Glass Solution Research Articles

Study on the Transparent Electronic Isolation Layer Material - A Photoresist Composition which is Stable at High Temperature and Humidity

A negative resist composition composed of an acrylic-copolymer-binder resin, a crosslinker, photoinitiators, some agents and solvents has been UV-cured and developed for OverCoat (OC)-Bridge of One Glass Solution (OGS) touch panel (TP) sensor, wherein acrylic-copolymer-binder resin as a key element consisting of N-Phenylmaleimide (N-Pm), Methacrylic acid (MA), Styrene (St) and Isobornyl methacrylate (iBMA) monomers, being designed and synthesized to control the acid value (90-110mgKOH/g), molecular weight (Mw:10,000-20,000) and approximate solubility parameter [10.67-11.05(cal/cm3)1/2]. Here,we demonstrate a OC photoresist applies between two ITO line-films by UV-curing process technology deveoled for OC-Bridge pattern with a kind of acrylic-copolymer-binder resin by ours. Acting as TP sensor, the OC patterns have adequate resistance to solvents, acids and alkalis, good thermal and humid stability, and with excellent transparency and insulation. This OC photoresist, coupled with the acrylic-copolymer-binder resins, provides an unprecedented approach to realize supporting high temperature and humidity OC-Bridge.

A review of acellular immersion tests on bioactive glasses––influence of medium on ion release and apatite formation

AbstractWhen evaluating new bioactive glass compositions for their suitability as a biomaterial, one of the first steps is the study of their behavior in contact with aqueous solutions. Ion release, pH changes, and apatite precipitation are investigated during immersion experiments, and a wide variety of solutions is used, including simulated body fluid, Tris buffer solution, various cell culture medium formulations or deionized water. This paper reviews the different parameters used for immersion experiments on bioactive glasses. Results show that, depending on solution composition, pH, and buffering capacity, the experimental outcome is likely to vary. In addition, bioactive glass particle size and solution volume/glass surface area ratio affect the resulting ion concentration in solution, and, thus, the rate at which apatite is formed. It is, therefore, important to consider these effects when planning experiments, interpreting results or comparing the results of experiments performed in different laboratories.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ОТРИМАННЯ НОВИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ ДЛЯ АДСОРБЦІЙНОГО ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ ТИПУ «СИЛІКАГЕЛЬ – КРИСТАЛОГІДРАТ»

This article is focused on sol-gel technology of industrial production of composite sorbents «silica gel – sodium sulphate» and «silica gel – sodium acetate», which includes the next stages: preparation of aqueous solution of silicate glass and polymer quaternary ammonium salt (PQAS), formation of nuclei of the silicate phase, formation of silicon-oxygen matrix, drying and fractionation of sorbent. According to the developed technology, sorbents were prepared with a granula size of 3 – 5 mm. Bulk density is stated to be of 0.72 g/cm3 and 0.65 g/cm3 for composites «silica gel – sodium sulphate» and ‘silica gel – sodium acetate’. It is shown that composite sorbents are characterized by high water adsorption at the level of 0.42 – 0.66 g/g. Temperatures of regeneration of composites «silica gel – sodium sulphate» and ‘silica gel – sodium acetate’ are stated to be of 90 °C and 60 °C. Heats of adsorption of composites «silica gel – sodium sulphate» and «silica gel – sodium acetate» are 2200 kJ/kg and 1400 kJ / kg, respectively.

Carbon dioxide sealing-based inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion: A temperature-sensitive micro-encapsulated fire-retardant foamed gel

