Glasses Of Alcohol Research Articles

Alcohol consumption and the risk of liver disease: a nationwide, population-based study

IntroductionAlthough most patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) have a history of prolonged and heavy drinking, there is no clear threshold defining the level of alcohol consumption that leads to ALD. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between average alcohol consumption and the risk of liver disease and to determine the threshold for clinically significant alcohol consumption.Materials and methodsUsing the Korean National Health Insurance database, we identified participants who underwent a health-screening program in 2010 and 2011 and retrospectively analyzed their data until 2019. To diagnose and categorize the extracted participants, we used the International Classification of Diseases version 10 and Fatty Liver Index. The primary outcome was to determine the incidence of newly diagnosed liver-related diseases during the observation period and compare the incidence of liver-related diseases among non-drinkers and drinkers based on the amount of alcohol consumption.ResultsA total of 53,006 patients were enrolled and followed-up for a median of 8.4 years, during which 1,509 cases of liver-related diseases occurred. The participants were divided into five groups: no alcohol consumption (n = 31,359), 1st quartile (n = 5,242), 2nd quartile (n = 5,704), 3rd quartile (n = 5,337), and 4th quartile (n = 5,364). The corresponding number of glasses of alcohol consumed per week for each quantile (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) was labeled 2.5 ± 1.1 standard units (1 standard unit = 8 g alcohol), 5.4 ± 1.9 standard units, 11.5 ± 3.3 standard units, and 27.9 ± 18.2 standard units, respectively. Compared with non-drinkers, the risk of liver-related disease was found to be higher in Q1 drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.09; 95% CI, 0.90–1.33), Q2 drinkers (aHR, 1. 10; 95% CI, 0.91–1.32), Q3 drinkers (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.11–1.59), and Q4 drinkers (aHR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.24–1.75).ConclusionWe report that our study has shown that drinking more than 11.5 ± 3.3 standard units/week (92 ± 26.4 g/week) significantly increases the risk of developing liver-related diseases. Therefore, as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of developing liver disease, alcohol consumption should be limited beyond traditionally recommended levels.

THU122 Effects Of A GLP-1 Agonist On Consumption Of Alcohol In Patients Treated For Smoking Cessation

Abstract Disclosure: L.S. Probst: None. S. Monnerat: None. S. Lengsfeld: None. C. Bathelt: None. A. Meienberg: None. T. Burkard: None. M. Christ-crain: None. B.F. Winzeler: None. Introduction: Alcohol use disorder causes high socio-economic costs and has a detrimental impact on health globally, being considered a key factor contributing to non-communicable diseases. In Switzerland four substances are currently approved for treatment of alcohol use disorder with only limited to moderate effects. Thus, the need for new treatment options in alcohol and substance use disorder is evident. Recent research has shed light on a new potential target for treatment of addiction: a body of preclinical studies provide evidence for the attenuating effects of GLP-1 agonists on addictive behavior in rodents and non-human primates. A few studies have shown a link between GLP-1 receptors and reward related processes in humans, and a trial from denmark examined the effect of exenatide in patients treated for alcohol use disorder, however clinical data are scarce and results remain inconclusive. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the SKIP study, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate treatment with the GLP-1 agonist dulaglutide (Trulicy®) as a new therapy for smoking cessation. In the present analysis, the primary objective was to assess differences in alcohol consumption after 12 weeks of treatment with dulaglutide compared to placebo in alcohol-consuming smokers willing to quit smoking. We selected patients out of the cohort (n=255) who consumed alcohol at baseline and completed 12 weeks of treatment (n= 151). The independent effect of dulaglutide on alcohol consumption was analysed by fitting a multivariate generalized linear regression model with quasipoisson distribution and adjustment for baseline alcohol consumption. Preliminary Results: One hundred and fifty-one patients (placebo n=75, dulaglutide n=76) were included in the primary analysis. Baseline patient characteristics were well balanced between groups. The median age was 42 [IQR 33, 53] years with 61% (n=92) females. At baseline, patients in both treatment groups consumed 3 [IQR 2, 7] standard glasses of alcohol per week on average. At week 12, patients in the dulaglutide group drank an estimated 29% (IRR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.52, 0.97; p=0.04) less compared to the placebo group. For each additional glass consumed at baseline, alcohol consumption at week 12 increased by 6% (95% CI 5, 7; p<0.001). Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that in patients who drink, alcohol intake tends to increase during smoking cessation. In the present analysis we were able to show that this increase was attenuated by the addition of a 12-week treatment with dulaglutide to standard smoking cessation therapy. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Exploring Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in Adolescence: the Role of Health Complaints and Psychosocial Determinants in an Italian Sample

