Glass Ware Research Articles

A device for smoothing out the traces (cuts) of droplets on glass ware

A device for smoothing out the traces (cuts) of droplets on glass ware

Glass research and development in China

Significant achievements have been made in glass research and development in China since 1949. A review of the current status of development of the glass industry in China is presented, including those of plate glass, glass container and glass ware, electric lamp and electron tube glass, optical glass, technical and fibrous glass. Emphasis is laid on some special glasses such as laser glass, glass ceramics, tempered glass, fused silica and glass fiber for optical communications. This paper also reports the experimental results on the glass formation and crystallization process, mechanical and elastic properties, optical and spectroscopic properties, electric and electronic properties of glasses. The relationship between these properties and the chemical composition of glasses have been studied and the methods for calculating these physical properties of glasses have also been developed. Investigations have been started on new glass systems, such as chalcogenide, halide, nitrate and oxide-halide mixed glasses. The above mentioned research works are being carried out in institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, universities and institutes led by industrial ministries and local governments.

Alkane contamination of lipids extracted fromLagenidium giganteum andLagenidium callinectes

AbstractAlkanes associated with the mycelia of the fungiLagenidium giganteum andL. callinectes were analyzed. Careful studies showed that these substances were contaminats derived from glass ware, media and solvents. No alkane biosynthesis or transformation was detected, indicating little or no alkane metabolism. The importance of using clean techniques, high‐purity solvents and proper media controls was emphasized.

Boron determination in natural waters with curcumin using 2, 2‐dimethyl‐1, 3‐hexanediol to eliminate interferences

Abstract This method meets the demands for a sensible and quick method for boron analysis in the field. The water sample is extracted with an equal amount of methyl‐isobutylketon (MIBK) containing curcumin and diol. After extraction and phase separation the aqueous phase is discarded and a mixture of sulfuric acid and acetic acid is added to the remaining MIBK. Boron and curcumin react to give the intensely redcoloured product rosocyanin. Water elimination procedures are not necessary. There are practically no interferences apart from the contamination from glass ware.

A commercial gamma-ray irradiation plant in Japan

In 1973, a commercial gamma-ray irradiation plant was constructed in Takasaki, about 100 km north of Tokyo. The plant has been used for both production of irradiated commercial products and irradiation services. The irradiation services are being made for sterilization of both medical appliances such as disposable medical syringes, catheters, surgical sutures, and sterilization of feed stuffs for animals. Treatment of plastic materials, coloring of both crystals and glass wares also made. This facility can accomodate 600 kCi of 60Co and has a monthly treating capacity of 12,000 packages (a standard carton of 340 mm x 400 mm x 500 mm) at an irradiation dose of 1 Mrad/hr. A receiving port for packages is on the second floor and the outler of the irradiated packages on the first floor, with three lines of connecting loop conveyors between them, and the irradiation compartment in the center section. As the space arrangement the facility is nicely designed and gravity force can be utilized for the transportation of the packages. As an own product, polymer impregnated coral is put on the market for ornamental building material on order contract basis.

Large scale cultivation of a free-living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans).

A method is presented for the large scale cultivation of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, using continuous aeration and agitation in glass ware (stirrer flasks) developed for the continuous culture of suspended cells. With this technique, populations up to 10(9) nematodes may be obtained in a 10 1 culture in less than 6 weeks with an inoculum of some 50 worms. Costs can be reduced by using an inexpensive yeast extract, available from the food industry.

