Glass Homogenizer Research Articles

Exploration of Probing Structure, Fictive Temperature, and Homogeneity of Commercial Glass and Glass Fiber Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques

Exploration of Probing Structure, Fictive Temperature, and Homogeneity of Commercial Glass and Glass Fiber Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques

High temperature environmental scanning electron microscopy characterization of transient phase formation during conversion of simulated nuclear waste feed to glass

In-situ High-Temperature Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (HT-ESEM) is used to characterize the transient phases formed during the melting of complex glass batch mixtures representing simulated nuclear waste feeds. The first phenomenon that occurs is the formation of oxyanionic salt melt, followed by the reaction of oxyanionic salts with refractory grains containing Si, Al, or Mg through surface reactions to form a molten alkali-alumino-boro-silicate phase. The onset temperatures of gas bubble formation and primary foaming are directly determined from the HT-ESEM measurements. The formation of sulfate lakes as well as the formation of high-temperature transient phases floating at the sample surface are also directly observed and identified. Convection currents are observed and their consequences on glass homogenization are discussed.

Influence of manufacturing parameters on bioactive glass 45S5: Structural analysis and applications in bone tissue engineering

Bioactive glass (BG-45S5) production through the melting process is affected by a wide variety of parameters. This study investigated the synthesis of BG-45S5 granules and the process variables to produce a bioactive and osteoinductive BG for bone grafting applications. The melting process was initially analyzed by varying parameters such as crucible type and pouring environment using P2O5 as phosphorus precursor. The obtained products were characterized by crystalline phases, characteristic chemical groups, particle size distribution, and chemical composition. Materials poured into graphite or steel molds resulted in particle sizes more suitable for applications in granular form. Using a platinum crucible yielded a chemical composition closer to the target when compared with another ceramic crucible. Subsequently, the melting process was evaluated to different phosphorus precursor (P2O5 or Na2HPO4) and melting duration (1 or 2 h) in a platinum crucible verifying their effects on the thermal behavior, chemical composition and structure of BG-45S5. Employing Na2HPO4 as a precursor led to higher glass transition and crystallization temperatures as compared to P2O5, enhancing glass homogeneity and structural stability. The product with better characteristics in terms of composition and structure was further characterized for bioactivity and cell culture behavior, showing a greater amount of mineralization nodules when compared to commercial hydroxyapatite. This is particularly due to its behavior as the solubility and interaction in biological environments.

Synergistic enhancement of optical properties in erbium-doped borate glasses through copper nanoparticle incorporation

The present study investigated the impact of incorporating copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on the optical properties of erbium-doped borate glasses. Through melt-quenching and heat treatment techniques, glasses with varying Cu2O concentrations (x = 0–5 mol%) were synthesized. Physical and structural analyses revealed that Cu ions serve as effective network modifiers. They foster the formation of a greater proportion of BO4 tetrahedra and thus enhancing glass homogeneity. Optical absorption spectra demonstrate a distinct modulation of Er3+ absorption bands with Cu2O embedding, indicating the formation of CuNPs, as validated by the emergence of surface plasmon resonance bands. This structural evolution results in a noticeable reduction in the bandgap energy, signifying improved semiconducting behavior. Judd-Ofelt analysis highlighted the profound influence of CuNPs on hypersensitive transitions, thereby affecting oscillator strength. Photoluminescence measurements revealed amplified emission in the visible red and near infrared (NIR) region, attributed to the synergistic effects of CuNPs and Er3+ ions, with 5 mol % Cu2O exhibiting the highest emission intensity. Analysis of the radiative properties validates the enhancement of the emission cross-section, gain bandwidth, optical gain and radiative transitions. These enhancements contribute to a notable increase in the branching ratio from 0.91 % to 5.41 % accompanied by an increase in the quantum efficiency from ∼79 % to ∼90 %. Moreover, decay analysis revealed a notable enhancement in lifetime from 3.03 ms to 15.74 ms, which is indicative of enhanced radiative transitions. Overall, the incorporation of CuNPs into erbium-doped borate glasses facilitates significant enhancements in physical, structural, and optical properties. This positions them as promising materials for a wide array of optoelectronic applications. This comprehensive study sheds light on the complex interplay between CuNPs and erbium-barium borate glasses, offering valuable insights for the development of advanced optoelectronic materials with enhanced performance and functionality.