AbstractAdolescents are particularly prone to engage in health-risk behaviors such as alcohol and substance use, which can significantly impact their present and future lives. Our study explores the factors contributing to (1) regular alcohol use (i.e., at least 3 to 5 times in the last 30 days) and (2) binge drinking (i.e., drinking at least five glasses of alcohol in a single sitting in the last 12 months) in adolescents, in the 2014 and 2018 waves of the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey conducted in the Lombardy region, Italy. Data collection used a stratified cluster sampling method to obtain a representative sample of adolescents (N = 6506) aged 11, 13, and 15 years (49.7% females). We used structural equation models (SEM) to explore the association of individual-related factors, including health complaints (i.e., somatic problems and psychological problems) and psychosocial variables (i.e., perceived support from family, peers, and teachers), on regular alcohol consumption and binge drinking. Overall, 9.9% of adolescents reported regular alcohol drinking and 18.3% binge drinking. The findings highlighted that higher somatic problems are associated with increased regular alcohol use (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.46), and higher psychological problems are associated with increased binge drinking (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.15–1.55). Moreover, lower perceived support from teachers is significantly associated with both regular (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.25–1.59) and binge drinking (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.28–1.57), and lower perceived student support is associated with a reduced risk of both usual drinking (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.77–0.98) and binge drinking (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.78–0.96). The study findings emphasize the importance of tackling somatic and psychological health and psychosocial support, particularly in the school environment, through interventions aimed at controlling adolescent drinking habits.

Modifiable Risk Factors for Accelerated Decline in Processing Speed: Results from Three Dutch Population Cohorts

BackgroundSeveral lifestyle, cardiovascular and psychosocial factors are associated with risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We studied the independent associations of a broad set of modifiable risk factors with decline in processing speed in three large population-based cohorts with up to 23 years of follow-up.MethodsWe used data of 9,666 participants from the Doetinchem Cohort Study, the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, and the Maastricht Aging Study. Decline in processing speed was measured with the letter digit substitution task or the alphabet coding task and modeled using quadratic latent growth curves. Associations of modifiable risk factors with level and rate of decline in processing speed were investigated by estimating associations with level of processing speed at different centering ages.ResultsLatent growth curves showed that decline in processing speed accelerated with age. Smoking, not drinking alcohol and depressive symptoms were associated with a lower level of processing speed in all cohorts. In two of the cohorts, more physical activity, drinking more than two glasses of alcohol per day, higher BMI and diabetes were associated with a lower level of processing speed. Depressive symptoms and diabetes were also associated with faster decline in processing speed.ConclusionSeveral modifiable risk factors are associated with the level of processing speed in older age, while few are also related to the rate of decline.

KNOWLEDGE OF ALCOHOL AS A RISK FACTOR FOR LIVER DISEASE AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C

The objective of our study was to evaluate the knowledge of alcohol as a risk factor for liver disease among patients with chronic hepatitis C who have achieved a sustainable viral response (SVR) after receiving direct antiviral medication (DAA). Methods: The study cohort included patients from the Hepatitis C Elimination Program treated with direct antiviral drugs (DAA) in Tbilisi (Georgia). A total of 210 patients were studied. Data were processed in the statistical program SPSS26.The Student's t-test was used. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study was conducted in 2021.These data were collected before and during treatment.The majority had used alcohol during their lifetime.12.5% of males think that taking more than 10 glasses of alcohol is normal for health.Older age and higher education were positively associated with respondents' awareness regarding outcomes of heavy alcohol drinking (p < 0.01)

