Glass Scrap Research Articles

Use of Industrial Waste and Raw Materials in Iron Sorption

This work focuses on pellets made by Latvian industrial waste (waste cullet glass, sewage sludge, metallurgical slag and alumina scrap metal processing waste and raw mineral materials (limeless clay) to gain high porosity and water sorptiom. Iron sorption using ceramic pellets is explored more detailed. Physical-chemical properties and microstructure were researched to obtain a deeper understanding of how these qualities affect water purification from iron compounds. Three pellets with different properties were made in this paper : B5, A5 and E1. Composition B5 indicates highest iron sorption rate at sintering temperature 1100 °C and shows considerable iron reduction in a solution after one week.

Role of different stakeholders in trading of reusable/recyclable urban solid waste materials: A case study

This study aimed to investigate the role of different actors/stakeholders in informal waste recycling/trading system in the Dehradun city, India. An extensive survey on waste recycling/trading system was conducted through a defined methodology and framework of material flow was prepared. Results suggested three operation levels of collection/segregation of recyclable waste articles: (i) household, commercial points and shops, (ii) community waste dumping points and, (iii) municipal waste dump site of the city. The major stakeholders in waste trading system of the city identified as: households, itinerant buyers (Pheriwala), waste pickers, middleman (small dealers), large dealers, and remanufacturing industries. A variety of direct value waste articles (e.g., old news papers and books/magazines, wooden furniture, cardboard/cartons, plastic scrap/polythene bags, iron and non-ferrous metal scrap, glass scrap, rubber, electrical/electronic articles) are being traded in this waste trading network and estimated quality of this material is about 362.4t per month. The end users in this network are poor house-dwellers and remanufacturing industries. Results suggest that remanufacturing industries are the main buyer of these direct-value materials (paper, iron, rubber, non-ferrous metals, empty liquor/wine bottles etc.). The sharing of benefit/margins by different stockholders in this waste trading system depends upon a variety of political, social and economic factors. The study revealed that informal waste recycling is not only a waste reduction practices but also creates opportunities for urban poors as livelihood earning. Informal waste cycling thus can be promoted as sustainable approach to design a community based solid waste management program for developing cities in low and middle income countries.

A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for the Online Cutting Problem with Defects and Quality Grades

In this article, we propose a dynamic programming based algorithm for an online glass cutting problem that arises in the glass industry. In flat glass production, a continuous ribbon of flat glass is cut into glass products of various sizes as it flows on a conveyor belt. The glass ribbon contains defects of different types based on their severity and each glass product belongs to a quality class that indicates the maximum number of defects of each type that can be tolerated. Since the location and type of defects are detected in real time using a camera, the cutting problem has to be solved online and each cutting decision is made within a few seconds. The primary goal of this cutting problem is to minimize the amount of leftover (scrap) glass resulting from the cut products. The proposed algorithm uses a look-ahead strategy to solve a static cutting problem at each iteration to determine the products to be cut within a fixed horizon length, but implements only the first one or few of these cuts per iteration. We evaluated the algorithm on a set of realistic problems reflecting the parameters of current flat glass production lines. Computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm can reduce the amount of scrap glass by an average of 26.1%.

A Preliminary Study on Light Transmittance Properties of Translucent Concrete Panels with Coarse Waste Glass Inclusions

This paper investigates the potential reuse of coarse glass wastes as insert in a high performance cement matrix to produce translucent concrete panels for architectural applications such as interior walls. The effects of the addition of glass scraps on chemical and optical properties of concrete were studied. Alkali-silica reactivity resistance tests were carried out to evaluate the reactivity between amorphous waste glass and alkaline concrete pore solution. Light transmittance LT was evaluated through Radiance simulations and measurements on sample prototypes. The increase in the amount of daylight in a sample room and the reduction in the energy demand for lighting EDl were investigated through Daysim simulations. Compared to two opaque side walls, the use of two translucent concrete walls with a LT of 5% allowed a reduction in EDl up to 16% in Palermo (L=38.3°N).

Red clay application in the utilization of paper production sludge and scrap glass to fabricate ceramic materials

The article describes the compositions with red clay, as principal component, for utilization of paper production sludge and scrap glass to fabricate red ceramics at sintering temperatures of 700°, 800°, 850°, 900°, 1000°, 1050° and 1100°C. The raw and final materials were analyzed by XRF, XRD, SEM, EDS and LAMMA methods. The flexural strength tests of obtained ceramics reached till 11.7MPa, water absorption till 12.6%, bulk densities varied from 1.79 to 1.86g/cm3, and shrinkage till 1.4%. These properties can be attributed to the sintering at 700° and 1100°C of ceramics with glassy structures and small inclusions of new crystalline minerals, such as mullite, albite, orthoclase and nepheline.