Characterization of soda–lime silicate glass bottles to support recycling efforts

AbstractIn 2022, 150 million tons of glass was produced globally, and approximately 47% of that amount was glass hollowware for tableware and food, beverage, and cosmetics packaging. Glass is considered one of the most recyclable materials as its properties and performance do not degrade upon reheating and reforming; yet only 21% of global production is recycled. The most recycled type of glass is soda–lime silicate bottle glass based on its widespread availability and its ability to accommodate higher levels of contamination compared to flat glass and specialty glass. Bottle glass manufacturers melt glass batch that is 10%–60% recycled glass cullet, limited only by the availability of pristine glass cullet that is free of contaminants such as plastic, metal, and organic material. Increasing rates of recycled content in glass manufacturing is stymied by the lack of a supply chain to deliver high quality glass cullet to manufacturers, as well as risk of material incompatibility and contamination. In this work, post‐consumer glass bottles of different colors, shapes, and brands were analyzed for chemical composition and thermal properties to quantify variation across five major color families: clear, blue, amber, forest green, and emerald green. This work shows that post‐consumer bottles of different colors and brands can be remelted without risk of material incompatibility and presents various processing methods to control color homogeneity in glass produced exclusively from mixed color cullet from recycled glass bottles.

Glauconite-containing overburden is a promising raw material for the synthesis of glasses for various purposes

The results of a study on the use of glauconite-containing overburden rocks of the Novodvorskoye deposit of the Pinsk district of the Brest region to produce glasses for various purposes are presented. The compositions of raw materials in the system «glauconite-containing rock – chalk – iron oxide – soda ash» have been developed, the limiting amount of the raw components and basic oxides in glasses have been optimized. It has been established that the main criterion for obtaining high-quality glasses is a rational combination of refractory and low-melting oxides, which ensures the homogeneity of glasses, working viscosity, the ability to form in various ways, the absence of a tendency to crystallization, black color in the mass, as well as a complex of satisfactory physical and chemical properties. The results of the study confirmed the prospects of using the glauconite-containing overburden for the synthesis of glasses for various purposes, which will contribute to the rational use of natural resources and associated minerals of the Novodvorskoye deposit of the Republic of Belarus, and will improve the environmental situation in the areas adjacent to the deposit.

Quantitative verification of 1:35 diluted fused glass disks with 10 mg sample sizes for the wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of the whole-rock major elements of precious geological specimens

Herein, an improved wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) analytical technique for determining the major elements (including SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5) in precious geological samples, particularly extraterrestrial basaltic rock samples, was developed. For WD-XRF analysis, undersized (approximately 11 mm in diameter) glass disks were prepared by fusing 10 mg of a powdered sample with 350 mg of lithium borate flux at a sample-to-flux ratio of 1:35. Specialized PtAu crucibles and molds were crafted for glass disk preparation to facilitate automatic fluxer mounting. This procedure enabled the automatic preparation of undersized glass disks, with repeatability between sample batches. Calibration curves were constructed for 30 certified reference materials (CRMs), including felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic igneous rocks. Regular-sized CRM disks with large sample sizes were prepared at the same sample-to-flux ratio as the test samples to avoid issues caused by CRM heterogeneity. The influence of various factors, including glass disk thickness and homogeneity, releasing agent amount, and interference between lines (Br Lα with Al Kα, Rh Lγ2 and Rh Lγ3 with K Kα, and K Kβ with Ca Kα), on analytical accuracy was investigated. Two homogeneous synthetic reference glass samples (ARM-2 and ARM-3) were pulverized and used to verify the analytical results for small samples using the WD-XRF method, which could eliminate the uncertainty caused by sample homogeneity. Subsequently, three CRMs (JB-1b, JA-3, and JR-1) were used to validate the accuracy and precision of the method. Finally, two lunar meteorite samples (NWA4898 and NWA4734) were assayed by the proposed method, and comparison with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy results confirmed the reliability of the method. The proposed small sample protocol, which involves the destructive pretreatment of precious and limited extraterrestrial basaltic samples, has great application potential for precious samples such as lunar soil samples.

Iron enriched peraluminous glasses: Incorporation limit and effect of iron on glass transition temperature and viscosity

This study investigates the effect of iron oxide Fe2O3 on the homogeneity, viscosity, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of peraluminous glasses. As-quenched glass samples elaborated at 1350 °C show an incorporation limit around 17.5 wt% of Fe2O3 (10.4 mol%), while slowly cooled glass samples show a limit of 7.5 wt% of Fe2O3 (4.2 mol%). Iron in the peraluminous glasses investigated was detected under three configurations: 6-fold coordinated 6Fe3+ in majority, 4-fold coordinated 4Fe3+ and 6-fold coordinated 6Fe2+. It was observed that Fe2O3 addition has a strong fluidifying effect on peraluminous glasses and tends to slightly decrease the glass transition temperature Tg, depending on its thermal history.