A Peer-Led Online Community to Increase HIV Self-Testing Among African American and Latinx MSM: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We sought to assess the effectiveness of using a peer-led online community to increase HIV self-testing among Latinx and African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Randomized controlled trial. Throughout 6 waves, between February 18, 2017, and January 8, 2021, 900 HIV negative and/or serostatus unknown Los Angeles-based MSM (68.9% Latinx, 16.0% African American, and 7.4% White) participated in an online 12-week HIV prevention randomized controlled trial. A total of 79 trained role models (peer leaders) were randomly assigned to participants within clusters to build trust and deliver HIV testing information on Facebook groups. Participants in control groups were assigned to groups without peer leaders. Participants were not required to respond to peer leaders or to remain group members. Participants completed self-report assessments at baseline and 12-week follow-up and could receive a free HIV self-testing kit during the study period. Compared with control group participants, intervention group participants were significantly more likely to accept the offer for the HIV self-testing kit (intervention 130 of 450, 29%; control 102 of 450, 22.7%; odds ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 1.95, P = 0.03), report having taken an HIV self-test within the past 3 months (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 2.13, P = 0.04), and report drinking fewer glasses of alcohol in an average week (P = 0.01). Effects seemed concentrated within later study waves. Study retention was greater than 93%. A peer-led online community seems to be an effective method of increasing HIV self-testing among MSM of color. We discuss the implications of the wave effects on public health research and policy.

Awareness Level of Nurses about Carcinoma Breast Risk Factors in Mayo Hospital Lahore

Aim: To assess level of awareness in nurses regarding risk factors related to carcinoma breast at a tertiary care public hospital Lahore Methods: It was a descriptive study. This study took place at Mayo Hospital Lahore. The nurses of different departments especially the oncology department were recruited. A sample of n=300 was recruited through random probability sampling methods. An adopted close ended questionnaire was applied. The data was interpreted and analyzed by SPSS version 25. The data was analyzed in the form of tables and graphs. Results: Of the participants nurses 67% knew that smoking is a risk factor for carcinoma breast. It was also found that 59% agreed that exposure to another person’s cigarettes smoke also can cause breast carcinoma. Results also suggest that 88% agreed that drinking more than one glass of alcohol a day also can cause breast cancer. Moreover results suggest 71% agreed that being overweight (BMI>25) also can cause breast carcinoma. Results also suggest that 54% agreed that being over 70 years old can lead to breast cancer. Conclusion: Overall knowledge related to risk factors of breast carcinoma among nurses was satisfactory. Top rating risk factors were, smoking cigarettes and family history. Moreover, nurses knowledge regarding breast carcinoma symptoms and signs was also good among participants MeSH: Carcinoma Breast, Awareness, Risk Factor

Levels of Parental Drinking in the Presence of Children: An Exploration of Attitudinal Correlates.

AimsThis study aimed to examine perceived social norms, the effect of parental drinking on these norms, alcohol use in front of children, and how norms and consumption vary based on child age and gender of the parent.MethodsA cross-sectional online panel survey was undertaken with n = 1000 Australian adults (including 670 parents) aged 18–59 years. The survey assessed: alcohol consumption in front of children; normative attitudes towards drinking in the presence of children; and perceived social norms.ResultsOverall, 33.9% of parents reported drinking a glass of alcohol each day or a couple of times a week, 18.2% reported getting slightly drunk and 7.8% indicated getting visibly drunk each day or a couple of times a week with their children present. In total, 37.5% reported drinking in front of their children at least weekly. Fathers were more likely to drink in front of children than mothers. Most parents deemed drinking small amounts of alcohol in front of children as acceptable but did not accept drunkenness. Respondents were less concerned about a father drinking one or two drinks in front of their children than a mother. Social expectations were not related to child age, but norms related to others’ perceived behaviour were.ConclusionsMany parents, particularly fathers consume alcohol in front of their children. There is a need to target health promotion strategies to adults and parents consuming in excess of health guidelines, and to the many parents who are consuming alcohol at higher levels in front of their children.

