Glass Pipe Research Articles

Facilitating the transportation of highly viscous oil by aqueous foam injection

This work aims at studying a new idea for cold transportation of high-viscosity oil by foam injection. Special attention is paid to the drag reduction achieved by introducing a non-Newtonian aqueous foam to Newtonian oil in the stratified and core annular flow (CAF) regimes. Pressure gradients were measured during the co-current flow of highly viscous oil and foam in a horizontal rough-wall tempered borosilicate glass pipe with 25 m in total length and 25 mm inner diameter. Measurements were made for oil and foam superficial velocities in the range of 0.1–0.9 m/s and 0.05–0.84 m/s, respectively. New hydraulic models for foam-oil horizontal pipe flow based on the one-dimensional two-fluid approach were established. These models are capable of representing the observed flow configurations ranging from stratified flow to concentric CAF and eccentric CAF. Good agreement was obtained between the predictions and experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. A maximum drag reduction ratio could be reached at the critical input foam-to-oil flow ratio, where complete encapsulation of the oil core by the foam becomes feasible. An optimum core-to-pipe radius ratio range for the highest oil-transport operational coefficient was identified.

Determining the effect of multifunctional partitions on noise level at "Open space" offices

Multifunction partitions and their influence on noise levels were explored. It was emphasized that the existing systems of classification of building partitions explore them based on the convenience of their use, material, design, etc. At the same time, not enough attention was paid to their impact on the indicators of a decrease in noise levels in office premises. Partitions are made of different materials, having different properties; they are different in shape and enclosure of premises or workspace at different distances from the floor. In such cases, there arises a complicated problem of selecting certain types of partitions, which, as shown in the research, make it possible to solve the problem of optimizing working conditions and reduce the negative effect of noise on the health of employees. The performed research showed that the set problem of noise reduction through the use of partitions can be solved. The factors that should be especially taken into consideration include the height of a partition (degree of enclosure of the height of premises by a partition), material of partitions, existence of technological openings and the geometry of their location. It was revealed that double-layer walls, made of heavy materials (density ≈2,500 kg/m 3 ) and 100 % premises enclosure by height, can reduce the noise level by 2–3 times (from 90 dBA to 30–45 dBA). Glass partitions (glass pipes) of moderate heaviness (≈1,200 kg/m 3 ) reduce noise by 1.5–1.6 times. If enclosure of premises is not complete or there are openings, ventilation shafts, etc., the effect of influence of partitions decreases considerably, reducing it almost to zero. Significant influence of partitions takes place in the frequency range of 200–3,000 Hz at noise level of 40–60 dBA. Noise was explored in the premises of the Open space type, where various options of partitions were applied (glass pipes in metal casings, ceramic panels, foam plastic panels). The research found that partitions can have a significant impact on noise indicators, but only on condition of complete enclosure of premises by height, closed doors and construction channels in walls. It was established that the material of partitions does not affect noise indicators if the degree of premises enclosure is not complete (less than 100 %). The studies proved the relevance of scientific substantiation of partitions’ application and of determining the relations of premises enclosure with the factors that affect employees with a view to improving their working conditions. Improvement of working conditions, in turn, will make it possible to decrease professional diseases, minimize turnover, and increase work efficiency

Water film thickness measurement system for oil-water pipe flow

A new technique development for high spatial and temporal resolution film-thickness measurement in oil-water flow is presented in this work. A capacitance measurement system is proposed to measure thin water films or local water fractions near to the pipe wall. The measurement system is based in a planar sensor which is flexible and can be placed close to and following the curvature of the inner wall of the tube. Experimental results of the capacitive technique showed that the system is able to measure film thickness between 400 μm and 2200 μm. Dispersed and core-annular flows were studied in a vertical 12-m-height glass pipe with 50.8 mm of internal diameter, using mineral oil (860 kg/m3 of density and 220 mPa s of viscosity) and tap water. Local time-domain signals and axial and circumferential distributions of water film thickness near to the pipe wall and 3-D images of water film are presented. The measured film thickness, obtained by the proposed technique, was compared with that obtained through a camera-based imaging technique and the agreement was good, with a deviation less than 20%. The new technique allows the observation and characterization of average interfacial topologies in separated flows, and high frequency phenomena related to dispersed flows that occur in liquid-liquid flow near the pipe wall.

