Glass Raw Materials Research Articles

Геохимические и типологические особенности детритовых цирконов сосновской толщи палеогена (Русская плита)

The Paleogene Sosnov Formation is represented by glass quartz sands which are widely occurred in the eastern part of the Russian Platform. Interest in Paleogene quartz sands in Russia is increasing due to the growing needs of the glass industry. But by now, the mineral resource base of glass raw materials in the European part of Russia is of almost complete exhaustion. In recent years, the comprehensive study using modern mineralogical and geochemical methods is undertaken resulting in substantiation of the injecting mechanism of formation of Sosnov quartz sands. The current paper presents the results of the study of morphologic and geochemical features of detrital zircons extracted from the sands of the Paleogene Sosnov Formation and the Bathonian Lukoyanov Formation. The latest can be proposed as a source layer for the Paleogene sand injectites. It has been determined that zircons from both strata are of the same Pupin`s morphological types and regarded to be originated from predominantly intermediate, mafic, and rarely felsic rocks. The Puchezh-Katunk endogenous structure is suggested to be the most probable source area. The assumption that the Bathonian Lukoyanov sandstones are the most probable source for the injection of the Paleogene sands is confirmed.

ANALISIS PEMILIHAN SUPPLIER KACA LEMBARAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS DAN TOPSIS

PT. XYZ is a company engaged in the automotive manufacturing sector since 1984, producing various kinds of car and motorcycle mirrors, electric door mirrors, auto lamps, lamp cases, and grilles. The majority of the company's customers are large-scale automotive companies, so they want excellent product quality. In improving product quality in terms of price, materials and services, this company requires the right supplier to continue to compete and maintain the company. The problem with the company requires a method for selecting priority suppliers so that the company can meet customer demands and increase its competitiveness. To solve these problems, researchers used the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method and the Technique for Orders Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Supplier selection is carried out by considering 5 criteria, 10 sub-criteria, and 5 alternative suppliers. The results of the Fuzzy AHP calculation show that the first rank is SP2 with a weight of 0.392, followed by SP1 with a weight of 0.271, SP5 with a weight of 0.134, SP3 with a weight of 0.103, and finally SP4 with a weight of 0.100. Meanwhile, in the TOPSIS calculation, SP2 was obtained as the first rank with a weight of 0.847; followed by SP1 with a weight of 0.604, then SP4 with a weight of 0.506, SP5 with a weight of 0.488, and finally SP3 with a weight of 0.486. So the conclusion from this study is Supplier 2 (SP2) as the best alternative for the company to be prioritized in ordering flat glass raw materials based on the results of weight calculations using the FAHP and TOPSIS methods.

Research on compound pollution characteristics and health risk evaluation of particulate matter and heavy metals in waste glass recycling process

Owing to the large amount of waste glass generated, the waste glass recycling base is an indispensable municipal supporting facility of a sustainable city. However, waste glass recycling is a complex process involving stages such as multiple-stage crushing and material sorting. Consequently, waste glass recycling base has a considerable impact on the surrounding environment, such as health risk of particulate matter on workers. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive investigation and analysis of compound pollution characteristics and health risk evaluation of particulate matter and heavy metals generated from waste glass recycling process. Soil, particulate fallout, and glass samples were collected from inside and outside a recycling plant in eastern China. Our findings showed that the waste glass treatment process produces a large amount of air particulate matter, and the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations can reach 3725 and 4055 μg/m3, respectively, in the production workshop during working hours. Meanwhile, the monitoring results show that the concentration of heavy metals on fine particles is higher compared to coarse particles. The high Zn and Pb concentrations detected in the soil and dustfall were proved to be derived from the glass raw materials. However, health risk assessment and particle deposition modeling in the human respiratory system revealed that heavy metals from the air particulate matter have no significant carcinogenicity or non-carcinogenic risk. The Gaussian dispersion model showed that the impact of particulate matter on the surrounding environment and health of the surrounding residents is minimal. Furthermore, transportation is the major emission link according to the particulate emission calculation, indicating that it is imperative to upgrade and reform the existing processes of waste glass recycling. Taken together, this study provides a scientific basis for the green development of waste glass recycling process and further environmental information regarding waste glass recycling plants.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on high-sulfated organic soil improved by waste of glass raw materials processing factory