북부 프랑스의 직물공업 도시 루베(1890년대~ 1914): 직물 생산자들의 공간을 찾아

As in the other European countries, the textile industry, including all its wool and cotton production, constituted a foundational industrial field in France in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Roubaix, located in the extreme northern part of France close to Belgium, had a reputation in that field with the metropolitan northern economic center Lille. Roubaix''s textile companies, run by innovative, austere and, financially independent family businesses, persisted and expanded through the nineteenth century. Among the many factors of these achievements, a textile labor force furnished by the ever-flowing Belgian immigrants can explain the prosperity. Based on the economic and industrial analysis studied by specialists about Roubaix, we want to know the social aspects of Roubaix from another kind of approach. We presumed social Roubaix was composed of not only patrons and employees, nor capitalists and workers but also definitely circumscribed by the so many buildings of mill and factory, the streets and houses frequently called by a peculiar name “couree.” By the way, the contemporary documents, photographs and, finely designed and fabricated final goods remind us of textile workers’ consistent concentration upon their work under the distressing working conditions. Can we then link this distinctive feature to the space of industrial Roubaix to interpret it as a sign of the textile workers’ latent capacity? If the assumption is not irrational, we could add the northern-style cafe derived from the Belgian estaminet without hesitation. The reason is that a glass of alcohol accompanying the conversations, singing, and reading induced them toward a collective mind and intensified their unique social relationships. To be sure, they had to encounter the danger of tuberculosis coming to their children, wives or, themselves. For family survival, almost all the women invested themselves as a small wage-earner in any part of the woolen or cotton process. Another category for Roubaix that served as both material and spiritual encouragement was the cooperatives expressed as Peace(La Paix), Union, Fraternity, when cooperative establishments were not so popular in France. Especially working people in the northern part are practical and like to go to cooperatives which furnish indispensable articles like bread and coals, medical and child care aids. Church and municipality as well engaged for the betterment of labor peoples. Traditional conservative churches supported bourgeois social leadership, but democratic catholic movements reflected the current social critics against the capitalist environment. The collective workers’ campaign also made the election of the socialist mayor earlier than other French cities. Considering the aspects examined here, we can say at least the textile workers of Roubaix transform the physical space into meaningful “social space.” (Chungnam National University / ecouter@hanmail.net)

Altersspezifische Trends des risikoreichen Alkoholkonsums in Deutschland: Parallele oder unterschiedliche Verl\xe4ufe?

ZusammenfassungEinleitungNach der Collectivity-of-Drinking-Cultures-Theorie von Skog finden Veränderungen des Alkoholkonsums in allen Bevölkerungsgruppen und -schichten als parallele Verschiebungen statt. Ziele des vorliegenden Beitrags sind (1) die Darstellung zeitlicher Trends des riskanten Konsums und des episodischen Rauschtrinkens nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht und (2) die Prüfung, ob die Trends in allen Altersgruppen parallel verlaufen („Kollektivität“) oder zwischen Altersgruppen divergieren („Polarisierung“).MethodenDatengrundlage sind 9 Erhebungen des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) zwischen 1995 und 2018. Als Schwellenwert für riskanten Alkoholkonsum wurde ein täglicher Konsum von mehr als 12 g Reinalkohol bei Frauen beziehungsweise 24 g bei Männern herangezogen. Episodisches Rauschtrinken wurde als Konsum von 5 oder mehr Gläsern Alkohol (ca. 70 g Reinalkohol) an mindestens einem Tag in den letzten 30 Tagen definiert. Lineare Regressionen wurden für die Vorhersage des zeitlichen Effekts auf riskanten Konsum bzw. Rauschkonsum nach Altersgruppen (18–29, 30–39, 40–49 und 50–59 Jahre) und Geschlecht getrennt berechnet und auf Unterschiede geprüft.ErgebnisseDie Entwicklungen riskanten Alkoholkonsums nach Altersgruppen verlaufen bei Männern weitgehend parallel, bei Frauen gegenläufig. Die Trends des episodischen Rauschtrinken weisen bei beiden Geschlechtern keine parallele Entwicklung auf: Während in der jüngsten und ältesten Altersgruppe die Prävalenz im Zeitverlauf anstieg, sank sie in den übrigen Altersgruppen.DiskussionVor dem Hintergrund einer generellen Abnahme spricht die Zunahme in den Trends risikoreichen Alkoholkonsums in bestimmten Gruppen für einen Ausbau verhaltenspräventiver Maßnahmen. Zur Fortsetzung der positiven Entwicklung und der Vermeidung einer Trendumkehr sollten zudem auf die Gesamtbevölkerung ausgerichtete Präventionsanstrengungen intensiviert werden, beispielsweise durch Erhöhung der Alkoholsteuer oder Reduktion der Verfügbarkeit von Alkohol.

Violencia escolar y consumo de sustancias en estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria

Se realizó un estudio transversal con muestra de 2211 adolescentes de cuatro escuelas públicas. Se aplicó escala de seguridad en la escuela y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. La edad fue 13.6 años. Las peleas físicas en propiedad escolar fue la conducta violenta más reportada, 44.1% refieren participación en al menos una pelea en el año escolar. Para violencia escolar se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a género, grado escolar, calificaciones y turno escolar (p < .05). En consumo de sustancias, 33.6% refirió beber un vaso de alcohol en el último mes, 14.3% fumó cigarros de tabaco y el 9.1% de marihuana. En consumo de sustancias, sólo hubo diferencias por grado, calificaciones y turno escolar (p < .05), no entre sexo. Entre 3 y 4 de cada 10 adolescentes, refieren conductas de riesgo, los resultados sugieren prevención priorizando grupos vulnerables, en particular hombres de mayor grado escolar, turno vespertino y menores calificaciones.