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NEW GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS BASED ON GLASS WASTE

Recently several innovative suggestions on how industrial wastes can be utilised in new products have been presented in literature, e.g. as filler or additives in concrete, incorporated in ceramic materials to produce glass-ceramics and pavement construction. In this work, metallurgical materials from secondary aluminium scrap processing and glass waste derived from treatments of packaging and fluorescent lamps were considered for fabrication of new ceramic materials using powder technology and sintering process. The effect of composition and heat treatment temperature, on the sintering process and then final properties, were evaluated. The results showed that, with the proper firing temperature, lightweight ceramic materials containing high amount of glass waste and an innovative product resulting from the processing of secondary aluminum (ArgAlum.) can be produced. The low water absorption (. 1%), low density (. 2 g/cm3) and the good flexural strength (16-20 MPa) associated to relatively low sintering temperatures obtained with the addition of ArgAlum. can be considered as promising initial results to obtain new green building materials.

Carbon dioxide capture utilizing zeolites synthesized with paper sludge and scrap-glass.

The present work introduces the study of the CO2 capture process by zeolites synthesized from paper sludge and scrap glass. Zeolites ZSM-5, analcime and wairakite were produced by means of two types of Structure Directing Agents (SDA): tetrapropilamonium (TPA) and ethanol. On the one hand, zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized using TPA; on the other hand, analcime and wairakite were produced with ethanol. The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) technique was performed for determining the CO2 sorption capacity of these zeolites at two sorption temperatures: 50 and 100 °C. CO2 sorption capacity of zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized at 50 °C was 0.683 mmol/g representing 38.2% of the value measured for a zeolite ZSM-5 commercial. Zeolite analcime showed a higher CO2 sorption capacity (1.698 mmol/g) at 50 °C and its regeneration temperature was relatively low. Zeolites synthesized in this study can be used in the purification of biogas and this will produce energy without increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Synergistic Effect of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass and Porcelain Scrap on the Vitrification Behavior of Porcelanized Stoneware Tile

Porcelain scrap, a by-product from the table ware industry, was gradually added to a soda-lime-silica scrap-glass-containing traditional porcelanized stoneware tile body replacing sand. The effect of this addition on the vitrification and physico-mechanical properties was studied by measuring the linear shrinkage, bulk density, apparent porosity, and flexural strength of the samples heated in the temperature range 1100–1250°C. The results revealed that the presence of both glass and porcelain scrap had beneficial effects in relation to vitrification at lower temperatures and development of higher flexural strength. The improvement in strength was mainly because of the formation of well-developed needle-shaped mullite crystals and stronger pre-stress caused by the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the glassy matrix, quartz, and mullite during the cooling process. Circumferential cracking around quartz grains was observed in quartzitic sand-containing samples. XRD studies were also carried out to determine differences in phase evolution.

Preparation of Porous Glass‐Based Thick Film Using Diffusion‐Induced Phase Separation from Scrap Glass

The porous glass thick film was fabricated by the diffusion‐induced phase separation and the sintering technique from scrap glass, polyvinylidene fluoride, and dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Pores formed due to the dissolution of DMAc in water. As heat treatment temperature increases, densification of porous glass was gradually enhanced while the pore channels were maintained. Porosity data of ~62% and 55% were obtained at 700°C and 800°C, respectively. The pore size diameters were 91.1 μm (700°C) and 90.8 μm (800°C) separately. The porous materials showed acid durability partially because flower‐like crystals were dissolved in 1M HCl solution. The process reported in this paper provided a simple method to prepare porous glass under one‐step calcinations at low temperature and was helpful for the reuse technology of scrap glass.

Processing of Electronic Glass Scrap Recycling

Among the diverse types of waste, glass is one of the most adequate recycling materials because it can be revived and recycled completely and hardly decomposes. The glass recycle process basically inv olves collecting, sorting, then crushing and grinding after which glass cullet is produced as the secondary raw material. Removing of the contaminants from the glass cullet, and then melting are the next steps. LCD glass, PCBs and CRT are recycled to fabri cate new products.In this study, recent developments in the recycling of glass, are discussed in terms of glass production processes . It was concluded that CRT, LCD and PCBs are popular resources of glass recycling and they can be used in different applic ations.