Changes in soil performance due to freeze–thaw cycles can lead to subsidence or swelling of asphalt, which will have a significant impact on road safety performance. The present study aims to stabilize sulfated fine-grained soil containing organic matter with waste from glass raw material production factory and to investigate the effects of Freeze–Thaw cycles on soil properties. First, to examine the effect of adding waste to the base soil before applying the F-T cycle, three compounds containing 5, 10, and 15% of waste were investigated. The results revealed that compounds containing 10, 5, and 15% of waste had the highest shear strength and CBR, respectively. Then, to investigate the effect of F-T cycles, UCS, triaxial tests, and CBR were performed for samples containing 5 and 10% waste with 90-day curing. After applying 4 different F-T cycles (3, 6, 9, and 12 cycles), while reducing the shear strength and CBR number of stabilized samples, the axial strain values showed an ascending trend. The resilience modulus was also calculated using the CBR results, indicating that in the stabilized samples, before and after the cycle, the recommended values of the standards were met. Thus, according to the results obtained for compounds containing 10% of waste, it was found that this waste can be used to reduce the amount of traditional stabilizers such as anti-sulfate cement or lime in cold regions to improve sulfated soils containing organic matter.

Paleogene sand injectites of the Uljanovsk-Syzran Volga region (eastern Russian platform)

Relevance of the work. The Paleogene quartz sandstones of the Sosnov Formation that occurred in the UlyanovskSyzran Volga region are known as a valuable source of glass raw materials being considered a scarce raw material of federal significance. But, predicting new deposits based on ideas of the coastal-marine origin of the Sosnov sands exhausted possibilities. The purpose of the work. The main aim of the work is to consider the Sosnov Formation is a complex of sand intrusions. The second one is to determine the possibility of improving the accuracy of forecasting new objects of sand raw materials. Methods. 35 sand samples from the Sosnov and the Bathonian Lukojanov Formation are analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The 3D-model of the Sosnov strata is constructed. Results. The Sosnov Formation is shown as a complex of sand injectites. The element geochemical study of the Sosnov and the Bathonian Lukojanov sands reveals a high possibility of their genetic similarity. The tectonic trigger of injectite formation is determined. The 3D-model of the Sosnov Formation constructed demonstrates the lateral and vertical variability of the sand deposit morphology. Conclusions. The geochemical study of the Sosnov and Lukojanov sands reveals the latter could be considered a possible source layer due to the genetic similarity of both strata. The tectonic trigger for the formation of sand intrusions was, most likely, the Late Paleocene activation of the Zhigulevskii fault. 3D-modeling of a particular sand deposit could improve the accuracy of predictive constructions.

Ore Processing Technologies Applied to Industrial Waste Decontamination: A Case Study

The correct management of industrial waste, as well as being an environmental obligation, can also be used as an opportunity to reduce costs in terms of energy and raw material consumption. A large amount of waste sand is generated in foundries with a high content of pollutants adhering to its surface structure. In this study, the material utilized consists of a silicic sand that comes from a casting process, with a thin layer of fixed carbon on the surface of the particles. The objective is to remove this contaminant, in order to have clean sands for use in alternative processes, such as in glass raw material, green concrete, or in the recirculation of these in the same process. The mechanical action that is best for eliminating surface attached contaminants is abrasion. In this regard, two specific devices, commonly used in ore processing operations, were utilized to apply energy in a material in order to reach abrasion by attrition, but with different kinetic approaches: stirring in a slurry media and using a light milling, in both cases reducing the grinding media in order to avoid material fracture. The test performance evaluation is mainly focused on the decontamination efficiency, the sand mass recovery ratio, and the energy consumption. The results show that in all cases, liberation is reachable in different levels at different residence times. We were able to decrease the LOI content from 4% to less than 1%, combined with a near 85% recovery rate of clean sand in the case of stirring. In the case of light milling, the results are even better: the final product reached near 0.5% of LOI content, despite mass flow recovery potentially being less than 80%. Finally, we discuss whether energy consumption is the factor which decides the best alternative. The energy consumed ratio when comparing light milling with stirring is near 9:1, which is a significant amount when taking into account the importance of reducing energy consumption in today’s industry due to its economic and environmental impact.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF HANDLING GLASS WASTE (REVIEW)

The basic data on the volume of world production of glass and glass products are presented. The ways of handling glass products that have lost their consumer properties are analyzed. The difference between glass waste and other solid waste is shown from the point of view of the possibility of their repeated recycling without loss of operational properties, as well as extremely slow decomposition in natural conditions. The main methods of handling glass waste are considered and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of recycling and disposal of glass waste, which make it possible to effectively use recycled glass raw materials directly for their intended purpose with their inherent operational properties. The use of glass waste in the composition of building materials and products is promising: concrete, asphalt, bricks, tiles, heat and sound insulation materials and products. However, before organizing the production of the corresponding products, thorough research should be carried out, primarily from the point of view of the effect on glass-containing materials and products of an alkaline-silica reaction (ASR), which can lead to cracking and premature destruction of the corresponding product. The main ways of solving the problem of glass waste are proposed. Bibl. 77, Fig. 1, Tab. 1.

Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry of the Ina Syenite (Linté, Central Cameroon) as a Source of Industrial Feldspars

The syenite from Ina (Central region of Cameroon) constitutes a 1000 km2 syntectonic batholith intruded in the Paleoproterozoic granitic basement. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of the Ina batholith syenite as a feldspar minerals resource for industrial use through petrographic and geochemical characterization. Most of the rocks are grey coloured and consist of shimmering feldspar phenocrysts in a fine-grained ferromagnesian matrix. Petrography reveals the presence of two major syenite facies: a widely distributed porphyritic syenite and a less-abundant massive syenite. These facies are dominated by phenocrysts of sub-automorphic perthitic orthoclase. Its malgachite face is due to the presence of numerous inclusions of opaque minerals observed by scanning electron microscopy (ESEM-EDX). Plagioclase phenocrysts have a zonal texture characterised microscopically by an oscillatory compositional zonation. Biotite, hornblende and augite, identified by X-ray powder diffraction, are finely disseminated in the feldspar matrix. Quartz appears as small automorphic crystals with maximum abundance of about 4 wt%. The XRF chemical composition reveals, alongside silica (59.29 wt% to 63.27 wt%), significant proportion of alumina (15.82 wt% to 19.80 wt%), potassium and sodium oxides considered as fluxing elements (K2O + Na2O ≥ 10 wt%). The K2O/Na2O ratio varies between 1.65 and 5.51 (average 2.58). Iron and titanium oxides (1 ≥ wt% Fe2O3 + TiO2 ≥ 5), harmful in ceramic industry, are high as in most other feldspathic sources. The characteristics of the Ina syenite are close to most of the syenite ores used worldwide for ceramics and glass raw materials and necessitates purification and beneficiation treatments. Others rock types have been identified at the study site (granite, monzonite, granodiorite) and are considered as inappropriate as a source of industrial feldspars.

Evaluation of Soda-lime Glass Made Using Rice Husk as Glass Raw Material

Evaluation of Soda-lime Glass Made Using Rice Husk as Glass Raw Material

A Review of Glass Fibre Recycling Technology Using Chemical and Mechanical Separation of Surface Sizing Agents

Glass fiber is widely used in various modern industrial applications because it has the advantages of good electrical insulation performance and good process ability. Inevitably, some flawed glass fiber generated during manufacturing processes becomes waste and, in recent years, the treatment or recycling of glass fiber waste has become an environmental concern. Since glass fiber is brittle, non-wearing, and can easily generate static electricity after friction, the surface of glass fiber must be coated with a wetting agent (i.e., surface sizing agent) to overcome these disadvantages. However, glass fiber waste cannot be directly recycled as glass raw materials due to the presence of the surface sizing agent and the high content of sodium element. Therefore, there is a need to develop a feasible technology for removal of surface sizing agent in order to recycle glass fiber waste. In this study, two methods were used to remove surface sizing agent from glass fiber waste. After removing the surface sizing agent, the treated glass fiber waste can replace sand particles for manufacturing controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The first method for removing surface sizing agent used different organic solvents such as ethyl acetate to dissolve the surface coating (i.e., surface sizing agent). Then, an optical microscope was used to observe the surface changes before and after such removal treatments. The second method involved grinding glass fiber waste into a fine powder and heating it to a high temperature. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to analyze the surface characteristics of the glass fiber waste. The experimental results showed that different organic solvents could not effectively remove the surface sizing agent, even if the glass fiber waste was processed by ultrasonic vibration for 5 h. In contrast, after high heating at 800 °C for 2 h, the surface sizing agent could be removed, and glass fiber waste transformed to cristobalite. The CLSM concrete produced by mixing cristobalite with cement in an appropriate proportion can meet the CLSM specification standard in Taiwan.

Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Jenis Gelas 240 mL dengan Metode EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) di PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma

PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma is an industrial company who produces products in form of the bottled drinking water. In produces several types of drinking water such as glass 150 mL and 240 mL, bottles of 600 mL and 1500 mL and the final product is gallon 19 L.
 Analysis of cup material inventory control by using method EOQ in PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma is to reduce production cost, especially in the cost of materials infentory type 240 mL glass tipe. Raw material inventory control have a functions to avoid shortage or excess. The less quantity of inventory make it loss of the opprtunity to get the benefit when demand more than the supply make of material inventory is buildup the materials of 240 mL glass in the material warehouse.
 The material inventory control basically is to achieve the afficiency level of the cost in the inventory. The other way to control the supplay of materials is make the purchase according to the production plan with the accurate calculations in order not to deficient and excess of inventory materials.
 PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma can save on fees amounted to Rp. 59.730.000 in 2011 with total inventory Rp. 4.956.487.000 whereas in 2012 can save the ordering fee Rp. 52.710.000 with a total inventory Rp. 3.718.612.000, in 2013 the company could save the ordering fee Rp. 152.315.000 with a total inventory Rp. 5.107.466.000 whereas in 2014, PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma can save the ordering fee Rp. 152.100.000 with a total inventory Rp. 8.169.420.000. the survey results is known that the purchase of materials by using EOQ method is more effective and efficient than without EOQ. So, the purchase by using this method make frequency of purchase materials is more less.
 
 Keywords: 240 mL Glass Raw Material, Control Analysis, Inventory of Raw Materials

Cullet In The Circular Economy Of The Glass Industry

Glass waste (cullet) in Indonesia has economic value which is currently not yet properly processed. Cullet processing could be a solution to imported cullets substitution as raw materials for the glass industry and also a solution to environmental problems. One method of processing cullets is through the circular economy. Circular economy is a model that aims to use resources effectively and efficiently by eliminating the emergence of waste and extending the functions and benefits of a resource in a production process. In this paper, a circular economy model for the glass industry has been developed which focuses on the management of cullets through the process of reduce, reuse, recycle and regenerative into cullets as glass raw materials. Several ways to help the application of a circular economy of glass waste in Indonesia are the availability of indutries that collecting, sorting and processing glass waste and also the changes of society culture in waste disposal so that glass waste does not mix with other waste and easy to recycle. Government support as policy makers can also encourage the transition process towards a circular economy.

Penanganan berbagai Tingkat Kelengketan pada Alat gelas di Laboratorium dari Pengaruh Basa kuat Larutan NaOH beserta Ujinya

As PLP (Educational Laboratory Institution) or other laboratory personnel for their daily work, they are very closely related to the tools and materials in the laboratory scope, and cannot be separated from laboratory equipment in the form of instruments or glassware. The problem here is that there are times when we encounter glassware in the scope of a laboratory whose faucet is closed or the faucet cannot be opened because it is sticky, and on average it is used after using NaOH base solution. That is why we are here to try to do a test to find out how much the stickiness of a device made from glass raw materials. By using variable various levels of concentration of NaOH solution with different time periods. As a decay the detergent solution is also used in various levels of concentration and heating. . From the data of the stickiness level test results using variable concentrations of NaOH solution and detergent solution will get the results that with the increasing concentration of NaOH solution, the stickiness will also be stronger. Likewise with the passage of time the longer the NaOH solution comes into contact with materials made of glass, the harder it will become and the stickiness will also be stronger so that it will be more difficult to be released. while on a strong adhesiveness will be more effective when using the immersion method at a temperature of 60-70 ° C.

Strategies for the Numerical Modelling of Regenerative Pre-heating Systems for Recycled Glass Raw Material

Strategies for the Numerical Modelling of Regenerative Pre-heating Systems for Recycled Glass Raw Material

CFD Modelling of Regenerative Pre-heating Systems for Recycled Glass Raw Material

CFD Modelling of Regenerative Pre-heating Systems for Recycled Glass Raw Material

Research on the basis of foam glass substrates with additions of copper compounds

Obtained artificial substrates, representing a porous glass (foam glass) with additives of 3 to 10% of the mass. copper ions. Glass raw materials were used as raw materials for the synthesis of substrates. In order to create open porosity, a carbonate blowing agent (chalk) was introduced into the initial mixture. Foaming additive served as sodium nitrate, a source of copper ions - copper sulfate (copper sulfate). A distinctive feature of the synthesis method was the combination of wetting the initial mixture and its rapid heating to maximum temperature. This mode was used to increase the porosity of the resulting structure. It was found that the water absorption of the obtained substrates increases with an increase in the concentration of copper ions in them. The resulting materials, due to the increased content of copper ions in them, may have a fungicidal effect. Perhaps their use in crop production, landscape design, the construction industry in conditions of high humidity.