Want to win a bowling game? Beware of even one glass of alcohol!

Want to win a bowling game? Beware of even one glass of alcohol!

Joint effect of tobacco, alcohol, and oral HPV infection on head and neck cancer risk in the French West Indies.

We investigated the role of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the occurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and the joint effects of these factors with oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the French West Indies, in the Caribbean. We conducted a population‐based case‐control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two‐way interactions were assessed on both multiplicative and additive scales. Current smoking (OR = 11.6, 95% CI = 6.7‐20.1), drinking more than five glasses of alcohol per day (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.2‐4.7), and oral infection with High‐risk HPV (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1‐5.0) were significantly associated with HNSCC. The combined exposure to tobacco and alcohol produced a significant synergistic effect on the incidence of HNSCC. Oral infection with High‐risk HPV increased the risk of HNSCC in never smokers and nondrinkers. The effects of tobacco, alcohol, and of the combined exposure of tobacco and alcohol were substantially lower in HPV‐positive than in HPV‐negative HNSCC. This is the first case‐control study to investigate the role of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and oral HPV infection in an Afro‐Caribbean population. Although each of these risk factors has a significant effect, our findings indicate that tobacco and alcohol play a less important role in Hr‐HPV‐positive HNSCC. Further investigations are warranted notably on the interaction of these three risk factors by cancer site.

Substance use: Interplay between polygenic risk and neighborhood environment

BackgroundTobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use are prevalent behaviors that pose considerable health risks. Genetic vulnerability and characteristics of the neighborhood of residence form important risk factors for substance use. Possibly, these factors do not act in isolation. This study tested the interaction between neighborhood characteristics and genetic risk (gene-environment interaction, GxE) and the association between these classes of risk factors (gene-environment correlation, rGE) in substance use. MethodsTwo polygenic scores (PGS) each (based on different discovery datasets) were created for smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and glasses of alcohol per week based on summary statistics of different genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For cannabis initiation one PGS was created. These PGS were used to predict their respective phenotype in a large population-based sample from the Netherlands Twin Register (N = 6,567). Neighborhood characteristics as retrieved from governmental registration systems were factor analyzed and resulting measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and metropolitanism were used as predictors. ResultsThere were (small) main effects of neighborhood characteristics and PGS on substance use. One of the 14 tested GxE effects was significant, such that the PGS was more strongly associated with alcohol use in individuals with high SES. This was effect was only significant for one out of two PGS. There were weak indications of rGE, mainly with age and cohort covariates. ConclusionWe conclude that both genetic and neighborhood-level factors are predictors for substance use. More research is needed to establish the robustness of the findings on the interplay between these factors.

Potential determinants during ‘the first 1000 days of life’ of sleep problems in school-aged children

Study objectivesEarly life determinants of sleep problems are mostly unknown. The first 1000 days of life (ie, the time between conception and a child's second birthday) is a period where the foundations for optimum health, growth and neurodevelopment are established. The aim of this explorative study is to identify potential early life determinants of sleep problems at age 7–8 years. MethodsData from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort study (n = 2746) were analyzed. Sleep problems at age 7–8 years were reported by the caregiver in the ‘Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire’. A higher total score indicates more sleep problems. After multiple imputation (n = 20), we studied multivariable associations between all potential determinants and sleep problems using regression analysis. ResultsA higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was associated with more sleep problems at age 7–8 years [β 0.12 (95% CI 0.05, 0.18)]. Children of mothers with symptoms of anxiety during pregnancy [β 0.06 (95% CI 0.03, 0.09)] and infancy period [β 0.04 (95% CI 0.00, 0.07)] had more sleep problems. Children of mothers drinking ≥1 glass of alcohol a day around 14 weeks of gestation had a 2 points higher sleep problem score [β 2.55 (95% CI 0.21, 4.89)] and children of mothers smoking ≥1 cigarette per day in that period had a one point higher score [β 1.07 (95% CI 0.10, 2.03)]. Infants with relative weight loss (delta BMI-SD) had a higher sleep problem score during childhood [β −0.32 (95%CI -0.60, −0.04)]. ConclusionsWe identified several potential determinants during pregnancy and infancy associated with childhood sleeping problems. We encourage further research into these and other potential determinants to replicate results and to identify underlying mechanisms.