In order to enhance the inhibition efficiency of inhibitor on spontaneous combustion of coal and optimize the grouting process of traditional foamed gel, a temperature-sensitive retardant microcapsule (TSRM) was prepared via encapsulation of polyphenols with paraffin. Using composite surfactant (CFA) as a foaming agent and Carbon dioxide (instead of the traditional N2) as the gas source, a small amount of TSRM was incorporated into the water glass solution as base material to prepare microcapsuled retardant foamed gel (CDSFG-TSRM). TSRM temperature sensitivity allows melting at 60 °C followed by the release of tea polyphenols, which extends the effective period of tea polyphenols and improves the inhibitory effect on spontaneous coal combustion. Due to the inorganic polycondensation reaction between carbon dioxide and water glass solution, the preparation process of the material reduces carbon dioxide emission as a greenhouse gas and achieves a rapid gelation process of the mixed solution without the addition of a crosslinking agent, hence simplifying the preparation process of foam gel. The combination of in-situ FTIR and TG-IR indicated that the extent of oxidation on the surface hydroxyls of the coal sample treated with CDSFG-TSRM was low and the concentration of ether bond was high. The characteristic absorption peak intensity of C–H structure and Carbon dioxide were obviously weakened, and the characteristic absorption peak of Carbon dioxide appears at a higher temperature. In addition, CDSFG-TSRM has the advantages of shorter extinguishing time, higher retardant efficiency and difficulty in re-ignition.

Assessment of Fire Safety of Coatings Based on Silicate Paint Sol

The results of the study the fire safety of coatings, based on silicate and sol silicate paints, are presented. The rapid method of the fire tube (based on the definitions of the duration of self-combustion or smoldering and on the mass loss of the sample after exposure to an open flame) established that the coatings belong to the group of non-flammable material, for coatings, based on poly-silicate solutions, have a lower loss of mass, in comparison with coatings based on liquid glass. At the flammability test on the TPR it was established, that coating based on potassium liquid glass and potassium poly-silicate solution did not ignite seen, even at a temperature of 760 degrees. There is no smoke emission. However, a change in the shape and color was recorded. The weight loss of the sample of the coating, based on potassium liquid glass, was 30.14% by weight, and the coating sample, based on the potassium poly-silicate solution, was 27.14%. The evidence of improvement of fire hazard characteristics of coatings based on poly-silicate solutions is obtained.

Concrete Production Using Fine Glass Aggregates as Partial Replacement of Sand

Waste reuse is considered an excellent alternative for sustainable development. For the World Commission on Environment and Development in Our Common Future, sustainability is "one that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." One way to provide a sustainable solution for glass would be the reuse of glass waste in the production of concrete. Glass residues when suitably crushed and sieved, to assume appropriate granulometry, may exhibit characteristics similar to natural aggregates. The use of glass waste when used in concrete manufacturing reduces production costs. The main objective of the research was to replace, as much as possible, in percentage, the quantity of sand and gravel aggregates by glass waste with the same granulometry, as a way to reduce costs, reduce the use of raw materials and reduce the quantity of wastes that were inadequately disposed of in landfills. Samples of glass waste were collected in the construction industry itself, in works and glassware companies that work with cutting and delivery of the product. Comparisons were made between concretes produced with natural and concrete aggregates produced with the substitution of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of the fine aggregate, all of which glass was used as a substitute. The comparative analyzes were the mechanical properties of compression strength and diametral compression traction at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days.

X-RAY MICRO-TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERIZATION OF VOIDS CAUSED BY THREE-POINT BENDING IN SELECTED ALKALI-ACTIVATED ALUMINOSILICATE COMPOSITE

This paper deals with the pilot characterization of a special alkali-activated aluminosilicate composite composed of waste brick powder, brick rubble and a solution of potassium water glass. Fracture tests were conducted on the specimens via three-point bending and fracture parameters were evaluated. Selected specimen was investigated using micro-tomography to supplement the results with visual information about the inner structure of this newly designed material before and after the mechanical loading. Tomographic measurements and image processing were conducted for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of changes in the internal structure with an emphasis on the calculation of porosimetric parameters and visualization of the fracture surface. Fractal dimension of fracture surface was estimated.