All-Union Conference on the manufacture of container glass and high-grade ware

All-Union Conference on the manufacture of container glass and high-grade ware

Development of the production of container glass and special-quality ware

Development of the production of container glass and special-quality ware

Defects of High Silicious Borosilicate Glasses During Melting

It is well known that Pyrex glass, borosilicate glass with high silica-content, is more difficult to be melted homogeneously than other glasses, because striae, knots, and stones very often arise during melting. It is the purpose to confirm the cause of striae, knots, and stones arising during melting in commercial Pyrex glass wares. Experimental equipments used, are centrifuge, interferometer, and strain analyzer.Most of striae have lower refractive index. They arise from raw material difficult to melt, SiO2, at early stage. At later stage they mainly arise from surface volatilization. The striae with higher refractive index arise from Al2O3, ZrO2 exuded by refractory corrosion, and also stagnants which originate from refractory corrosion have higher refractive index.The knots occur mainly from segregation of silica sands in raw materials and the refractive index is lower. But the knots with higher refractive index can be seen occasionally. They arise in the melting process of stones from refractories.The stones almost arise from segregation of silica sands in raw materials as well as knots. The refractive index of the surrounding glass is lower than that of the parent glass. The stones with higher refractive index originate from refractories.

Molds for pressing glass ware

Molds for pressing glass ware

非金属表面上への化学メッキにおけるメッキ諸条件の検討

Among various processes hitherto, used in plating nonmetallic surfaces, the chemical plating will be the best. In chemical plating, however, noncatallic surfaces must be activated. The coventional activation was mostly done by immersing in activate solution, such as palladium chloride. The author confirmed that nonmetallic surface could be activated by immersing in stannous chloride solution, But in either palladium chloride or stannous chloride solution, the surface could not completely be activated depending on the immersing condition. The author, therefore, studied the optimum condition of the said solutions on the practical point of view. The results are as follows:(1) Palladium chloride solution of 0.1g/l, pH value 5.0, temperature 55°C, is found suitable and the optimum condition of stannous chloride soution is to keep its concentration from 20 to 100g/l, and the temperature at less than 35°C. But in the former, short time of immersion is better short, while in the later long time.(2) The essential points of chemical plating on various nonmetallic surfaces are as follow;i) Glass and ceramic ware: After chemical echting activation in palladium chloride solution.ii) Wood: Using the seasoned wood, after saturated with white wax, activation in stannous chloride solution, plating in alkaline plating bath.iii) Organic synthetic materials: After polishing with abrasive, activation in stannous chloride bath first, and then in palladium chloride solution, after plating, immerse in boiling water to dry.iv) Carbon: After cleaning and removing the carbon powders activation of the surface.

Tempering of hollow glass ware

Tempering of hollow glass ware

Tempering of hollow glass ware

Tempering of hollow glass ware

More glass and ceramic wares

More glass and ceramic wares

A universal micro heating stage

There is described an electrically-heated, circular aluminum block which serves as stand and heating stage for many types of microchemical glass and porcelain ware. It is readily adaptable to automatic temperature control and is generally applicable in micro and semi-micro preparations and analyses.

On a rapid determinating method of the soil moisture

A little improvement on Papadakis' method was done to remove its two weak points.1. I made the equipment of glass ware as illustrated on trial, and made it easily to weighing the sample, driving out the air and throwing away the waste.2. I devised to use a little (constan volume e.g. 1c.c.) of light liquid (e.g. ligroine, henzol and etc.) along with the water, thous the personal error from the reading of the meniscus by existence of floating foam was remarkably decreased.