Analysis of Early Medieval Glass From Excavations at ‘Piazza Bovio’, Naples (Italy)

The archaeological excavation of ‘Piazza Bovio’ at Naples has yielded a large deposit, characterized by exceptional findings relating to the production of a glass workshop dated to the sixth to seventh centuries ad. The workshop features, coupled with the presence of broken glass for recycling and abundant glass scrap, leads us to identify the area as part of a secondary workshop. Selected finished objects and glass scraps were characterized by SEM/EDS and LA–ICP–MS and compared with major compositional groups of glass recognized in the western Mediterranean during the first millennium ad. The aim is to verify the hypothesis of a secondary production in Naples, using raw glass from the Levant area. Three different natron groups were identified on the basis of the colour and the chemical composition. The naturally coloured (blue–green) group is consistent with Levantine I glass. The yellow–green group is associated with HIMT glass, while the colourless glass was produced with different raw materials and probably in another specialized workshop.

Assessing the potential reuse of recycled glass fibre in problematic soil applications

Abstract Global environmental consciousness and high disposal cost of glass wastes have influenced the potential use of recycled glass fibres (RGF). The characteristic strength of RGF can be improved and therefore reuse especially in construction industry appropriate to its intended purpose. In this paper, series of experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of RGF derived from electronic grade glass (E-glass) scraps. The effect of the RGF inclusion in soil strength parameter improvement was also studied by considering different types of soil media, vertical pressures and coating effect. The results show that the mechanical properties of RGF are slightly lower than the original fibres. However, in the presence of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) coating, the interfacial friction between soil particles and fibres surface is increased due to the increase in their surface area of contact thus, improving both cohesion value and the angle of internal friction values of the reinforced soil. Likewise, failure envelopes of various soil media reinforced with RGF were observed to be enhanced significantly. The findings from this research show that the presence of RGF reinforcement in reinforced soil leads to a significant increase in the shearing resistance and internal friction angles of soil media. Furthermore, soil fibre matrix deformation is fairly retained, as a result of interlocking action between soil and glass fibres which mobilises the resistance to horizontal shearing stresses.

Recovery and recycling of post-consumer waste materials. Part 1. Generalities and target wastes (paper, cardboard and aluminium cans)

Recycling of post-consumer waste materials is gaining increased interest due to public awareness, legislative promotion and imposition, economic benefits and appropriate technologies being available. The present paper does not deal with municipal solid waste as such, but only with the recyclable constituents. The paper does not aim at presenting recycling process details and/or fundamental research results, but reviews the major recyclables with their reuse potential, recycling technologies used, problems, solutions and potential areas of future research and development. These target recyclables include paper and cardboard, aluminium cans, glass beverage bottles, scrap metal and steel cans, scrap tyres, batteries and household hazardous waste. The present paper sets the overall picture and deals with paper, cardboard and aluminium cans only. A second part of the paper assesses the other target recyclables. The assessment of the waste availability, the existing and currently developed recovery and recycling technologies, and the economically rewarding markets while recycling, stress the technical, economic and environmental importance of this waste management sector. The activities associated with the recovery and recycling of post-consumer wastes require a strong sustainable engineering input at all phases of the treatment, from input quality control, to the selection of the most appropriate technology and the delivery of the recyclables as readily reusable feedstock.

Scrap Glass Effect on Building Materials Characteristics Manufactured from Water Treatment Plant Sludge

Abstract Eco-bricks were manufactured using water treatment plant (WTP) sludge and scrap glass. Samples with controlled particle size distributions that contained up to 40% scrap glass were fired at a temperature ranged between 800 and 1,000°C to produce sustainable ceramic materials for construction work. Scrap glass addition increased the compressive strengths of the sintered products. Higher scrap glass addition decreased the sintering temperature and/or energy requirement. The experimental results also revealed that the sintered product water absorption decreased as the amount of scrap glass addition increased. Materials containing 20% scrap glass and above, sintered at 1,000°C produced low water absorption and relatively high compressive strength in compliance with the relevant Taiwan code requirement for construction building bricks. These results confirm the feasibility of using scrap glass and WTP sludge to produce sintered construction eco-brick.

