Glass Filler Research Articles

Wetting and interface behavior between borosilicate glass and YAG

In this work, four kinds of borosilicate glasses (La2O3/SrO/MgO/BaO-B2O3-SiO2) were designed to investigate the wetting and interface behavior between glass filler and YAG crystal. The thermal property, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), crystallization activation energy, optical property and wetting behavior of four kinds of glasses were first studied. The results showed that SBS (SrO-B2O3-SiO2) glass had the most matching CTE with YAG. In addition, all four kinds of glasses had good transparency and exhibited good wettability on the surface of YAG. Furthermore, microstructural analysis of wetting samples indicated that the interface behavior between borosilicate glasses and YAG could be divided into three types: There was only dissolution and diffusion of elements between glass and YAG; The elements of YAG dissolved into glass filler, changing the chemical composition of glass and promoting glass crystallization; Interface reaction occurred between glass and YAG to form the interface layer. Finally, the SBS glass was chosen to bond YAG. The YAG/SBS/YAG joint with high shear strength (78.77 ± 4.3MPa) and good in-line transmittance (76.5% at 1064nm) was obtained.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al2O3/Al joint bonded by Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2-ZnO-Al2O3 glass

A glass filler of 60Bi2O3-20B2O3-10SiO2-5ZnO-5Al2O3(mol%) was utilized to join 99Al2O3 ceramic and Al alloy 1060 at low temperature, which effectively addressed the negative impact caused by the indelible oxide film on the aluminum surface during the conventional process. Prior to the joining process, the surface morphology and thermophysical properties of the glass filler were investigated. Additionally, the wetting behavior of the glass on both the Al2O3 substrate and Al substrate was confirmed. Subsequently, the interfacial microstructure of the Al2O3/Al joints was analyzed in detail and the mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated under different temperatures and holding times. The shear strength of the joints reached a maximum value of 30.25 ± 1.0 MPa at 460 °C for 30 min. The precipitation and growth of the Bi24B2O39 phase improved the mechanical properties of the joints with increasing temperature and holding time. However, high temperatures and long holding times resulted in the precipitation of a large number of crystals in the joints, leading to embrittlement, which severely reduced the mechanical properties of the joints.

Polymer-derived coatings with La2Zr2O7 and glass fillers: Preparation and characterisation

This study investigated the impact of La2Zr2O7 (LZ) and different types of glass on the performance of polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) coatings on AISI 441 stainless steel substrates. Four double-layer PDC-based glass-ceramic coatings containing LZ and different glass fillers were prepared by dip coating. The LZ powder was synthesised by solid-state reaction (SSR): powder morphology, crystal structure, and thermal stability were analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) detected a LZ pyrochlore phase after annealing at 1300 and 1400 °C with a trace of t-ZrO2. Four different glass compositions, namely BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (BAS), BaO-Al2O3-La2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (BALBS), CaO-B2O3-SiO2 (CBS), and BaO-ZnO-MgO-B2O3-SiO2 (BZMBS), were also synthesised as fillers for PDC coatings. The glass transition and crystallisation temperatures of the glasses were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coating systems, consisting of a Durazane 2250 bond coat and a top coat (Durazane 1800 + LZ filler + different glass sealants), were prepared. After pyrolysis of the coatings at 900 °C, some of the glasses partially crystallised. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the layers containing BAS, BALBS and CBS glass were dense, with good adhesion to the substrate, and with occasional presence of larger pores and cracks. Delamination of the upper layer was observed in the coating with the BZMBS glass filler.

