Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Research Articles

Performance of Combined Woven Roving and Mat Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Under Absorption Tower Lifting Loads.

This study investigates the structural integrity of a glass-fiber reinforced polymer absorption tower during lifting operations, evaluating factors of safety and stress distribution for both horizontal and vertical scenarios. A key focus is the comparative analysis of surface and volumetric meshing techniques in finite element modeling. Results demonstrate that surface models achieve comparable stress predictions to computationally intensive volumetric models, significantly reducing computational demands without compromising accuracy. For instance, stress at the flange edge with holes was accurately captured using a surface model with 5675 elements (12.79 MPa), yielding similar results to a volumetric model requiring over 94,000 elements (13.37 MPa). Similar computational efficiency and agreement between modeling approaches were observed at the packing support ring-shell joint. Finite element analysis employing Hashin's failure criterion, informed by industry-standard experimental data, revealed safety factors ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 for horizontal lifting and four for vertical lifting. These safety factors indicate sufficient margins for safe operation. While these findings support the feasibility of both lifting methods, further investigation is recommended to address the lower safety factors observed in specific horizontal lifting scenarios. A comprehensive assessment incorporating industry standards, dynamic load effects, and potential mitigation strategies is crucial to ensure the long-term structural integrity of the GFRP absorption tower.

Enhancement of mechanical and tribological properties in glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ANN-based COF prediction

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites on their mechanical and tribological properties. Experimental results demonstrated significant enhancements across various parameters. Microhardness increased by 25.03%, attributed to improved interfacial bonding and load transfer facilitated by MWCNTs. Tensile strength and modulus improved by 10.58% and 28.2%, respectively, indicating reinforced load-bearing capacity. Flexural strength and modulus increased by 33.78% and 36.29%, respectively, due to enhanced interfacial bonding. Inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) exhibited a notable increase of 20.79% with MWCNT incorporation. Ity mpact toughness improved by 19.41% in Izod and 32.32% in Charpy tests, attributed to MWCNTs’ energy-dissipating properties and enhanced interfacial bonding. Tribological tests showed decreased wear and friction coefficients, along with reduced debris formation and fiber breakage in SEM analysis, indicating improved bonding between the matrix and fibers. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model accurately predicted the coefficient of friction, aligning well with experimental values, offering potential for predictive modeling in composite material analysis. Overall, the incorporation of MWCNTs significantly enhanced mechanical properties and wear resistance of the composite material.

Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites

Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites

Crushing behavior of GFRP composite-reinforced PVC tubes: Experimental testing and numerical simulation

This paper introduces glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) tubes, both corrugated and non-corrugated, designed as energy absorber devices. The PVC tubes were externally and internally reinforced with GFRP composite oriented at ±45∘ and subjected to quasi-static axial compression tests. Results indicated that all reinforced tubes exhibited significantly higher load-bearing capacity, energy absorption capability, and crushing force efficiency compared to standard PVC tubes. Among the tested specimens, externally reinforced corrugated tubes demonstrated the highest specific energy absorption (SEA), surpassing other configurations by 17.5 kJ/kg when considering both pre- and post-crushing stages combined. However, these corrugated specimens showed instability during crushing, reflected in poor instantaneous crush force efficiency (iCFE) and the lowest iCFE among the composite tubes, with an average decrease of 43.59%.The corrugation notably increased the initial peak load, enhancing energy absorption in the pre-crushing stage without compromising the stability of crush force efficiency (CFE). Additionally, the combination of external and internal reinforcement significantly improved CFE and iCFE. Consequently, the PVC tubes combining corrugation with both external and internal reinforcement emerged as the best-performing configuration among all tested tubes.Furthermore, a 3D Finite Element (FE) model was developed using ABAQUS FE code with user-defined subroutines to simulate the crushing process. The constitutive models and numerical procedures employed are detailed. The FE model’s predictions showed a satisfactory correlation with experimental results, providing valuable insights into the crushing mechanics and offering a predictive tool for future design optimizations.

Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Areca, Pineapple and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Aerospace Applications

In the current scenario, the focus on applying natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites in aerospace applications has increased tremendously due to their attractive characteristics such as lightweight, higher strength-to-weight ratio, good thermal stability at environmental temperatures, resistance to corrosion, sound absorbing capability and increased fuel efficiency. Further, studies on Bi-directionally oriented fiber composites have more advantages than the random or unidirectional orientation, such as uniform stress distribution and improved bonding at the interface. So, the present work focuses on using the Areca, Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) and Glass fiber as the bi-directional fiber mat for reinforcing it into Epoxy polymer. The three different materials were fabricated by changing the fiber type with constant volume fraction and orientation. The martial characterization was done on the fabricated composites in order to evaluate their orientation effectiveness through density, moisture absorption, tensile, impact, hardness and thermal degradation. The bonding relationship was analyzed through a Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the properties obtained were higher for the PALF composite than the areca composites due to the fact that the higher surface area of PALF fibers is confirmed through SEM analysis.

GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Columns: State-of-the-Art, Behavior, and Research Needs

This comprehensive review paper delves into the utilization of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites within the realm of concrete column reinforcement, spotlighting the surge in structural engineering applications that leverage GFRP instead of traditional steel to circumvent the latter’s corrosion issues. Despite a significant corpus of research on GFRP-reinforced structural members, questions about their compression behavior persist, making it a focal area of this review. This study evaluates the properties of GFRP bars and their impact on the structural behavior of concrete columns, addressing variables such as concrete type and strength, cross-sectional geometry, slenderness ratio, and reinforcement specifics under varied loading protocols. With a dataset spanning over 250 publications from 1988 to 2024, our findings reveal a marked increase in research interest, particularly in regions like China, Canada, and the United States, highlighting GFRP’s potential as a cost-effective and durable alternative to steel. However, gaps in current knowledge, especially concerning Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) reinforced with GFRP, underscore the necessity for targeted research. Additionally, the contribution of GFRP rebars to compressive column capacity ranges from 5% to 40%, but current design codes and standards underestimate this, necessitating new models and design provisions that accurately reflect GFRP’s compressive behavior. Moreover, this review identifies other critical areas for future exploration, including the influence of cross-sectional geometry on structural behavior, the application of GFRP in seismic resistance, and the evaluation of the size effect on column strength. Furthermore, the paper calls for advanced studies on the long-term durability of GFRP-reinforced structures under various environmental conditions, environmental and economic impacts of GFRP usage, and the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in predicting the performance of GFRP-reinforced columns. Addressing these research gaps is crucial for developing more resilient and sustainable concrete structures, particularly in seismic zones and harsh environmental conditions, and fostering advancements in structural engineering through the adoption of innovative, efficient construction practices.

Characterization of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Characterization of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Nano aluminum nitride fillers for enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of GFRP in cryogenic temperature settings

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites, with epoxy resin or a blend of cyanate and epoxy resins as the matrix, have been used as insulating materials of high-field, large-scale superconducting magnets for accelerators and magnetic confinement fusion. However, the GFRP does not fully meet the requirements for the next generation of magnetic confinement fusion with respect to the mechanical and thermal performance at cryogenic temperature and huge electromagnetic stress. This paper introduces a method for enhancing both the mechanical and thermal properties of the GFRP composites using aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles. The fabrication of the AlN-GFRP composite involved a method that combines “dip absorption” with vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The dip absorption method was utilized to deposit AlN nanopowders onto glass fibers, resulting in the preparation of AlN-glass fiber layers. Subsequently, the AlN-woven glass fibers were incorporated to reinforce the cyanate ester/epoxy based composites using the VARTM technology. The mechanical and thermal properties of the AlN-GFRP composites were assessed across varying temperatures. The results indicate that the short-beam shear strength (SBS strength) of the AlN-GFRP composites improves at cryogenic temperatures compared to that of the GFRP composites without AlN. Additionally, enhanced thermal conductivities are observed across different temperature ranges for the AlN-GFRP composites. The coefficient of thermal expansion between 77 K and 300 K of the composites significantly decreases with the addition of the AlN nanopowders.

Rubber concrete reinforced with macro fibers recycled from waste GFRP composites: Mechanical properties and environmental impact analysis

With the rapid growth of the automotive industry, a huge amount of tires have been produced, which inevitably led to the accumulation of scrap tires. A typical disposal routine is using scrap tires as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in concrete, producing so-called rubber concrete. However, the detrimental effects of rubber particles on concrete properties have been identified, which, to some content, hinders their broader application. The discrete fiber addition is shown to be effective in minimizing this detrimental effect, and this paper has therefore attempted to introduce macro fiber produced from waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) into the rubber concrete system. Three series of specimens for compression, splitting, and flexural testing were tested. The test variables include concrete type (i.e., normal concrete, rubber concrete, and modified rubber concrete); and macro fiber content (i.e., 0–2 %). In addition, the inverse analysis is performed to transform the flexural test response into the tensile constitutive law of the fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). The test results revealed macro fibers have little effect on the compressive strength of normal concrete and rubber concrete and a detrimental effect on that of modified rubber concrete. Incorporated fibers notably improve the splitting and flexural performance of normal concrete and rubber concrete. In addition, the cost and environmental impact analysis revealed that the addition of recycling products increases the concrete cost and results in a maximum reduction of carbon emissions by 17.3 % and embodied energy emissions by 80 %.