Study on Optimization of New Type of Seepage Well Structure in Sponge City

The seepage well is an indispensable part of the construction of the sponge city. It has a good “elasticity” for the city to adapt to the environmental changes and respond to natural disasters. In the face of the current decline in the groundwater level and the water logging in the city, it is urgent to study the new type of seepage well under the complex geological conditions. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the current seepage well structure are analyzed, and combined with the hydro-geological conditions in the area of Feng Xi new city of xi’an, three new types of seepage wells are put forward, such as reinforced concrete filter pool + mufti glass pipe combined structure seepage well, masonry filter pool + single glass pipe combined structure seepage well and prefabricated reinforced concrete structure seepage well. The advantage, disadvantage and applicability of the well are compared, and case analysis is provided, which provides a basis for the construction of seepage wells in sponge cities.

Cooling liquid flow boiling heat transfer in an annular minigap with an enhanced wall

The paper focused on flow boiling heat transfer in an annular minigap. This gap of 1 mm width was created between the metal pipe with an enhanced surface contacting fluid and the external glass pipe positioned along the same axis. The heated element for the HFE-649 flowing in the minigap was a cartridge heater. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature of the metal pipe in the contact surface with a fluid. The local values of the heat transfer coefficient for stationary state conditions were calculated using an one-dimensional method in which the multilayer cylindrical wall was assumed to be planar. The results were presented as a function of the heat transfer coefficient along the minigap length and as boiling curves, prepared for selected values of mass flow rate and five types of the enhanced heated surface and a smooth one. Observations indicated that the highest local values of heat transfer coefficient were obtained with using the enhanced surface produced by electromachining process (spark erosion) at the saturated boiling region. The boiling curves generated for two distances from the minigap inlet have similar plots without a drop in the temperature of the heated surface characteristic for nucleation hysteresis.

Effective elimination of biofilm formed with waterborne pathogens using copper nanoparticles

In this paper, the self assembling properties of taurolipids were used to prepare stable copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), and demonstrated the ability of CuNPs to eradicate the biofilms formed by waterborne pathogens. The synthesized CuNPs display wine red color and exhibited surface plasmon resonance with a maximum at 590 nm. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the CuNPs are well-dispersed with spherical morphology and the size range between 5 and 12 nm. The powder X-ray diffraction study revealed that the CuNPs was free from copper oxide impurities and crystalline with the face centered cubic structure. The CuNPs exhibited excellent anti-biofilm activity against water borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella flexneri. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed that CuNPs eliminates the mature biofilm at the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 12.5 μM. The antimicrobial activity of the CuNPs was observed at the minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 μM, indicating the reported CuNPs exhibit true anti-biofilm effect. Fluorescence microscopy and SEM study proved that CuNPs kills the bacteria through membrane damage. The possibility to use CuNPs in cleaning biofilm formed on storage containers was demonstrated through removing the mature biofilm formed on a glass pipe.

Fast and simple assessment of surface contamination in operations involving nanomaterials.

The deposition of airborne nanosized matter onto surfaces could pose a potential risk in occupational and environmental scenarios. The incorporation of fluorescent labels, namely fluorescein isotiocyanate (FITC) or tris-1,3-phenanthroline ruthenium (II) chloride (Ru(phen)3Cl2), into spherical 80-nm silica nanoparticles allowed the detection after the illumination with LED light of suitable wavelength (365 or 405 nm respectively). Monodisperse nanoparticle aerosols from fluorescently labeled nanoparticles were produced under safe conditions using powder generators and the deposition was tested into different surfaces and filtering media. The contamination of gloves and work surfaces that was demonstrated by sampling and SEM analysis becomes immediately clear under laser or LED illumination. Furthermore, nanoparticle aerosols of about 105 nanoparticles/cm3 were alternatively fed through a glass pipe and personal protective masks to identify the presence of trapped nanoparticles under 405 nm or 365 nm LED light. This testing procedure allowed a fast and reliable estimation of the contamination of surfaces with nanosized matter, with a limit of detection based on the fluorescence emission of the accumulated solid nanoparticles of 40 ng of Ru(phen)3@SiO2 of silica per mg of non-fluorescent matter.