Plating Pretreatment method by expansion and destruction of the Glass Filler of Polyphenylene Sulfide（PPS）Resin Composites

Plating Pretreatment method by expansion and destruction of the Glass Filler of Polyphenylene Sulfide（PPS）Resin Composites

Elimination mechanism of voids caused by density differences in high crystallinity alumina/alumina joints bonded with dysprosium aluminum silicate glass ceramic filler

In this work, the Dy2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 (DASN) and Dy2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2 (DAST) glass fillers were used for joining alumina ceramic. During the cooling process of the alumina/DASN/alumina joints, Dy2Si2O7 and Al2O3 were precipitated simultaneously and gradually grown. As a result, voids were formed due to the poor flowability of the glass ceramic filler and the large density difference between the glass filler and Dy2Si2O7 crystals. On the contrary, the addition of TiO2 altered the sequence of the crystalline phase precipitation during the cooling process. During cooling from the joining temperature (1450 °C) to 1100 °C, only Dy2Si2O7 was formed in the brazing seam. Simultaneously, the flowing glass phase was able to fill the spaces caused by the density differences. When the growth of Dy2Si2O7 phase ceased, the Al2O3 phase began to precipitate. Therefore, the voids caused by density differences can be eliminated in the alumina/DAST/alumina joints with high crystallinity. The optimal flexural strength of alumina/DAST/alumina joints tested at room temperature and 1000 °C reached 350 MPa and 158 MPa, respectively.

Investigating the spall phenomena in glass filler embedded epoxy composites using laser-induced stress wave

Recently, Singh and Kitey (Experimental Mechanics, 60(7), 2020) used laser-induced stress pulse in conjugation with Michelson's interferometer to measure the spall strength of thin polymer layers. In this investigation, the method is expanded to measure the spall strength of spherical and slender glass filler-reinforced epoxy composites. A filler-reinforced epoxy layer of ∼150 μm was deposited onto a glass substrate, and a short-duration and high-magnitude stress pulse developed at the back surface of the substrate. A complex interaction between the mode-converted main compressive wave and slow-moving secondary tensile wave generated a greater magnification tensile area near the layer's free surface, causing a spall. The composite layers experienced a strain rate of ∼107/s, with the secondary wave not distinct from the interferometric data due to filler-induced multiple mode conversions. An equation correlating strain rate, impedance, and fracture toughness with spall strength was used to ascertain the composite layers' spall strength. The findings showed that stiff reinforcements improve epoxy spall strength, with milled fiber composites exhibiting greater spall strength than spherical particle cases, as corroborated by optical micrographs showing fiber-bridging across the spalled zone. The spall strength of epoxy composites with 10 % milled fibers was nearly 2.5 times greater than pure epoxy.

In Vitro Osteo-Immunological Responses of Bioactive Calcium Phosphate-Containing Urethane Dimethacrylate-Based Composites: A Potential Alternative to Poly(methyl methacrylate) Bone Cement.

This investigation developed new composite bone cements using urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PPGDMA), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), with micrometer-sized aluminosilicate glass filler. Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were added to enhance biological performance, particularly osteo-immunomodulation. Free radical polymerization was triggered by mixing two pastes containing either benzoyl peroxide (BPO, an initiator) or N-tolyglycine glycidyl methacrylate (NTGGMA, an activator). Increasing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, an inhibitor) enabled a suitable delay after mixing at 25 °C for placement. At 37 °C, the delay time was reduced and the final conversion was enhanced. Findings also demonstrated the biocompatibility of the developed bone cement toward osteo-immunological cell lineages, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), fibroblasts, osteoclast precursor RAW 246.7 cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Notably, the cement with both MCPM and HA combined facilitated sufficient MSC growth, enabling subsequent mineralization while concurrently suppressing the proliferation of fibroblasts, osteoclast progenitors, and PBMCs. Furthermore, composite cement exhibited the capacity to differentially regulate osteoblast differentiation, cell-(in)dependent mineralization, osteoclastogenesis, and PBMC-mediated inflammatory responses at both cellular and molecular levels in vitro. These observations suggested their potential use for bone repair, especially in cases of inflammation-associated bone defects.

Gamma-ray interaction studies of concrete with waste glass fillers.