Suppression of Rayleigh Scattering in Silica Glass by Codoping Boron and Fluorine: Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Force-Matching and Neural Network Potentials

Rayleigh scattering attributed to the density fluctuation of silica glass is considered as the intrinsic origin of optical loss in glass fiber. Therefore, minimizing the density fluctuation is key to improving the information and telecommunications networks. In this study, classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to theoretically examine the effectiveness of codoping boron and fluorine for ameliorating the homogeneity of silica glass. For the MD simulations, the force-matching potential (FMP) with a Buckingham formula was developed by optimizing the parameters to reproduce the force and energy calculated by the density functional theory (DFT). The accuracy of the FMP was confirmed via comparisons with available experimental data as well as glass models constructed using the neural network potential, which was superior in reproducing the force and energy of the DFT data to the FMP. As a result, the small amount of boron and fluorine added to the silica glass was found not to deteriorate the density fluctuation of silica glass. The additives reduce the viscosity of silica glass, which leads to a lower fictive temperature and, thus, to a better homogeneity. Consequently, the codoping of boron and fluorine was suggested as a possible solution to suppress the Rayleigh scattering of optical glass fiber.

Homogeneity assessment of the elemental composition of windshield glass by µ-XRF, LIBS and LA-ICP-MS analysis

This study evaluates the capability of μ-XRF and LIBS analyses to characterize the homogeneity (elemental variation) of glass compared to the LA-ICP-MS quantitative analysis method. Two premises in the forensic comparison of glass are that 1) the elemental composition across a single source (e.g., a pane) is homogeneous and 2) the elemental variation within a single source is much smaller than the elemental variation observed among different glass sources (different panes manufactured at different sites or different times). These assumptions are widely supported when using microsampling methods such as LA-ICP-MS; however, systematic homogeneity studies using μ-XRF and LIBS methods are unavailable. In this study, the variability of the elemental composition within 100 fragments from two different panes of the same windshield was characterized using chemical maps, and semi-quantitative data was used to compare fragments within and between the different panes. When comparing pieces within the same pane, the variability for most elements was less than 10% RSD for both μ-XRF and LIBS and less than 5% RSD for LA-ICP-MS. Comparison methods simulating casework situations in which one questioned fragment is compared to more than one known fragment resulted in better performance as the number of fragments of the known sample increased (to up to 4 fragments, 12–20 measurements). The results show the comparison criteria should be selected according to the instrument’s precision and sensitivity. Error rates below 3% were obtained for μ-XRF and LIBS when selecting the appropriate number of fragments, measurements, and comparison criterion.

FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN HEART TISSUE IN HYPOTHYROID AND HYPERTHYROID RATS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS MELATONIN AND BLINDING CONDITIONS (ENUCLEATION)

The aim of our scientific work was to study the effect of exogenous melatonin on the indicators of fibrinolytic processes in the heart tissues and to analyze the changes in fibrinolytic activity occurring in the heart tissues of enucleated hyper- and hypothyroid white rats. The experiments were carried out on white nonlinear male rats weighing 0.12-0.14 kg. 4 experimental groups of animals were formed. The control group consisted of 11 normothyroid rats, which were injected with a melatonin solution in appropriate volumes. The animals were euthanized under light ether anesthesia. Samples of the examined heart tissue were ground in a glass homogenizer with borate buffer (pH 9.0). The homogenate was used in biochemical analysis. Determination of the total, enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolytic activity (TFA, EFA, NFA, respectively) in the heart tissues was carried out by the method of azofibrin lysis (LLC "Simko", Ukraine). Statistical processing of the results was carried out by the method of variation statistics using the Student's test. Experimental studies on nonlinear male white rats have shown that the introduction of exogenous melatonin, as well as modeling the conditions of endogenous melatonin overproduction by blinding (enucleation) cause an increase in the intensity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis in heart tissue in normotyroid animals. At other hand, enucleation causes an increase in the intensity of fibrinolysis in the tissues of the heart in hypothyroid rats, but not in hyperthyroid.