Studying the effect of multifunctional partitions on temperature indicators at offices of the open space type

Existing partitions used in offices and at enterprises were considered, an analysis of use of partitions to ensure comfortable working conditions was performed and supplements to the classification system were systematized and introduced. Attention was drawn to the fact that the existing classification systems consider partitions based on the convenience of their use, material and design missing their influence on meteorological factors. As a rule, partitions are made from one or two layers of materials having different properties. They separate rooms or a working space at various heights from the floor. It was shown in the work that incorrectly arranged partitions made of expensive building materials can bring to naught the planned objectives of improvement of working conditions. In premises with high ceilings, conditions of irrational heating are likely to be created, both in the premises in general and concrete working zones. The studies have shown that this is solved by installation of partitions that direct and retain heat. It was found in the course of the study that temperature indicators in separated rooms are not significantly affected by the partition material type but the degree of room separation with partition by height is of paramount importance. As a result of temperature studies in premises of open space type where various partitions (glass pipes in a metal frame, ceramic panels, expanded polystyrene) were installed, it was established that partitions can significantly influence the temperature indicators but only if the room is completely separated in height. It was established that the material of partition does not affect the temperature indicators if separation is not complete (less than 100 %). The studies have proved the prospects of the scientific substantiation of the use of partitions and definition of connection between room separation and the factors affecting worker’s performance capability

Measuring turbocharger compressor inlet backflow through particle image velocimetry

An experimental measurement campaign is presented where particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used in an effort to characterize the velocity field in a turbocharger compressor when unstable operating conditions lead to flow reversing from the diffuser into the inlet pipe. Previous studies have successfully used this and similar techniques, but the most relevant results have been obtained in an open compressor where the backflow can diffuse into the ambient. In this work a glass pipe long enough to confine the full extent of the backflow has been used. Advantage was taken from the fact that this backflow is at higher temperature due to the compression process, enabling a preliminary work where a thermocouple array was used to estimate its maximum length across the compressor map. Using these results as a reference both axial and transversal velocity fields were measured. Issues associated with each one are described, along with relevant results that show how the technique correctly identifies the reversed flow, a conclusion that is supported by the comparison of the velocity average and standard deviation profiles with those of measured temperature.

Effect of Combined Stresses on Fiber- Epoxy Composite Curved Pipe

The aim of this research is to study the behavior of fiber epoxy composite curve pipe under internal pressure and bending moment. The specimens made from woven roving (Mat) fiber glass pipes and epoxy composite with 50% volume fraction are used to manufacturing curved pipe. The experimental work included manufacturing pipe specimens by vacuum bag technique. Pipe specimens were having 100mm inner diameter, 450 mm length of curvature center line of curve pipe with (43 degree) and two wall thickness are 4 and 3 mm. The test rig was designed and performed to study the effect of internal pressure and bending moment on the composite pipes. Also, the tensile test of the samples was done. The analytical expression solution has been accomplished to determine the strain, stress, for hoop and longitudinal direction. It is evident that the hoop stress for woven roving fiber composite pipe was more than longitudinal stress by almost (14%). The maximum internal pressure in the case of internal pressure only was more than compared to the combined internal pressure with bending moment by almost (115%). The most dangerous region is found in the inner arc of the curved pipe (intrude) area.