In the present work, the efficacy of waste glass as fillers in concrete for gamma-ray shielding has been studied. Glass fillers of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% concentrations have been incorporated into the concrete mixture. The attenuation measurements were performed using gamma spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector at 511, 662, 1173, and 1332keV gamma energies. Gamma-ray shielding parameters, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), are determined for all filler concentrations. The mass attenuation coefficient of the prepared samples was found to be varied from 0.081 to 0.088, 0.071 to 0.088, 0.05 to 0.058, and 0.05 to 0.055 (cm2 per g) for 511, 662, 1173, and 1332keV gamma energies, respectively. It was observed that experimentally determined (μ/ρ) values were in very good agreement with theoretical values calculated from EDAX data. Furthermore, it was observed that (μ/ρ) showed an increasing trend with an increase in filler concentration, which is attributed to the increase in the shielding property of the material. Therefore, the glass-concrete composite can be accustomed to reduce the intensity of gamma radiation.

Novel Resin-Based Antibacterial Root Surface Coating Material to Combat Dental Caries.

Root caries caused by cariogenic bacteria are a burden on a large number of individuals worldwide, especially the elderly. Applying a protective coating to exposed root surfaces has the potential to inhibit the development of caries, thus preserving natural teeth. This study aimed to develop a novel antibacterial coating to combat root caries and evaluate its effectiveness using the antibacterial monomer dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM). DMAHDM was synthesized and incorporated into a resin consisting of 55.8% urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and 44.2% TEG-DVBE (UV) at a 10% mass fraction of glass filler. Multiple concentrations of DMAHDM were tested for their impact on the resin's mechanical and physical properties. S. mutans biofilms grown on resin disks were analyzed for antibacterial efficacy. Cytotoxicity was assessed against human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The results showed an 8-log reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) against S. mutans biofilm (mean ± sd; n = 6) (p < 0.05) when 5% DMAHDM was incorporated into the UV resin. There was a 90% reduction in metabolic activity and lactic acid production. A low level of cytotoxicity against HGF was observed without compromising the physical and mechanical properties of the resin. This coating material demonstrated promising physical properties, potent antibacterial effects, and low toxicity, suggesting its potential to protect exposed roots from caries in various dental procedures and among elderly individuals with gingival recession.

Hydrated Calcium Silicate in Resin Composites for Prevention of Secondary Caries

Introduction and aimsThe gaps at the margins of restorative composite resin can increase as the carious process occurs underneath the materials, causing further demineralization along the tooth cavity wall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of restorative resin composite containing hydrated calcium silicate (hCS) filler on enamel protection against demineralization by simulating microleakage between the test material and teeth in a cariogenic environment. MethodsThe experimental resin composites were composed of 70 wt.% filler, which was mixed with a glass filler and hCS in a weight ratio of 70.0% glass (hCS 0), 17.5% hCS + 52.5% glass (hCS 17.5), 35.0% hCS + 35.0% glass (hCS 35.0), and 52.5% hCS + 17.5% glass (hCS 52.5). A light-cured experimental resin composite disk was positioned over a polished bovine enamel disk, separated by a 30-µm gap, and immersed in artificial saliva with pH 4.0 for 15, 30, and 60 days. After the immersion period, the enamel disk was separated from the resin composite disk and evaluated using a microhardness tester, atomic force microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. The opposing sides of the enamel and resin composite disks were observed using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. ResultsThe enamel surface showed a significant increase in microhardness, decreased roughness, and remineralization layer as the proportion of hCS increased (P < .05). In the scanning electron microscopy image, the enamel surface with hCS 35.0 and 52.5 after all experimental immersion periods, showed a pattern similar to that of a sound tooth. ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that increasing the hCS filler level of restorative resin composites significantly decreased enamel demineralization. Clinical relevanceHydrated calcium silicate laced restorative resin composites may be a promising dental biomaterial for protecting teeth against demineralization and preventing secondary caries around restorations.