Potential of tungsten tailings as glass raw materials

Glasses from different types of tungsten mine tailings were obtained and studied to determine their ability to be used as raw materials of commercial glass. Tailings of granitic composition from Barruecopardo, of calc-silicate wastes from Morille, and of schists and quartz from Panasqueira, were used as raw materials. The addition of CaCO3 and NaCO3 was necessary for the manufacture of the glass. Samples were characterised by XRF, XRD, HSM and DTA-TG. Furthermore, the expansion coefficient, Vickers microhardness and leaching properties were measured. The results show that all the tungsten mine tailings used were suitable for the manufacture of commercial glass, with the addition of calcium and soda. The calc-silicate tailing needs less additive content to produce a glass. Also, they present lower workability temperatures and higher durability. Glasses obtained from all the tested tailings retain the potentially toxic elements in their structure and prevents the environmental pollution.

Characterization of Glass Ceramics Produced from Natural and Waste Raw Materials

Glass ceramics were prepared from fly ash, waste window glass and fluorite rawmaterials. Mixtures of raw materials were melted at 1300, 1400 and 1500 °C for 4 h and quenchedin cold water. The crystallization behavior of glass ceramics was investigated by differentialthermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA-TG). Crystallization at various temperatures (700, 800,900 and 1000 °C) for 30 min was used to obtain the glass ceramics. The obtained glass ceramicswere characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), light microscopy and hardness test. XRD studyrevealed that the crystallized phases were plagioclase-type minerals (diopside and albite). TheVickers hardness of the glass ceramics increased from 0.80±0.19 GPa to 6.35±0.35GPa and densityranged from 1.44 g/cm3 to 2.42 g/cm3 depending on the treatment temperature. Glass ceramicsprepared from fused glass melted at 1500 °C temperature showed the highest hardness comparedwith those melted at lower temperatures.

A WLED based on LuAG:Ce3+ PiG coated red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor by screen-printing

It is high-profile that the use of phosphor-in-glass (PiG) is extensive because of its excellent advantages in thermal resistance and lifetime aspects, and so on. Here, white light-emitting diodes (WLED) based on LuAG:Ce3+ PiG coated red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ (KSF) phosphors by screen-printing are fabricated. Among all of these, the commercial LuAG phosphors and glass raw materials of TeO2-based glass, were weighted and milled in an agate thoroughly. Then, the mixture was melted and sintered at 850 K or so for 20 min in the ambient atmosphere through low temperature co-fired method, cold-forming LuAG PiG clump and cut into different LuAG PiG thicknesses. After that, the commercial red phosphor KSF was coated on LuAG PiG by screen-printing technique. Finally, high-performance WLEDs based on the TeO2-based glass were obtained, tested and characterized, which exhibit a highest color rendering index of 94.1, a lowest color temperature of 3744 K and a largest luminous efficiency of 101.02 lm·W−1. Most noticeably of all, the promising method has excellent developing potential for industrialization in high-power WLED.

An Alternative Source for Ceramics and Glass Raw Materials: Augen-Gneiss

Due to the depletion of well-known feldspar reserves in the forms of granite, trachyte and pegmatite, many investigations are focused on new and economic alternatives to these resources. Of these, gneiss is a metamorphic rock type, which is characterized by dark and light colored minerals including feldspar and quartz. In this study, Augen-Gneiss rock was subjected to flotation tests to produce alkali (Na + Ca) feldspar and quartz concentrates by adapting different flotation conditions with/without hydrofluoric acid (HF). During these tests, the effect of particle size and different reagent combinations were investigated. The results of these tests showed that, in the presence of HF, a saleable feldspar concentrate with 0.04% Fe2O3 content and a saleable quartz concentrate with 98.45% SiO2 content were obtained. Products with similar qualities to a feldspar concentrate with 0.13% Fe2O3 and a quartz concentrate with 92.53% SiO2 content were produced without HF. The results of these tests clearly showed that, compared to other types of origin, saleable quality feldspar and quartz could well be enriched with/without HF from Augen-Gneiss rock.