Phase inversion phenomena in vertical three-phase flow: Experimental study on the influence of fluids viscosity, duct geometry and gas flow rate

Improper sizing of pipelines and production tubings in the petroleum industry is often caused by lack of understanding of three-phase flow, which is characterized by gas flowing together with an immiscible water-oil mixture. There is the presence of a continuous liquid phase and a liquid dispersed phase, as observed in liquid-liquid flows, i.e., one can observe either a dispersion or emulsion of oil in water (o/w) or dispersion or emulsion of water in oil (w/o). The transition from o/w to w/o, or the other way around, is defined as phase-inversion. This phenomenon is characterized by a sharp increase in the pressure gradient, leading to significant pressure loss in the oil production system. The goal is to investigate the effects of oil viscosity, channel geometry (circular pipe or annular duct) and superficial gas velocity on the phenomenon of phase inversion in vertical liquid-liquid-gas flows, using oil with three different viscosities (ranging from 70 mPa s to 280 mPa s), tap water and compressed air as working fluids. The experiments were carried out in three different geometries: (i) glass pipe of 50 mm i.d., (ii) glass pipe of 95 mm i.d. and (iii) concentric annular duct with 95 mm of hydraulic diameter (glass outer pipe and PVC internal pipe). The experiments were performed under equivalent Reynolds number to evaluate the geometry effect. New data as total pressure gradient and volumetric fractions were obtained for all geometries. The results suggest that the extrapolation of results obtained in circular pipes with low viscosity oil and low gas flow rates to annular-duct flow with viscous oils and high gas flow rates can lead to significant errors.

Pengukuran Koefisien Muai Volume Minyak Nabati dan Air Berdasarkan Relasi Linear Antara Perubahan Volume dan Perubahan Temperatur

The objective of this research was to determine the volume expansion coefficient of vegetable oil and water as the effective way to study the fluids’ properties when they are heated. The vegetable oil used in this research is the unused vegetable oil of Filma, while the water used in this study is distilled water. The main instrument in this study is the dilatometer which works based on the principle of fluids expansion. The research methods adopted the methods of the previous researchers, in which the experiment of fluids volume expansion had been conducted in two stages for each fluids (in this case, the fluids were vegetable oil and water). The first stage was heating fluids indirectly through absorbed and distributed heat by an amount of water inside the boiling jug. In the second stage, the heat source was stopped and fluids were allowed to continue expanding in volume due to the rising temperature before the fluids finally experiencing volume contraction due to the decrease in temperature. When the cooling process was carried out, observation and recording of data of fluid column length in glass pipe as a function of temperature were held. Based on those data, the changes in fluids volume due to the cooling process could be estimated. By utilizing the linear relation between volume change and temperature change, the volume expansion coefficient values of vegetable oil and water were (7,2 ± 0,2) x 10-4/0C and (3,2 ± 0,2) x 10-4/0C within the limits of the accuracy of the measuring instrument used in the study.

High-temperature reaction of sodium vapour with quartz glass

Heat pipes are one of the most efficient ways to transfer thermal energy hundred times more efficiently than copper. In this work, we present the investigation of sodium terminal velocity inside a glass pulsating heat pipe. Velocity measurements were conducted under operating conditions within the range of 500 – 1 100 °C. Since sodium is generally able to etch glass and ceramic materials, its presence resulted in glass reduction and sodium oxidation. From the XPS analysis of specimens extracted from a glass pipe after sodium explosion, it can be concluded that the reaction products are sodium oxide Na2O and a thin layer of carbon, which is localized on the SiO2 glass. The character of damage induced by chemical reactions is analysed in this manuscript.

The application of Fourier transform to the identification of temperature distribution in HFE-7100 flow boiling in an annular minigap

In the paper the results of investigations into HFE-7100 flow boiling heat transfer in a cylindrical minigap a 1 mm wide created between the external glass pipe and the copper pipe were discussed. A cartridge heater located axially heated fluid flowing along the minigap. The cooling fluid temperature and pressure at the inlet and the outlet to/from the minigap and temperature of the heater in 18 points were measured. Two-dimensional mathematical model for heat transfer coefficient determination was proposed. It was assumed that in the test section the heat transfer process was in steady state and the fluid flow was laminar. The temperature of the metal pipe near the heater was assumed to satisfy Laplace’s equation. The problem formulated in this way was solved by two methods: the Fourier transform and the Trefftz method. The working fluid temperature was calculated depending on the flow type: for single phase flow with boiling incipience and for two-phase flow, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient at the fluid – copper pipe interface was calculated due to the Robin condition. Local heat transfer coefficient values obtained from the Fourier transform and from the Trefftz method were similar. Results were presented and discussed.