Utilizing Chicken Eggshells and Waste Glass Powder as Cement Fillers for Environmental Stability

The use of chicken eggshells and waste glass powder as additives in concrete mixes presents an approach for enhancing the concrete properties while also promoting sustainability. This study was conducted to investigate the viability of chicken eggshells and waste glass powder as components in a concrete mixture to improve its durability and strength using an experimental research design. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized and assessed at a significance level of 0.05 to see if there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. The ANOVA results showed that the groups had a p-value of 0.305 from the collected data, which implies that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because there was also no significant impact of eggshells on the durability and strength of the concrete. Based on the average PSI (pounds per square inch) results: (a) concretes with glass powder filler is more durable and can be used as a strengthening additive. (b) Concretes with eggshell filler are not durable and cannot be used as strengthening additives. (c) Concretes with a combination of both substances cannot ensure their durability because of the eggshell filler. (d) Traditional concrete is durable after waste glass fillers. Nevertheless, concrete mixes with substances can offer an environmentally friendly solution for waste management.

Fabrication of sapphire/MgAl2O4/sapphire laminated transparent composite by brazing with BaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass filler

For improving the mechanical properties of MgAl2O4 ceramic and maintaining its wide band transparency, the sapphire/MgAl2O4/sapphire laminated transparent composites with thin sapphire layers were fabricated by brazing with BaO–B2O3–SiO2 (BBS) glass filler. The BBS glass filler had an appropriate CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) value and good wettability on the surface of sapphire and MgAl2O4 ceramics. Joining experiments were first carried out to optimize the preparation process parameters of laminated composites. The results indicated that high bonding temperature promoted mutual dissolution and diffusion of BBS glass and MgAl2O4 ceramic, but led to the intergranular infiltration of glass filler and the formation of pores due to volatilization of B2O3. When the bonding temperature was 1000 °C, the sapphire/MgAl2O4 joints with the best transparency and acceptable shear strength could be obtained. On this basis, the laminated composites with 0.15 mm thick sapphire layers were fabricated by brazing using BBS glass at 1000 °C. The flexural strength of the laminated composite reached 320 ± 10 MPa, which was higher than that of MgAl2O4 (195 ± 15 MPa). The in-line transmittance of laminated composite was 80.9 % at 1000 nm, which was slightly lower than that of MgAl2O4 (82.2 %).

Effect of the Different Dietary Supplements on the Average Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Direct Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry.

Increased surface roughness and discoloration of the direct restorative materials used in pediatric patients affect the longevity of restorations and impair children's oral health. Many factors can alter these properties. One of these factors is the intake of dietary supplements. It is crucial to predict the properties of restorative materials when exposed to dietary supplements to maintain the dental care of children. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of various syrup-formed dietary supplements on the average surface roughness and color stability of current restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. Seven different restorative materials (conventional glass ionomer [Fuji IX GP], resin-modified glass ionomer, [Fuji II LC], zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer [Zirconomer Improved], polyacid-modified composite resin [Dyract®XTRA], bulk-fill glass hybrid restorative [Equia Forte HT Fill], conventional resin composite [Charisma Smart], and resin composite with reactive glass fillers [Cention N]) were tested. The specimens prepared from each type of restorative material were divided into five subgroups according to dietary supplements (Sambucol Kids, Resverol, Imunol, Umca, and Microfer). These specimens were immersed daily in supplement solution over a period of 28 days. Surface roughness and color difference measurements were performed at baseline and at the 7th and 28th days. The color difference and Ra values showed that there was an interaction among the type of restorative material, type of dietary supplement, and immersion time factors (p < 0.05). Whereas lower Ra values were found in the composite resin group, the highest Ra values were found in the conventional glass ionomer group. All supplements caused increasing color difference values, and Resverol and Umca showed higher discoloration values above the clinically acceptable threshold. The intake of dietary supplement type, the immersion time of the dietary supplement, and the restorative material type affected the surface roughness and color stability of the tested direct restorative materials. All of the experimental groups showed higher Ra values than clinically acceptable surface roughness values (0.2 µm). The color difference values also increased with the immersion time.