Effect of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in Mammalian Tissues and Tumors on The Level of Enzymes Involved in Direct Oxidative Pathway

Introduction: Literature review has revealed that the distribution of the enzymes of 6-phospo-gluconate dehydrogenase activities of some acetone derived tissues in animal tissue have so far not been investigated systematically. This leaves a gap for further investigation to explore the subject matter deeply. Method: Barium salts of D-Glucose 6-phosphate (0 6-P), 6-phosphogluconate (6-PO) and D-ribose 5-phosphate (R 5-P) are available and were used in our study. (TNP) triphosphopyridine was prepared and analyzed; its composition was 75% TNP without (DNP) diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Ice-cold isotone KCL (0-15M-KCL with 8ml, 0-02M-KHCO3) was disintegrated in 09 parts. It is done in a potter glass homogenizer or in a Nelco homogenizer. This is followed by centrifuging and dialysis of the supernatants. Heparinized blood 10ml was used for erythrocyte hemolysis, which was diluted with 10ml of water. 01 part of haemolysate was treated with 9 parts of isotonic KCI. Spectroscope is used to determine the dehydrogenase activity of dialyzed tissue. The method followed was of Glock and McLean. Study Design: Quantitative, cross sectional study. Settings: Institute of Biochemistry, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore Duration: 01 Year i.e. 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Results: Enzymes activities of 6-PG dehydrogenase and Gluco-6- phospo dehydrogenase mentioned in table 1&2 in normal mammalian tissue and mammary glands. The results obtained on the tumour cells are given in table 3. These Values are within the limits in normal tissues whereas it becomes on higher side in lymphomas and sarcomas. Conclusion: This study shows some limitation that the maximum enzymic activities are determined, whereas in the intact cell other regulatory factors probably limit or control the activity of this pathway. Keywords: Gluco-6- phospodehydrogenase, 6-PG dehydrogenase, oxidative pathway, Ribose 5-Pentose, mammalian tissue

Effects of oxides on optical absorption and homogeneity of GeS2-­Sb2S3-based glass

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of oxygen impurities on the optical absorption, glass structure, and homogeneity of a sulfide glass that is a potential candidate for use as an infrared-transmitting material. We prepared glasses based on the pseudo-binary GeS2-Sb2S3 system by a conventional method using metals and sulfur as raw materials in an evacuated silica glass ampoule. The oxygen impurity content according to oxygen analysis was 0.034 mass% (340 ppm) for 20GeS2·80SbS3/2 glass. The oxygen impurities were distributed as oxides bonded to Ge and Sb with a distribution constant, although most of the oxygen was bonded to Ge. In addition, oxysulfide glasses were prepared by substituting GeO2 or Sb2O3 for the corresponding sulfides. In this case, the oxygen of the added oxides bonded mainly to Ge in the glasses. When more than 2 mol% of the oxides was substituted for the corresponding sulfides in the 20GeS2·80SbS3/2 glass, the glass became translucent or opaque. Microscopy observation revealed that droplet phases with diameters of 2 to 4 µm were precipitated. These phases were rich in germanium and oxygen. The inhomogeneity is induced by the addition of oxides to the glasses, particularly, in those with a large fraction of Sb2S3 in the composition.

Structural and rheological analysis of nickel enriched peraluminous glasses

This study describes the role of nickel oxide (NiO) in peraluminous glass. Peraluminous glass is defined by an excess of aluminium ions (Al 3+ ) compared to modifier elements such as Na + , Li + or Ca 2+ ions. The study investigates the effect NiO incorporation on peraluminous glass homogeneity and process ability. Quenched NiO-containing glass showed an incorporation limit greater than 12 wt% NiO (13.8 mol%), while slowly cooled glass showed a limit of 5 wt% NiO (5.8 mol%). Nickel oxide is also found to have a fludifying effect on peraluminous glasses. When the nickel oxide content is above its incorporation limit, the resulting crystals were found to have a significant effect on glass rheological properties. Finally, hypotheses are proposed as to the structural role of Ni in peraluminous glass based on the experimental results obtained. • The effect of NiO incorporation on peraluminous glass homogeneity and process ability is investigated • Quenched glass showed an incorporation limit greater than 12 wt% NiO (13.8 mol%) • Slowly cooled glass showed an incorporation limit of 5 wt% NiO (5.8 mol%) • NiO is found to have a fludifying effect • Ni-containing crystals were found to have a significant effect on the glass rheological properties • Hypotheses on the structural role of Ni in peraluminous glass are proposed

Does and duration of exposure time dependent regulation of proteins in the urinary bladder of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite

Does and duration of exposure time dependent regulation of proteins in the urinary bladder of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite

Regulation of transgelin and GST-pi proteins in the tissues of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite

Regulation of transgelin and GST-pi proteins in the tissues of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite

Impacts of glass homogenization on optical properties of rare-earth ion doped chalcogenide glass

In rare-earth ion doped chalcogenide glass, the impacts of glass homogenization on optical properties were studied in this work. A series of Ge24Ga10Se65:Er1 glasses were fabricated by melt-quenching method under the same condition with different melting time. The structure of the obtained glasses was characterized, absorption and emission spectra were recorded, and lifetime of the 4 I13/2 state of Er3+ ions was measured as well. It is found that the melting time does not have obvious influence on glass structure, absorption and emission properties of erbium ions. A significant improvement on lifetime was noticed with the increase of melting time.