ОБЛИЦОВОЧНЫЕ И ДЕКОРАТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ НА ОСНОВЕ СТЕКЛЯННЫХ БЫТОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ

The areas of use of glass domestic waste in the building materials industry are considered. The possibility of obtaining a facing and decorative material-smalt based on colored container and high-quality glass is considered. An innovative technology has been developed for the production of smalt based on finely ground powders of colored container glass using 20%, 40% and 60% liquid glass as a humidifier. The dependences of the influence of various concentrations of aqueous solutions of liquid glass on the degree of compaction of smalt are established. It is shown that the addition of aqueous solutions of liquid glass to the glass powder before pressing reduces the firing temperature from 775 to 725 ° C. the influence of different concentrations of aqueous solution of liquid glass in the initial charges on the chemical composition of the smalt is investigated. The elemental composition of smalt is studied using the x-ray fluorescence method. The microstructure of smalt made from a mixture with an optimum content of 40% aqueous solution of water glass is investigated. The effect of various concentrations of liquid glass on the microhardness of smalt is provided. It is shown that when the content of 40% liquid glass in an aqueous solution, the microhardness reaches maximum values.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA COATING ON COPPER SUBSTRATE USING COCONUT OIL AS A DISPERSION MEDIUM

The object of this study is to develop an easy and simple technique to fabricate the coating solution of Vietnam rice hush ash-derived water glass (VRHA-WG) and Vietnam coconut oil (VCO). The coating solution with different mixing ratio of VRHA-WG and VCO such as 1: 5 and 1:10 (v/v) can be coated on copper substrate. After coating, the substrate are heated at 500oC for 2 hours to enhance the adherence of silica layer and substrate. The characterization of the coating layer are studied by Xray Diffaraction (XRD) and Xray Fluorescence (XRF) while the surface morphology of the substrate before and after coating is study be scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electricity resistant of the substrate after coating increase up to 33.33% compare without coating.

Controlling the Morphologies of Silver Aggregates by Laser-Induced Synthesis for Optimal SERS Detection.

Controlling the synthesis of metallic nanostructures for high quality surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) materials has long been a central task of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this work, silver aggregates with different surface morphologies were controllably synthesized on a glass–solution interface via a facile laser-induced reduction method. By correlating the surface morphologies with their SERS abilities, optimal parameters (laser power and irradiation time) for SERS aggregates synthesis were obtained. Importantly, the characteristics for largest near-field enhancement were identified, which are closely packed nanorice and flake structures with abundant surface roughness. These can generate numerous hot spots with huge enhancement in nanogaps and rough surface. These results provide an understanding of the correlation between morphologies and SERS performance, and could be helpful for developing optimal and applicable SERS materials.

Optimization of the municipal solid waste management system using a hybrid life cycle assessment–emergy approach in Tehran

The sustainable design of the waste-management system is of crucial importance for cities like Tehran, capital of Iran. Tehran’s municipal solid-waste management has adopted modern practices and technologies very slowly. This study proposes the optimum pathway to reach maximum environmental benefits as well as the most cost-effective technologies according to the financial limits. The hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA)–emergy approach is applied to utilize the life cycle emissions as an inventory database to estimate the ecosystem services provided by the natural ecosystem to dilute the emissions and compensate raw material consumption. Among organic waste-treatment options, composting is optimally chosen by the hybrid LCA–emergy approach while considering the LCA method solely; the anaerobic digestion is the preferable option. Recycling is the most preferable solution for paper, plastic, and glass in terms of energy recovery and cost saving. However, the budget constraint affects the results. Considering the budget constraint, 65% of ferrous metals are diverted from recycling into metal landfill. Cost reduction of recycling technologies may divert metal flow from landfill to recycling. The limited budget has a significant impact on recycling solutions. Overall, the combination of composting and source separation should be considered as the most sustainable and eco-friendly pathway in Tehran.