Modelling of hydrochemical and hydromechanical parameters’ synergism in the process of solid deposit creation in geothermal and other hard waters

This paper presents the experimental research results, regarding the effect of hydromechanical parameters and based on the relative reduction of the starting hardness of geothermal water of Sijarinska Banja and Niska Banja as well as the water from the Medijana spring in Nis. The measurements were conducted on a laboratory pilot plant/ facility with glass pipes of diameter 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm and with water flow controlled by a digital peristaltic pump with a flow interval from 2 to 5000 ml min-1. The effect of the hydrodynamic parameters on the change of input hardness of geothermal and other hard waters and the process of solid deposit creation were modelled by an empirical model based on simple linear regression analysis, multiple linear regression model and the neural network. The high accuracy of all applied models unequivocally proves that a synergism of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic parameters exists in the process of creation of solid deposit ? limescale, thanks to which the starting hypothesis is confirmed.

Skeleton/skin structured (RGO/CNTs)@PANI composite fiber electrodes with excellent mechanical and electrochemical performance for all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors

Polyaniline coated reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite fibers ((RGO/CNTs)@PANI, RCP) with skeleton/skin structure are designed as fiber-shaped electrodes for high performance all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor. The one-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite fibers (RGO/CNTs, RC) are prepared via a simple in-situ reduction of graphene oxide in presence of carbon nanotubes in quartz glass pipes, which exhibit excellent mechanical performance of >193.4 MPa of tensile strength. Then polyaniline is coated onto the RC fibers by electrodepositing technique. The electrochemical properties of the RCP fiber-shaped electrodes are optimized by adjusting the feeding ratio of carbon nanotubes. The optimized one exhibits good electrochemical characteristic such as highest volumetric specific capacitance of 193.1 F cm−3 at 1 A cm−3, as well as excellent cyclic retention of 92.60% after 2000 cyclic voltammetry cycles. Furthermore, the all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor, fabricated by using the final composite fiber as both positive and negative electrodes pre-coated with the poly(vinyl alcohol)/H2SO4 gel polyelectrolyte, possesses volumetric capacitance of 36.7 F cm−3 at 0.2 A cm−3 and could light up a red light-emitting diode easily. The excellent mechanical and electrochemical performances make the designed supercapacitor as promising high performance wearable energy storage device.

The Liebau phenomenon: a translational approach to new paradigms of CSF circulation and related flow disturbances.

The aim of the study is to provide a comparison between Liebau's effect, underlying the working principles of impedance pumps, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. Gerhard Liebau was a cardiologist with a specific interest in severe aortic regurgitation. Such interest drew his scientific attention to the flow-driven efficiency of valveless pumps. During one of his experiments, he assembled two rubber tubes of different sizes and documented how water could be aspirated against gravity when the tube of larger diameter underwent rhythmic compression. He subsequently tested an elastic tube connected to glass pipes of the same size on both ends, immersed in a water bucket. When the elastic tube was periodically pumped with a finger, a net flow could be observed in both directions; depending on the pumping site on the elastic tube, the flow was directed towards the most closely connected glass tube. The principles of a hydraulic system of different elasticity and compliance were also recently applied to the physiology and fluid dynamics of embryonic hearts. Impedance pumps and the CSF dynamics model are both valveless systems and can both be activated by the effects of the cardiac cycle. The novel hydraulic model of impedance pumps was the foundation for the development of modern valveless micropumps and contributes to explain how the embryonic valveless tubular heart is capable of generating blood flow. Liebau's effect and the mechanism of impedance pumps can enlighten some of the aspects of CSF dynamics and related flow disturbances.