A novel approach for brazing MgF2 ceramic to TA15 alloy using AgCu/GH4169/Bi2O3[sbnd]B2O3[sbnd]ZnO composite braze fillers

A two-step brazing process was successfully employed to join MgF2 ceramic and TA15 alloy using eutectic Ag28% (in mass fraction) Cu alloy and Bi2O3B2O3ZnO (BBZ) glass as fillers, by introducing a 100 μm thick GH4169 interlayer. Multiscale characterization revealed that interdiffusion and reaction occurred at the joint interfaces. As a result, a reliable joint system consisting of TA15/TiCu/TiCu2Al/Ag(s,s) + Cu(s,s)/TiCu2Al/TiCu Ni + Ag-rich layer/GH4169/nano-oxide layer/glass/Mg3(BO3)F3+MgO + MgF2 reaction layer/MgF2 was formed. The GH4169-interlayer exhibited adaptive compatibility though its interaction with AgCu and BBZ glass fillers, effectively accommodating strong interface bonding and thermal mismatch stress between TA15 and MgF2 substrates. It shows an excellent shear strength (32 MPa, at room temperature) as well as thermal cycling stability without any cracking or spallation observed after the 20 thermal shock cycles between room temperature and 300 °C. It provides valuable insights into designing highly reliable ceramic/metal joints that demonstrate superior stability and adaptability in specific applications.

Comparative Assessments of Dental Resin Composites: A Focus on Dense Microhybrid Materials.

The performance of dental resin composites is crucially influenced by the sizes and distributions of inorganic fillers. Despite the investigation of a variety of functional particles, glass fillers and nanoscale silica are still the predominant types in dental materials. However, achieving an overall improvement in the performance of resin composites through the optimization of their formulations remains a challenge. This work introduced a "dense" microhybrid filler system with 85 wt % filler loading, leading to the preparation of self-developed resin composites (SRCs). Comparative evaluations of these five SRCs against four commercial products were performed, including mechanical property, polymerization conversion, and shrinkage, along with water sorption and solubility and wear resistance. The results showed that among all SRC groups, SRC3 demonstrated superior mechanical performance, high polymerization conversion, reduced shrinkage, low water absorption and solubility, and acceptable wear resistance. In contrast to commercial products, this optimal SRC3 material was comparable to Z350 XT in flexural and diametral tensile strength and better in flexural modulus and surface hardness. The use of a "dense" microhybrid filler system in the development of resin composites provides a balance between physicochemical property and wear resistance, which may be a promising strategy for the development of composite products.

Investigating the Effect of Processing and Material Parameters of Alginate Dialdehyde-Gelatin (ADA-GEL)-Based Hydrogels on Stiffness by XGB Machine Learning Model.

To address the limitations of alginate and gelatin as separate hydrogels, partially oxidized alginate, alginate dialdehyde (ADA), is usually combined with gelatin to prepare ADA-GEL hydrogels. These hydrogels offer tunable properties, controllable degradation, and suitable stiffness for 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering applications. Several processing variables affect the final properties of the hydrogel, including degree of oxidation, gelatin content and type of crosslinking agent. In addition, in 3D-printed structures, pore size and the possible addition of a filler to make a hydrogel composite also affect the final physical and biological properties. This study utilized datasets from 13 research papers, encompassing 33 unique combinations of ADA concentration, gelatin concentration, CaCl2 and microbial transglutaminase (mTG) concentrations (as crosslinkers), pore size, bioactive glass (BG) filler content, and one identified target property of the hydrogels, stiffness, utilizing the Extreme Boost (XGB) machine learning algorithm to create a predictive model for understanding the combined influence of these parameters on hydrogel stiffness. The stiffness of ADA-GEL hydrogels is notably affected by the ADA to GEL ratio, and higher gelatin content for different ADA gel concentrations weakens the scaffold, likely due to the presence of unbound gelatin. Pore size and the inclusion of a BG particulate filler also have a significant impact on stiffness; smaller pore sizes and higher BG content lead to increased stiffness. The optimization of ADA-GEL composition and the inclusion of BG fillers are key determinants to tailor the stiffness of these 3D printed hydrogels, as found by the analysis of the available data.