Improvement of the reactivity of soda–lime–silica glass solution as a hardener for producing geopolymer materials

The aiming target of this study is to improve the reactivity of the soda–lime–silica glass solution as a hardener for producing metakaolin-based geopolymer cements. The hardeners with molar ratios SiO2/Na2O equal to 1.5 from rice husk ash and waste glass were prepared. Due to the low dissolution of waste glass, the molar ratio SiO2/Na2O in soda–lime–silica glass solution is less than 1.5 suggesting thus the lower soluble silica content. In order to compensate for the deficiency of soluble silica in soda–lime–silica glass solution, the hardener from rice husk ash is added to the soda–lime–silica glass solution at different percentage such as 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 wt%. The reactivity of the obtained hardeners was evaluated by using them for producing geopolymer cements. The X-ray pattern and infrared spectrum of residual waste glass indicate the higher intensity of the broad hump structure and the higher value of the wavenumber of the main band, respectively. This corresponds to the higher amount of glass phase contained in the residual waste glass. It was found that the values of the compressive strengths and the apparent density increase with increasing the addition of hardener from rice husk ash to the one from waste glass. The micrographs of geopolymer cements from hardeners containing 40, 50 and 100 wt% of sodium waterglass from rice husk ash are homogeneous and compact microstructure. This implies the formation of the higher connectivity and the long chain of poly(sialate-siloxo) network. The new approach for the preparation of a reactive hardener from the waste glass is found promising for the significant reduction of the greenhouse gas emitted during the production of geopolymers.

Electroconductivity and Electrode Properties of Amorphous PbS–Ag2S–As2S3 and PbS–AgI–As2S3 Films Deposited from Solutions of Glass in n-Butylamine

The parameters of the specific electroconductivity and electrode properties of massive glass and amorphous films of PbS–AgI–As2S3 and PbS–Ag2S–As2S3 are studied. It is established that the lower detection limit of Pb2+ cations is 10–7 mol/L for most of the studied membranes, while the Nernst region of the electrode function is 10–6–10–1 mol/L. The response time of the best film membranes Pb-ISE is 30–40 s in diluted solutions and 5–10 s in 0.01–0.1 M stirred solutions of Pb(NO3)2.

Evaluation on Formation of Aluminosilicate Network in Ternary-Blended Geopolymer Using Infrared Spectroscopy

This study used an optimized mixture of red mud (RM), rice husk ash (RHA), diatomaceous earth (DE), and water glass solution (WGS) with silica modulus of 2.5 to produce geopolymer-based material. The geopolymer product was tested engineering properties which are in good agreement of ASTM requirements for building materials. For microstructure, the geopolymer samples were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and focused on evaluation on formation of aluminosilicate network in the ternary-blended geopolymer. The results showed that tetra-silicates or acid silicic (Si (OH)4 or H4SiO4) dissolved and reacted with the iron oxide (Fe2O3) in RM and DE to form the oligomer precursors of sialate-O-Si-O-Al-O-, sialate-siloxo-O-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-, sialate-disiloxo-O-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-Si-O-, tetra-silicate [SiO4]4-, and tetra-aluminate [AlO4]4-. The formation of sodium alumino-silicate iron hydroxide polymeric network were easily detected by vibrational modes of –T–O–T– and –T–O–Na units (T refers to tetrahedral such as that of Si or Al) and of –OH and H–O–H. As well as, there were appearances of the membered ring or chain structural units of geopolymers.

Effect of geopolymer composition on the mechanical and rheological properties

Coating systems, not only in the building industry, have historically their irreplaceable role. Modern times, however, take on increasing responsibility for both the environment, the versatility of product use, and the reduction of production costs. The development of the new multifunctional geopolymer coating, therefore, clearly covers all of these global aspects. In this paper, the mechanical and rheological properties of various geopolymer pastes were investigated. The geopolymer mixtures were composed of metakaolin and various dosage of water glass solution with three different SiO2/Na2O ratios. The best mechanical properties were achieved for the mixture with content 90% of water glass and SiO2/Na2O ratio of 1.4. The rheological measurements showed high thixotropy of all mixtures and very low yield stress values.

IMPACT OF GLASS DESIGN ON MODERN MEGA YACHTS - COMFORT AND STRENGTH ASPECTS

The trend towards large scale advanced glass solutions for the design of modern cruise vessels and mega yachts is accompanied by potential risks regarding both comfort as well as safety and reliability. The comfort related aspects are mainly focussed on unacceptable noise radiation excited by typical excitation frequencies of the vessel. Here as a possible solution to mitigate the potential comfort related risks a simulation-based procedure for noise and vibration assessment of glass windows is be described and its effects on the noise performance of the design explained. Possible countermeasures in case that the analyses reveal an unacceptable risk for violating the relevant noise limits are presented. In addition to the typical areas of attention for the structural impact of large and often coincident glass windows here focus is laid on the possible benefits and challenges of a load carrying window design. These are discussed based on practical experience and different case studies. Special attention is paid to the detail design of the glass bearing system.