2547 Atraumatic Paraduodenal Hematoma in a Patient Presenting With Gastric Outlet Obstruction

INTRODUCTION: Paraduodenal hematomas are hematomas occurring alongside, near, and/or around the duodenum, the latter of which is characterized by hemorrhage into the duodenal wall. They have been reported in the setting of abdominal trauma, coagulopathy/anticoagulants, malignancy, chemotherapy, pancreatic disease, alcoholism, and endoscopic procedures. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 56-year-old Caucasian male presented with epigastric pain that started 10 days prior to presentation. He described the pain as sharp, up to 10/10 in intensity, non-radiating, waxing and waning, and associated with nausea and multiple episodes of coffee ground emesis. He denied any abdominal trauma and was on no anticoagulation. He drank 2-3 glasses of alcohol every night. On presentation, he was afebrile with normal vital signs. He had a soft abdomen, normal bowel sounds and mild tenderness to palpation in the epigastric region. Laboratory studies were significant for a Hgb of 11.7 g/dL and a WBC count of 13.4 × 109/L. A CT scan of the abdomen with IV contrast revealed an 8 × 8 cm paraduodenal mass. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast revealed a paraduodenal hematoma approximately 7 × 10 × 8.2 cm in size. The patient was kept NPO and a nasogastric tube was placed. Upper endoscopy revealed intrinsic traversable moderate stenosis at the 2nd part of the duodenum. Repeat abdominal CT scan with and without IV contrast was negative for any aneurysm with no interval change in the paraduodenal hematoma. Total parenteral nutrition was started on the second day of hospitalization and was discontinued on the sixth day. The patient's diet was slowly advanced until he was able to tolerate a full liquid diet. On the day of discharge, the patient did not have abdominal distention, abdominal pain or nausea. The patient was followed two weeks later; he was advanced to a regular diet and had complete resolution of his symptoms. DISCUSSION: Duodenal hematoma was first described by MacLauchan in 1838. Up to 80% of cases are secondary to high impact abdominal trauma. The esophagus, duodenum, jejunum have all been reported to have cases of intramural hematomas. Duodenal hematomas have a higher incidence secondary to the fixed retroperitoneal position; a location that is anterior to the spine makes it highly susceptible to blunt abdominal trauma. Patients can present with abdominal pain, signs of small bowel obstruction, hematemesis, anemia and rarely pancreatitis. Treatment is usually conservative.

Associations between coronary artery stenosis detected by coronary computed tomography angiography and the characteristics of health checkup examinees in the Republic of Korea

IntroductionThis study was conducted on healthy adults without a diagnosis related to cardiovascular disease to investigate the associations between asymptomatic coronary artery stenosis and the characteristics of health checkup examinees. MethodsThis study was performed on 601 people (320 males and 281 females), who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), among health checkup examinees from January 2, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Those with any prior history of cardiovascular diseases, underwent coronary artery bypass grafting or coronary artery stenting in the past, those with atrial fibrillation, those suspected of contrast agent side effects, and those whose creatinine levels deviated from the normal range were excluded. ResultsThe mean age was 58.7 ± 8.0 years. Coronary artery stenosis was detected in 173 people (28.8%), and the mean coronary artery stenosis rate was 25.8 ± 12.8%. Regression analysis showed that coronary artery stenosis was influenced significantly by age, gender, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), past smoking duration, current smoking duration, and number of glasses of alcohol consumed (p < 0.05). In terms of the relationship between the presence of coronary artery stenosis and lifestyle habits, amount of alcohol consumed per day (p = 0.03), and patients with a longer period of past (p < 0.001) and current smoking duration (p = 0.01) had a significant effect on coronary artery stenosis. ConclusionThese results suggest that men aged 60 years or older, who have consumed large amounts of alcohol and cigarettes for a long time, require continuous management through tests such as a health checkup, because of the high probability of coronary artery stenosis, even in those without specific symptoms.

