It helps to save the eye and preserve vision in severe infective keratitis. There is a high incidence of postoperative glaucoma, cataract, and graft failure in such a surgery.

MIND diet lowers risk of open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam Study

PurposeTo assess the association between the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and the incidence of open-angle glaucoma (iOAG), as well as the association between iOAG and two other well-established diets in the Netherlands, i.e., the Mediterranean diet and Dutch dietary guidelines.MethodsIn the Rotterdam Study, participants were followed for iOAG since 1991, with intervals of approximately 5 years. A total of 170 participants developed iOAG during follow-up. Participants with iOAG were matched with healthy controls on age and sex in a case:control ratio of 1:5. The associations between food frequency questionnaire-derived diet adherences (baseline) and iOAG were analyzed using multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses. The associations between the diet adherences and intraocular pressure (IOP; a risk factor for OAG) were assessed using multivariable linear regression analyses.ResultsGreater adherence to the MIND diet was associated with a decreased iOAG risk (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.80 [0.66 to 0.96], for each 10-percent increase in adherence). Food component analyses showed that, in particular a higher intake of green leafy vegetables, berries and fish tended to be protective for iOAG. No significant associations were observed between adherence to the Mediterranean diet or Dutch dietary guidelines and iOAG. Moreover, none of the three examined diets were associated with IOP.ConclusionAdherence to the MIND diet was significantly associated with a lower incidence of OAG in contrast to adherence to the Mediterranean diet or the Dutch dietary guidelines. As this association was IOP-independent, the MIND diet may be particularly relevant for the prevention of neurodegeneration in the eye.

Acute exposure to air pollutants increase the risk of acute glaucoma

BackgroundAmbient air pollution is related to the onset and progression of ocular disease. However, the effect of air pollutants on the acute glaucoma remains unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of air pollutants on the incidence of acute glaucoma (acute angle closure glaucoma and glaucomatocyclitic crisis) among adults.MethodsWe conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study based on the data of glaucoma outpatients from January, 2015 to Dec, 2021 in Shanghai, China. A conditional logistic regression model combined with a polynomial distributed lag model was applied for the statistical analysis. Each case serves as its own referent by comparing exposures on the day of the outpatient visit to the exposures on the other 3–4 control days on the same week, month and year. To fully capture the delayed effect of air pollution, we used a maximum lag of 7 days in main model.ResultsA total of 14,385 acute glaucoma outpatients were included in this study. We found exposure to PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) significantly increased the odds of outpatient visit for acute glaucoma. Wherein the odds of acute glaucoma related to PM2.5 and NO2 were higher and more sustained, with OR of 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03–1.11) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.08–1.17) for an IQR increase over lag 0–3 days, than PM10 and CO over lag 0–1 days (OR:1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05; OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.07).ConclusionsThis case-crossover study provided first-hand evidence that air pollutants, especially PM2.5 and NO2, significantly increased risk of acute glaucoma.

Regional variation in the incidence of pseudo-exfoliation in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS).

To report the 15-year incidence rate of pseudo-exfoliation (PXF), PXF glaucoma and regional variation among rural participants in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS) III. This population-based longitudinal study was carried out at three rural study sites. Individuals of all ages who participated at baseline with amean 15-year follow-up visit were included. DetailedComprehensiveophthalmic examination was performed on all participants. The main outcome measure was development of PXF during the follow-up period in participants who were phakic in one or both eyeswithout PXF at baseline. Among 5395 participants, 5108 (94.6%) met the inclusion criteria. There were 93 (1.82%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47-2.22) cases of incident PXF. Their median baseline age (1st, 3rd quartiles) was 51 (44, 59) years and the male: female ratio was 1.3:1. There was no case of incident PXF in participants aged <30 years at baseline. The incidence rate per 100 person years (95% CI) among all ages and those aged ≥30 years at baseline was 1.73 (1.64-1.82) and 3.73 (3.53-3.93), respectively. PXF material was located on iris as well as anterior surface of lens and itwas often bilateral. Participants living in two study sites and increasing age were associated with the incidence of PXF. The 15-year incidence of PXF glaucoma (95% CI) in participants ≥30 years of age at baseline was 0.33% (0.14-0.66). There is significant regional variation in incidence of PXF in south India which warrants further investigation.

Clinical manifestations and surgical tactics in the treatment of malignant glaucoma in pseudophakia patients

Malignant glaucoma is one of the most serious complications of eye surgery, which may progress to permanent blindness. The incidence of malignant glaucoma after eye surgery in patients with angle-closure glaucoma ranges from 0.4 to 8%. The article describes the risk factors and clinical manifestations of this pathology and existing treatment approaches.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLATELET COUNT, PDW, PCT, AND MPV WITH VISUAL FIELD DEFECT IN PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA

Abstract. Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and incidence of open-angle glaucoma more frequent, including in Indonesia. The etiology is still unclear, but the risk factors are the immune system and increased systemic microvascular abnormalities affected by platelets. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between platelet parameters and visual field defect in POAG. Methods. This research is an analytic study with a case control design. Respondents are 30 POAG patients and 30 normal subjects as a control in Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital and Satellite Hospital from August to December 2021. Venous blood samples were taken as much as 3 cc to assess platelet parameters, then analyzed in the clinical laboratory. Each group was examined with Humphrey's Perimetry which was further classified based on Hodapp Anderson Parrish criteria. Results. Most subjects in the POAG group are male, 53.3%. In POAG group the mean values of platelet count 267.28 103/μL, PDW 11.41 fL, PCT 0.25%, and MPV 9.49 fL. Conclusion. There was an increase in PDW values in advanced POAG patients, but no significant differences were found in visual field defect between the two groups.