Assessing glass‐ceramic homogeneity and nucleation self‐correlation by crystallization statistics

AbstractIn this work, we implemented and tested a statistical method to evaluate the microstructural uniformity of partially crystallized glasses employing the aggregation index (R‐index), a parameter derived from the Poisson distribution function, which has mainly been used in Ecology studies. Since the crystal nucleation rate strongly depends on the chemical composition, the spatial crystal distribution in glass‐ceramics can be used to infer their chemical homogeneity. We also tested the hypothesis, advanced by some authors, of preferential secondary nucleation close to preexisting crystals (even in chemically homogeneous samples). To this end, we conducted a nearest‐neighbor statistical analysis of the spatial crystal distribution in partially crystallized Li2Si2O5 and Ba5Si8O21 glasses, used as model materials, by inspecting optical micrographs obtained at different magnifications. The resultant R‐indexes indicate a very high degree of homogeneity of the crystal number distribution, reflecting the uniform distribution of the chemical elements in the parent glasses. Moreover, the results for both glasses refute the suggestion that crystal nucleation is self‐correlated. These outcomes allow us to suggest the R‐index as a valuable and easily implemented tool to evaluate the chemical homogeneity of glasses that undergo internal nucleation, such as those used for glass‐ceramics.

Compensation optimization for a static Mars wind imaging Michelson interferometer

This work focuses on determining the optimal design for field widening, and thermal and achromatic compensating a static Mars wind imaging Michelson interferometer (MWIMI). The target lines of MWIMI are emission lines in the 1.27 µm band of the O2(1Δg) airglow. These emissions allow the dynamics of the Martian atmosphere from ~5 km to ~60 km to be observed. Two designs, a three-layer (consisting of two arm glasses and an air gap) and a four-layer (consisting of three arm glasses and an air gap) are examined for a path difference of 10 cm. All possible glass combinations from the SCHOTT glass catalog for these two designs are considered using a computer matching program to determine the optimal ones. The optimal glass combinations are listed and their properties are discussed. The error caused by the misalignment/tilt of optical surface, the homogeneity of glass, the variation of ambient temperature, the glass thickness error and the refractive index error is analyzed. The limits of the tilt angle of optical surface and the homogeneity for MWIMI are provided. The optical path difference varies by less than 0.1 wavelengths over the 5° angular range passing through the interferometer when the variation of ambient temperature and the thickness and refractive index uncertainties are considered. The wind velocity error, the primary factor for characterizing a field-widened Michelson interferometer, is analyzed. Calculations show that the wind speed uncertainty can be better than 1 m s − 1 for an altitude range of 0 – 90 km during daytime and is better than 6 m s − 1 for an altitude range of 0 – 75 km during nighttime.

Homogeneity of melt‐rocked Ge–Se glasses and the effect of impurities

AbstractThe impact of glass synthesis methods on the properties of Ge–Se glasses is investigated. The homogeneity of a GeSe4 glass produced by mechanical convection in a rocking oven for 12 h at 950°C is characterized by Raman spectroscopy and Electron Microprobe analysis. It is found that the melt‐rocked glass is chemically and structurally homogeneous at all length scales investigated. In order to compare the effect of synthesis methods, another glass is produced following a static synthesis for 192 h. Their physical, structural, and dynamic properties are then characterized for comparative analysis. The molar volume and structure of both glasses are found to be identical when subjected to the same thermal history. The structural dynamics of GeSe4 investigated by heat capacity spectroscopy is identical for the static and rocked glass and also compared with that of GeSe9 and GeSe3. Overall, the two synthesis methods do not lead to any difference in measured properties. Finally, the effect of impurities is investigated in three glasses. The presence of water and oxygen impurities up to 30 ppm levels is shown to have no significant effect on physical and structural properties. Hence, the presence of water impurities cannot be attributed to mismatch in physical properties.