Influence of scrap glass powders and the maturing process in the unfired state on the body properties of a kaolinitic clay after firing

For the ceramic and brick industry as an energy-intensive sector solutions to diminish the energy consumption are of crucial importance. One possibility to affect the energy consumption of the firing process is the use of sintering aids, e.g. secondary raw materials like scrap glass powders. The knowledge of the mineral and liquid phase formation during firing is a basic requirement to assess the physical properties of the fired body. The impact of the scrap glass powders depends to a great extent on the respective clay composition, but also on both the chemical composition and the degree of preparation of the glass. The present paper discusses phase formations during firing and the resulting body properties, both of which depend significantly on interactions between clay and glass during maturation. A material model for describing the mode of action of scrap glass powders within kaolinitic clays is presented.

The applicability of different waste materials for the production of lightweight aggregates

The applicability of different waste materials for the production of lightweight aggregates has been studied. The following waste materials were investigated: silica sludge, superfluous clay in the quarry, waste glass, and residue from the polishing process of different types of stone. SiC and MnO(2) were selected as foaming agents. Feldspar containing minerals and scrap glass were added in order to lower the softening point of the waste materials. The granules were prepared by mixing together finely ground waste with one or both of the selected foaming agents. The granules were then fired at different temperatures above the softening point of the glassy phase within the temperature range from 1150 to 1220 degrees C, where the foaming agent degasses, and the resulting gasses remain trapped in the glassy structure. The foaming process was observed by hot-stage microscopy. The properties of the so-obtained granules, such as their apparent density and compressive strength, were determined, and their microstructures were evaluating using SEM and polarizing microscopy. With the addition to clay of polishing residue from granite-like rocks, after firing at 1220 degrees C homogeneously porous granules with a density down to 0.42 g/cm(3) were obtained, whereas with the addition to waste silica sludge of polishing residue from granite-like rocks and waste glass with a foaming agent, after firing at 1220 degrees C densities from 0.57 to 0.82 g/cm(3) were obtained.

Az üveghulladék gyűjtés, kezelés, hasznosítás helyzete Magyarországon 2007-ben

Az üveghulladék gyűjtés, kezelés, hasznosítás helyzete Magyarországon 2007-ben

Use of scrap glass as raw material for porcelain stoneware tiles

The possibility of recycling scrap glass (soda lime, lead and barium based glasses) by incorporation into a porcelain stoneware tile mix has been examined. Starting from a standard porcelain stoneware body mix, several modified mixes were prepared by replacing different amounts of the fluxing component, a sodium feldspathic sand, with three types of scrap glass: a soda lime glass from urban wastes, a lead based glass from the neck part of cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and a barium based glass from CRT panels. The replacement of feldspar sand with a soda lime scrap glass, in the range 5–10 wt-%, allows porcelain stoneware materials to be obtained with good characteristics. A slight decrease in the water absorption of the fired material is observed after sintering at the same temperature as the reference mix. Furthermore, flexural strength remains high and the microstructural homogeneity enhances reliability. The presence of 2 and 5 wt-%, of lead and barium based scrap glass respectively, both characterised by lower liquid viscosity at higher temperature, makes possible a significant decrease in the sintering temperature of the modified porcelain stoneware products while maintaining good mechanical properties.

廃ガラスと溶融アルミニウムスクラップとの反応に関する基礎的研究

廃ガラスと溶融アルミニウムスクラップとの反応に関する基礎的研究

New Process to Fabricate Magnesium Composites Using SiO<SUB>2</SUB> Glass Scraps

To realize the lightweight effects by materials technology, a new process for fabricating high-performance magnesium composites via a solid-state reaction by using high purity SiO2 glass scraps has been established. From a viewpoint of the microstructures control of the composites, the core technologies to improve the physical and mechanical properties are; a solid-state synthesis of Mg2Si and MgO particles by the deoxidization of SiO2 glass by magnesium, and a refinement of both their dispersoids and the magnesium matrix grains by the RPW process. For example, when using the elemental AZ31 magnesium alloy and 2mass% SiO2 glass powder mixture as starting raw materials, the hot extruded composite including Mg2Si and MgO shows 363MPa of the ultimate tensile strength. The addition of only 2mass% SiO2 powder also causes the remarkable improvement of the corrosion resistance because of the uniform distribution of refined Mg2Si not only at the particle boundary but also inside the grains. This process is quite safety and environmentally benign compared to the conventional re-melting process, because of utilizing course magnesium raw powder and no use of SF6 toxic gas. It also shows a possibility to employ SiO2 glass scraps as starting raw materials to fabricate magnesium alloys.