Investigation of effects of environmental conditions on wear behaviors of glass fiber reinforced polyester composite materials

AbstractGlass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites can be subjected to different environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, hydrothermal cycle, acidic and alkaline solution in environments where they operate. These environmental conditions cause different damage mechanisms in composites such as pore formation, micro‐cracks, delamination, fiber breakage, fiber/matrix interface separation, plasticization, swelling and surface color change. In this study, wear properties of hybrid glass fiber reinforced polymer composites exposed to various environmental conditions for constant load (60 N), speed (500 rpm) and 2 h were examined comprehensively, depending on material content and environmental conditions. In this experimental study, the service conditions in glass fiber reinforced composites were simulated using different artificial aging environments such as acidic environment, hydrothermal cycle and UV radiation. In addition to the material content, it appears that the environmental conditions to which composites are exposed has a significant effect on friction coefficient. Considering environmental conditions, it is seen that the acid environment and hydrothermal cycle have reduced wear resistance of GFRP composites, while UV radiation improved wear resistance of the composites. In C2 sample, the wear rates under different conditions are 1.87 × 10−14 m3/Nm in non‐treated sample, 6.05 × 10−14 m3/Nm in acid environment, 4.79 × 10−14 m3/Nm in hydrothermal cycle and 0.59 × 10−14 m3/Nm in UV radiation.Highlights Friction coefficient of glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) is higher under aged condition compared to non‐treated. Glass fibers used in correct proportions can reduce friction coefficient in GFRP. GFRP exposed to environmental conditions has an important effect on wear. Acid environment and hydrothermal cycle has reduced wear resistance of GFRP. UV radiation improved wear resistance of GFRP composite.

Sandwich-structured electrospun polyvinylidene difluoride sensor for structural health monitoring of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites

Stress monitoring and interlaminar failure detection attract much attention in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) structural health monitoring area. However, due to limitations of sensing or electrode materials, existing embedding sensors cannot be designed to have both of the abilities without sacrificing mechanical properties. This work fabricated a sandwich-structured sensor, which is composed of three layers of electrospun polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The upper and lower electrodes are flexible membranes that ensure stable signal collection in the rigid GFRP material system. The sensor can quantitatively monitor the stress based on piezoelectric effect, and interlaminar crack propagation based on parallel plate capacitors. The voltage and capacitance values have a linear relationship with the stress level and crack length (R-square of the functions is 0.999 and 0.933), respectively. Due to the porous microstructure of electrospun membranes, polymer matric can well infiltrate the polyvinylidene difluoride nanofibers while preparing the sensor embedded GFRP. Thus, the perfect bonding of the sensor within GFRP ensures the effective sensing abilities until sample failure and negligible effect (< -7%) on the mechanical properties of GFRP.

Strengthening of RC Beam with GFRP Composites in Shear N. B. Bhopale

The rehabilitation, repair and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is essential due to factors such as aging, steel reinforcement corrosion, construction/design defects, increased service loads demand, seismic events, and advancements in design guidelines. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are now being recognized as a promising material for the rehabilitation of such structures, through strengthening or repairing. In buildings and bridges, RC sections are commonly found in the form of beams and girders. Shear failure of RC beams is particularly due to its sudden occurrence without warning. Therefore, the utilization of externally bonded (EB) FRP composites for shear strengthening of RC beams has gathered popularity as a structural enhancement technique, primarily due to advantages of FRP composites, such as high strength-to- weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance. In addition, FRP repair systems give a cost-saving choice to traditional repair methods and materials. A study was performed to analyse the shear characteristics of RC beams enhanced with continuous glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Reinforced concrete beams externally bonded GFRP sheets subjected to failure using a symmetrical two-point concentrated static loading system. The experimental data obtained included load, deflection, and failure modes of each beam, along with the effect of the number of GFRP layers on the beams The failures observed in strengthened beams typically commence with the debonding of the FRP sheets, followed by brittle shear failure. The shear capacities of these beams were higher than that of the control beam.