Experimental analysis of mechanical properties of e-waste composite materials with dual glass fibers

This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical characteristics and application of e-waste as a filler for glass fiber composites made of S and E (e-waste + S E). Metal, printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, diodes, and transistors were separated from the e-waste filler during milling. S and E glass fiber, epoxy, and filler were utilized in proportions of 10%, 10%, and 70%, respectively, on a volume basis. The hand lay-up technique was used to construct composite specimens. Scanning electron microscope analysis was used to gauge how filler loading affected the morphology of composite materials. The composite has a compressive strength of 23.760 MPa, which is 69.71% higher than the Geo poly composite. The tensile strength of this composite is withstood up to 16.078 MPa. It has 53% better tensile properties than Sunflower Husk composites with the same operating conditions. It gives a resistance up to 42 D during hardness test to withstand. It was 15.6% better than the NF30% epoxy composite specimen. The e-waste + S E composite gives a great opposite force of up to 2 kJ on the impact load test.; it was 86.9% higher than fly ash epoxy composites.

Bioactivity of human dental pulp-derived stem cells with boron-controlled S-PRG filler eluate by anion exchange.

Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler is a bioactive glass filler capable of releasing various ions. A culture medium to which was added an S-PRG filler eluate rich in boron was reported to enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSC). To clarify the role of boron eluted from S-PRG fillers, the modified S-PRG filler eluate with different boron concentrations was prepared by using an anion exchange material. Therefore, elemental mapping analysis of anion exchange material, adsorption ratio, hDPSCs proliferation and ALP activity were evaluated. For statistical analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test was used, with statistical significance determined at p<0.05. ALP activity enhancement was not observed in hDPSC cultured in the medium that contained the S-PRG filler eluate from which boron had been removed. The result suggested the possibility that an S-PRG filler eluate with controlled boron release could be useful for the development of novel dental materials.

Development of a Polyethylene Glycol/Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Binder System for a Borosilicate Glass Filler Suitable for Injection Molding.

Powder injection molding is an established, cost effective and often near-net-shape mass production process for metal or ceramic parts with complex geometries. This paper deals with the extension of the powder injection molding process chain towards the usage of a commercially available borosilicate glass and the realization of glass compounds with huge densities. The whole process chain consists of the individual steps of compounding, molding, debinding, and sintering. The first part, namely, the search for a suitable feedstock composition with a very high solid load and reliable molding properties, is mandatory for the successful manufacture of a dense glass part. The most prominent feature is the binder composition and the related comprehensive rheological characterization. In this work, a binder system consisting of polyethylene glycol and polymethylmethacrylate with stearic acid as a surfactant was selected and its suitability for glass injection molding was evaluated. The influence of all feedstock components on processing and of the process steps on the final sintered part was investigated for sintered glass parts with densities around 99% of the theoretical value.

Enhanced comprehensive performance of Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glass filler for SiC brazing by Li2O additive

Effects of Li2O additive on the network structure, crystallization behavior, thermal expansion properties and wettability of Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glass were investigated. The results showed that Li2O could depolymerize the network structure, decreasing the characteristic temperatures of glass. The coefficient of thermal expansion of glasses varied from 5.09×10−6 K−1 to 8.03×10−6 K−1 by changing the Li2O addition and heat treatment process. Meanwhile, Li2O inhibited the crystallization of high-melting phases, consequently improving the fluidity of molten glass. The glass with 3 wt% Li2O showed an excellent wettability on SiC ceramic with a contact angle of 18°, and a sound joint mainly consisted of glassy phase was obtained at 1430 ℃ for 30 min. The prepared joints exhibited a shear strength of 119.7±20.3 MPa, which is 5.4 times of that without Li2O. After 3 times of water-quenching from 1200 ℃, the joints remained 68.4% of its original strength, demonstrating graceful reliability.