Patterns of Drinking Behaviors and Predictors of Class Membership among Adolescents in the Republic of Korea: A Latent Class Analysis

Despite the high drinking rates and the complexity of drinking behaviors in adolescents, insufficient attention has been paid to their drinking patterns. Therefore, we aimed to identify patterns of adolescent drinking behaviors and factors predicting the distinct subgroups of adolescent drinking behaviors. We analyzed nationally representative secondary data obtained in 2017. Our final sample included 24,417 Korean adolescents who had consumed at least one glass of alcohol in their lifetime. To investigate patterns of drinking behaviors, we conducted a latent class analysis using nine alcohol-related characteristics, including alcohol consumption levels, solitary drinking, timing of drinking initiation, and negative consequences of drinking. Furthermore, we investigated differences in demographics, mental health status, and characteristics of substance use across the latent classes identified in our study. To do so, we used the PROC LCA with COVARIATES statement in the SAS software. We identified three latent classes of drinking behaviors: current non-drinkers (CND), binge drinkers (BD), and problem drinkers (PD). Compared to the CND class, both BD and PD classes were strongly associated with higher academic year, lower academic performance, higher levels of stress, suicidal ideation, lifetime conventional or electronic cigarette use, and lifetime use of other drugs. Health professionals should develop and implement intervention strategies targeting individual subgroups of drinking behaviors to obtain better outcomes. In particular, health professionals should consider different characteristics across subgroups of adolescent drinking behaviors when developing the interventions, such as poor mental health status and other substance use among binge and problem drinkers.

MICROENCAPSULATION OF GRAPE SEED OIL (VITIS VINIFERA L.) WITH GUM ARABIC AS A COATING POLYMER BY CROSSLINKING EMULSIFICATION METHOD

Objective: Grape seed oil (GSO) from Vitis vinifera L. is a liquid vegetable oil which has been used mainly for its linoleic acid content. However, there are many efforts to convert the liquid form of the oil into a solid form due to the instability under storage condition. The aim of this study was to convert GSO into the solid microcapsules by emulsion crosslinking method with gum arabic as a coating polymer.Methods: The GSO was formulated with gum arabic in the ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Gum arabic solution was emulsified with GSO using Span 80 and glutaraldehyde. The emulsion was dropped into a beaker glass of isopropyl alcohol to form microcapsules. The microcapsules were dried at 70 °C. Then, they were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, swelling index, water content, and entrapment efficiency.Results: The produced microcapsules of GSO showed white yellowish color and spherical shape. The particle size of F1, F2, F3 and F4 microcapsules were 69 μm, 82 μm, 125 μm, and 131 μm, respectively. The water content of the F1–F4 ranged from 4.37±0.34 to 5.70±0.92% and swelling indexes were ranged from 5.54±0.01 to 5.94±0.04. The value of entrapment efficiency of F1, F2, F3, and F4 were 17.33±0.603, 20.73±0.678, 34.22±1.195, and 67.15±2.019%, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this investigation showed that GSO could be converted into the solid spherical microcapsules by emulsion crosslinking method using gum arabic. Taken together, this study has provided the most promising formulation of GSO microcapsules for further production in pharmaceutical industry.

High-intensity therapist-guided internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for alcohol use disorder: a pilot study

BackgroundA large proportion of individuals with alcohol problems do not seek psychological treatment, but access to such treatment could potentially be increased by delivering it over the Internet. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is widely recognized as one of the psychological treatments for alcohol problems for which evidence is most robust. This study evaluated a new, therapist-guided internet-based CBT program (entitled ePlus) for individuals with alcohol use disorders.MethodsParticipants in the study (n = 13) were recruited through an alcohol self-help web site (www.alkoholhjalpen.se) and, after initial internet screening, were diagnostically assessed by telephone. Eligible participants were offered access to the therapist-guided 12-week program. The main outcomes were treatment usage data (module completion, treatment satisfaction) as well as glasses of alcohol consumed the preceding week, measured with the self-rated Timeline Followback (TLFB). Participant data were collected at screening (T0), immediately pre-treatment (T1), post-treatment (T2) and 3 months post-treatment (T3).ResultsMost participants were active throughout the treatment and found it highly acceptable. Significant reductions in alcohol consumption with a large within-group effect size were found at the three-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures of craving and self-efficacy, as well as depression and quality of life, also showed significant improvements with moderate to large within-group effect sizes.ConclusionsTherapist-guided internet-based CBT may be a feasible and effective alternative for people with alcohol use disorders. In view of the high acceptability and the large within-group effect sizes found in this small pilot, a randomized controlled trial investigating treatment efficacy is warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02384278, February 26, 2015).