Modification of solution processed thin chalcogenide films composition by source solution doping

Solution processed thin chalcogenide films have attracted noteworthy attention due to the simplicity and thus low cost of applicable deposition techniques (e.g. spin-coating). In presented work we demonstrate the possibility to modify the thin films composition by altering the composition of source glass solution, which significantly improves tailoring potential of solution based thin films. Thin films of As30S70 composition of specular optical quality were prepared from As40S60 bulk glass and pure elemental sulfur by spin-coating method. The As40S60 source bulk glass is also commercially available as AMTIR-6. Optical properties, thickness, chemical resistance, structure and elemental composition of the thin films were studied in dependence on the annealing temperature. Results were compared with properties of thin films of the same As30S70 composition prepared by standard procedure from As30S70 bulk glass. Different thermo-induced structural transformations were observed in both sets of samples resulting in As30S70 thin films of very similar properties after thermal stabilization at 120 °C.

Use of Water Glass from Rice Husk and Bagasse Ashes in the Preparation of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

The aim of this work is to study the feasibility of preparation of fly ash based geopolymer using sodium water glass from agricultural waste as alternative activators. Rice husk ash and bagasse ash were used as raw materials for producing sodium water glass solution. The sodium water glass were produced by mixing rice husk ash and bagasse ash with NaOH in ball mill and boiling. The prepared sodium water glass were analyzed and used in geopolymer preparation process. The geopolymer paste were prepared by adding the obtained water glass and NaOH with fly ash. After cured at ambient temperature for 7 days, mechanical properties were investigated. Bonding and phases of the geopolymer were also characterized. The geopolymer from rice husk ash presented highest compressive strength about 23 MPa while the greatest for bagasse ash was about 16 MPa.

Influences of aberration on spatial resolution of STED microscope in probing a specimenwith discontinuous refraction indices.

Probing depth and system aberrations have direct impacts on the spatial resolution of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopes. Based on the vectorial diffraction theory, the influence of coma and astigmatism on the focal patterns of STED microscopes in probing stratified mediums with discontinuous refractive indices (e.g.,glass cover slip, solution, and biological samples, etc.) have been illustrated in detail. The spatial resolution of the STED system has been discussed by analyzing the full width at half-maximum size of the fluorescence spots. It is found that, while probing in stratified media with discontinuous refractive indices, the spatial resolution of a STED microscope can be very sensitive to the existence of aberrations, e.g., coma and astigmatism, at different probing depths, as a result of mismatched axial positions of the excitation and depletion patterns. The spatial resolution of STED can be degraded up to 1.87- and 1.95-fold compared to that without aberrations. Therefore, a careful evaluation of the influence of aberration and discontinuous refractive indices should be taken into account when applying a STED microscope to realize super-resolution images.

Effect of silicate modulus of water glass on the hydration of alkali-activated converter steel slag

Converter steel slag, currently underutilized crystalline metallurgical residue, was investigated for use as a precursor for alkali activation. Water glass solution with various moduli (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) was used at the same Na2O dosage of 4% in order to investigate effect of modulus on hydration. Pure cement paste with the same ratio of water to binder was selected as the control sample. Results show that modulus has a significant impact on the hydration and mechanical strength development of alkali-activated steel slag. Similar to pure cement paste, alkali-activated steel slag paste has C–S–H gel and Ca(OH)2 as its main hydration products. However, alkali-activated steel slag pastes have lower hydration heat and fewer amounts of hydration products. Additional silicate has a retarding effect on the hydration of steel slag. Hydration heat, Ca(OH)2 contents and non-evaporable water contents reduce with increasing modulus. In addition, high silicate modulus fines the pore structure and improves compressive strength of the hardened paste.