On certain phenomena produced by the Corhart tank block upon the glass ware

In our factory the glass articles have heretobefore been produced by melting the soda-lime-magnesia silica glass in a tank furnace built with the American-made refractory clay blocks. Lately, when repairing the said furnace those blocks on both side walls and the bottom in the melting end thereof were all replaced by the Corhart blocks whereat the articles being made by melting the glass as heretobefore. When, however, the glass articles manufactured during a certain period since the said new furnace was being used for some duration have been frosted by using an etching solution mainly composed of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium acid fluoride, it has been found that the frosting effect thereon quite uneven, some members of them presented on their surfaces fine transparent cords uninfluenced by the frosting agent.The said fine transparent cord uninfluenced by the action of the frosting solution have been such that they are unperceivable by naked eyes until the frosting is given thereto, in fact, they came to appear after have been frosted. In this connection an experiment has been made in order to see if the said fine cords are caused either by the Corhart blocks or by other refractory clay blocks, and the following is the summary thereof.(1) A number of the Corhart block pieces have been thrown into the soda-lime-magnesia-silica glass molten in a testing furnace by keeping its melting operation on. The glass sample has been taken out every day and tested by effecting thereon the frosting solution.(2) In the samples taken out on the third day in the course of continuous melting an abrupt increase of Al2O3 has been noted and some transparent parts have appeared thereon when applied the frosting solution.(3) Next, both the part of the sample which remains clear without being effected by the frosting medium, and the part thereof adjacent the aflresaid part and effected by the frosting solution have been microphotographed. It has been known that the part remaining transparent has been very slightly etched but considerably differing from that of the part adjacent thereto. On t e other hand, the X-ray patterns have been taken of these two parts and examined and a marked difference has not been found between them. At the same time a refractive index of e ch of the two has been measured but found no difference between the two.(4) Three blocks of a given size, that is, Corhart block, refractory clay blocks (manufactured by A and B Co.), have been taken and put into respective molten glasses of same composition and melted them continuously for fourteen days. Samples have been taken out every day from each lot and given the test as to their frosting conditions and the analysis has also been made of each sample taken every other day.(5) The increasing rates of Al2O3 in the test pieces obtained from the continuously melted furnaces have been studied. It has been found that the rate of increase of Al2O3 in the glass added thereto the Corhart block is of rather intermittent character while that of the glasses with clay block are of continuous.(6) In the test glass in which Al2O3 has been molten intermittingly from the Corhart block there has been seen some clear cords formed. The frosting effect on this glass at the time has been tested and there have been found some transparent parts. On the other hand, by supplying a good deal of Al2O3 from the clay block to the melting glass, and there have been seen likewise cords therein but when frosted there is seen no difference.(7) The said Corhart block and other two clay blocks made by A and B manufacturers have been thrown into respective molten glasses after measuring them by weight and melted continuously for fourteen days. Residuals from these glasses have been tested. The Corhart block weighing 1020 grms has become one weighing 720 grms, its form being

Let's Help! a Collection of Good Causes

IN this volume Sir Charles Bright has brought together interesting information regarding numerous organisations which exist to further various kinds of good work. Among those described are a number of bodies engaged in extending the services of science in various directions, such as the British Science Guild and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology. The former was founded in 1905 by the late Sir Norman Lockyer to bring together all persons throughout the Empire interested in promoting the development and applications of science. The Guild has established numerous committees, such as those on the design and manufacture of microscopes, provision of glass and other laboratory ware, and the synchronisation of clocks. In 1921 it published a “Catalogue of British Scientific and Technical Books”, containing 6627 titles, but in the 1930 edition the number of titles has grown to 13,915. Sir Samuel Hoare is president of the Guild and Sir Richard Gregory is chairman of the council of management.

THE INCRUSTATION OF CERAMIC WARE1

The history and evolution of the application of gold and other precious metals over acid-etched designs on glass, china, and enamel ware is discussed. Details involving the preparation of the plate and transferring of the design to the article are briefly outlined and also the acid treatment of the article. The application of the metals, and finally a resume of the incrustation as a decoration is given.

Typical cases of the deterioration of Muntz metal (60:40 brass) by selective corrosion

A refinement of the biofilm formation method for waste form stability evaluation was carried out in this study. Refinement of the biofilm formation method became necessary because of the reduced contrast in degradation between control and experimental samples. The reduction in contrast was occasioned by the long duration of exposure (12 days) of the control samples to sterile medium of low pH in the first stage. Results of evaluation carried out reveal that the duration of the first stage of the biofilm formation method can be reduced to 24 h, with substantial increase in the contrast between degradations experienced by control and experimental samples. Reduction of the first stage can be done without compromising the efficiency of the inoculation process, which the longer duration of the first stage was originally intended to ensure. A doubt as to actual formation of biofilms on experimental samples, resulting from the use of non-sterile tubings and glass wares in the second stage, was also addressed in this study. Results reveal that substantial attachment of microbes occur on the surfaces of experimental samples in the first stage, thus any supply of microbes via the tubings and glass wares in the second stage is only additional and inconsequential.