Drag reduction properties of superhydrophobic mesh pipes

Even with the recent extensive study into superhydrophobic surfaces, the fabrication of such surfaces on the inside walls of a pipe remains challenging. In this work we report a convenient bi-layered pipe design using a thin superhydrophobic metallic mesh formed into a tube, supported inside another pipe. A flow system was constructed to test the fabricated bi-layer pipeline, which allowed for different constant flow rates of water to be passed through the pipe, whilst the differential pressure was measured, from which the drag coefficient (ƒ) and Reynolds numbers (Re) were calculated. Expected values of ƒ were found for smooth glass pipes for the Reynolds number (Re) range 750–10 000, in both the laminar and part of the turbulent regimes. Flow through plain meshes without the superhydrophobic coating were also measured over a similar range (750 < Re < 14 000). After applying the superhydrophobic coating, ƒ was found for 4000 < Re < 14 000 and was found to be less than that of an uncoated mesh, but greater than that of a smooth glass pipe of the same diameter. This demonstrates that a superhydrophobic mesh can support a plastron and provide a drag reduction compared to a plain mesh, however, the plastron is progressively destroyed with use and in particular at higher flow rates.

Disinfection of roof harvested rainwater for potable purpose using pilot-scale solar photocatalytic fixed bed tubular reactor

Abstract The potable use of harvested rainwater is limited, mainly due to contamination with various pathogenic microorganisms. Disinfection of microorganisms by solar photocatalysis is emerging as a promising technique for drinking water treatment. The present study deals with the preparation of Ag-doped TiO2 by the sol gel method, and its immobilization over the inner surface of the Pyrex glass pipes used in fabrication of pilot-scale reactors. The solar photocatalytic efficiency of the reactors was tested for the disinfection of microorganisms in tap water and roof harvested rainwater. The photocatalytic experiments under solar irradiation illustrate that doping with silver ions significantly increases the inactivation rate of all microorganisms compared with pure TiO2 and direct photolysis. The inactivation efficiency against various microorganisms was found in the following decreasing order: E. coli&amp;gt;MS-2 phage&amp;gt;Aspergillus spores. The roof harvested rainwater was completely disinfected in addition to chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, within 120 minutes of solar irradiation. The experimental cycle was repeated several times to study the stability of the reactor. The pilot-scale solar photocatalytic fixed bed tubular reactors were found to be very effective for the disinfection of rainwater for potable use.

Education and equipment for people who smoke crack cocaine in Canada: progress and limits

BackgroundPeople who smoke crack cocaine experience a wide variety of health-related issues. However, public health programming designed for this population is limited, particularly in comparison with programming for people who inject drugs. Canadian best practice recommendations encourage needle and syringe programs (NSPs) to provide education about safer crack cocaine smoking practices, distribute safer smoking equipment, and provide options for safer disposal of used equipment.MethodsWe conducted an online survey of NSP managers across Canada to estimate the proportions of NSPs that provide education and distribute safer smoking equipment to people who smoke crack cocaine. We also assessed change in pipe distribution practices between 2008 and 2015 in the province of Ontario.ResultsAnalysis of data from 80 programs showed that the majority (0.76) provided education to clients on reducing risks associated with sharing crack cocaine smoking equipment and about when to replace smoking equipment (0.78). The majority (0.64) also distributed safer crack cocaine smoking equipment and over half of these programs (0.55) had done so for less than 5 years. Among programs that distributed pipes, 0.92 distributed the recommended heat-resistant Pyrex and/or borosilicate glass pipes. Only 0.50 of our full sample reported that their program provides clients with containers for safer disposal of used smoking equipment. The most common reasons for not distributing safer smoking equipment were not enough funding (0.32) and lack of client demand (0.25). Ontario-specific sub-analyses showed a significant increase in the proportion of programs distributing pipes in Ontario from 0.15 (2008) to 0.71 (2015).ConclusionsOur findings point to important efforts by Canadian NSPs to reduce harm among people who smoke crack cocaine through provision of education and equipment, but there are still limits that could be addressed. Our study can provide guidance for future cross-jurisdiction studies to describe relationships involving harm reduction programs and provision of safer crack cocaine smoking education and equipment.