Prevalence and Factors Related to Raised Intraocular Pressure: In a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh during Pandemic situation

Background: Raised Intraocular pressure (IOP) is proven to be the most important risk factor for developing glaucoma, around the world. Hypertensive patients with IOP are more prone to develop Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) which is one of the major causes of blindness globally. Method: This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, conducted in community ophthalmology in BSMMU Hospital during the period of July 2021 to June 2022 The total sample size for this study was 153. Result: Most of the respondents 42(27.5%) were in the age group 41-50 years The Mean ±SD age was 37.15±17.14. 64(41.8%) were male and most 89(58.2%) were female. Refractive Error was found in 11(7.2%) cases and followed by NTG e-ps in 17(11.1%), PACG in 16(10.5%), NTG in 3(2%), (B\E) 1(0.7%). There were 3(4.3%) patients in 20-29 years age group with the most frequent (IOP)A(mmHg) range 12-12 and followed by 29(42%) were 30-50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 18-22 and 37(53.6%) were &gt;50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 22-36. There were 1(1.7%) patients in 20-29 years age group with the most frequent (IOP)A(mmHg) range 10-12 and followed by 22(37.3%) were 30-50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 18-20 and 36(61%) were &gt;50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 20-40. There were 1(1.6%) patients in 20-29 years age group with the most frequent (IOP)A(mmHg) range 10-10 and followed by 25(39.7%) were 30-50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 18-18 and 37(58.7%) were &gt;50 years with (IOP)A(mmHg) range 20-36. Conclusion: Glaucoma is the proved to be second commonest cause of blindness globally which is accounting for 8 % of world blindness. Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for the incidence and progression of glaucoma.

Diabetes mellitus and incident glaucoma in Australia: a 10-year cohort study from the 45 and Up Study.

BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the severity of glaucoma is important for the primary prevention of incident glaucoma. This paper aims to examine the association between DM and incident glaucoma.MethodsThe 45 and Up Study is a prospective cohort study where Australians aged ≥45 years old were enrolled. The incident of glaucoma at follow-up is the main outcome measured. Glaucoma incidence was identified as those with recorded glaucoma-related medication from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme or surgery recorded in the Medicare Benefits Schedule. Patients with glaucoma were classified into the medical glaucoma group (with glaucoma-related medication but not surgery) and the surgical glaucoma group (with glaucoma-related surgery). A Cox regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) to examine the association between baseline DM and the risk of developing glaucoma during the follow-up period. The reference groups are as follows: (I) non-DM participant; (II) participant with DM, duration between 0 and 5 years; (III) participant uses insulin.ResultsA total of 255,547 eligible participants, with no glaucoma diagnosis at baseline, were included. During the follow-up period, 7,667 patients (3.0%) were identified as medical glaucoma only and 2,326 patients (0.9%) underwent glaucoma surgery. After controlling for confounders, baseline DM was associated with an increased risk of glaucoma in the medical glaucoma group only [hazard ratio (HR) =1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.07–1.72, P=0.002]. However, baseline DM (HR =0.97, 95% CI =0.57–1.65, P=0.979) was not associated with an increased risk of surgical glaucoma.ConclusionsDM was associated with an increased risk of medical glaucoma only, there was no association identified with surgical glaucoma in the Australian population recruited in the 45 and Up Study.

Five-year incidence of primary glaucoma and related risk factors - The Handan eye study.

To determine the 5-year incidence of primary glaucoma and its associated risk factors in rural northern China. Population-based cohort study. A total of 5184 participants aged 30 years and older, without glaucoma at baseline, were subjected to comprehensive standardized interviews and ophthalmic and systemic examinations at baseline and after a 5-year interval in the Handan Eye Study. Incident glaucoma was diagnosed by a consensus panel of five senior glaucoma specialists. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the baseline risk factors that could predict the incidence of glaucoma. During the 5-year follow-up, incident primary glaucoma developed in 82 subjects (1.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2%-1.9%). The age- and gender-standardized incidence of glaucoma among subjects ≥40 years old was 2.1% (0.4% annually), calculated according to the 2010 Chinese census. A higher age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09; p <0.001), higher intraocular pressure (IOP) (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.20; p =0.017), and vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR)≥ 0.60 (OR, 5.30; 95% CI, 3.22-8.73; p <0.001) were found to be associated with an increased risk of incident glaucoma. For each year, older age and each mmHg higher IOP, the risks of primary glaucoma increased by 1.2% and 2.0% per year, respectively. We reported the 5-year incidence of primary glaucoma in a rural Chinese population and found that older age, higher IOP, and VCDR≥ 0.60 at baseline could help in identifying those at highest risk of disease development.