Influence of Fiber Type on Electrical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Insulation Panel Applications

Influence of Fiber Type on Electrical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Insulation Panel Applications

Impact characteristics of S2-glass fibre/FM94-epoxy composites under high and cryogenic temperatures: Experimental and numerical investigation

The aerospace industry uses glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites to manufacture structural and non-structural parts of an aircraft as they possess superior strength to weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance. Commercial aircraft operate in a very wide temperature ranges from −54 to 55 °C. Potential GFRP laminates are susceptible to impact during aircraft operation, and the temperature at impact governs the nature of damage and failure mechanisms. As a result, the current study focuses on examining how aeronautical GFRP composites behave in various temperature environments that are encountered during high- and low-altitude operations. Using S2-glass fibre/FM94-epoxy unidirectional prepreg, GFRP plates were created. Drop weight impact tests were conducted at ambient (25 °C), high (50, 75, 100 °C), and low (−25, −55 °C) temperatures, as well as at various impact energies (75, 150, 225 J). The damages were assessed visually, along with their sizes. Each testing scenario's impact parameters, including the impact load, deflection, and energy absorption, were also examined. In Abaqus/Explicit, a coupled temperature-displacement numerical model was created to predict the onset of stress and damage. According to experimental findings, GFRP plates are stiffer and show less apparent damage at cryogenic temperatures (∼15−34 % lower displacement) than they do at other temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that the matrix softens at high temperatures, showing larger damaged area at entry but with less obvious damage and increasing energy absorption, while semi-perforation occurred under cryogenic temperatures at entry with smaller damaged area. A strong correlation is shown between the experimental and FE data, confirming the capability of FE models to predict impact damage and deflections at different temperatures in the future.

Applying optical coherence tomography to inline quality monitoring of unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tapes

Originally developed for biomedical applications and diagnosis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently been demonstrated to be a powerful non-destructive and non-invasive measurement method for detecting defects in glass-fiber reinforced polymer composites. While previous studies have focused mainly on the use of OCT in the analysis of thermoset composites, we were able to show in offline experiments that OCT can be used to quickly detect typical defects (e.g., dry fiber regions, gaps and fiber breakage) in thermoplastic unidirectional (UD) tapes at high resolution. To investigate the applicability of OCT to inline monitoring, we advanced our previously published approach in two major steps: First, we incorporated the OCT system into an industrial-scale UD-tape production line, and derived optimal settings for inline detection of dry region defects from a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) to find an optimal balance between accuracy and data size for a stationary tape sample by varying A-scan sampling rate, A-scan averaging and OCT transverse travel velocity. Second, using these optimal settings, we went on to investigate moving tapes over a range of industrially relevant take-off speeds. Microscopy was used for validation in both cases. We developed a fast and robust statistical analysis of B-scans that visualizes the quality of full cross-sections in an interpretable manner for potential use in a real-time setting. Within an industrially relevant production speed range of up to 15 m/min, we are thus now able to investigate 120 mm wide (and potentially wider) UD tapes inline at a transverse resolution of 22 µm, producing only 21 MB of data per measurement.

Nonlinear dynamic study of FG-GFRC-NPR structures

The functionally graded glass fibre-reinforced polymer composite(FG-GFRC) is one of the contemporary sophisticated materials that may be employed for a variety of technical purposes. The shock absorption capacity of FG-GFRP laminates can be improved by incorporating auxetic property (i.e., negative Poisson's ratio NPR) in the structures, which can be attained by a particular stacking sequence of glass fibres (GF) and a different percentage of GF distribution along the thickness direction within the FG-GFRP structure. The nonlinear dynamic behaviour of such structures must be investigated. The clamped-clamped FG-GFRP-NPR structure is stimulated under a uniform transverse load distribution in the current work. Based on the higher-order shear deformation theory (SDT), the displacement field and nonlinear stress–strain relationship are derived. The nonlinear differential equation with cubic non-linear components were derived using Hamilton’s principle and transformed using Galerkin’s technique and obtained governing equation of motion. MATLAB has been used to conduct all numerical simulations. A time series, a phase picture and a Poincare diagram (PCM) were generated to characterize the vibration behavior of such auxetic structures.

Defect Detection of GFRP Composites through Long Pulse Thermography Using an Uncooled Microbolometer Infrared Camera.

The detection of impact and depth defects in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites has been extensively studied to develop effective, reliable, and cost-efficient assessment methods through various Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques. Challenges in detecting these defects arise from varying responses based on the geometrical shape, thickness, and defect types. Long Pulse Thermography (LPT), utilizing an uncooled microbolometer and a low-resolution infrared (IR) camera, presents a promising solution for detecting both depth and impact defects in GFRP materials with a single setup and minimal tools at an economical cost. Despite its potential, the application of LPT has been limited due to susceptibility to noise from environmental radiation and reflections, leading to blurry images. This study focuses on optimizing LPT parameters to achieve accurate defect detection. Specifically, we investigated 11 flat-bottom hole (FBH) depth defects and impact defects ranging from 8 J to 15 J in GFRP materials. The key parameters examined include the environmental temperature, background reflection, background color reflection, and surface emissivity. Additionally, we employed image processing techniques to classify composite defects and automatically highlight defective areas. The Tanimoto Criterion (TC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of LPT both for raw images and post-processed images. The results demonstrate that through parameter optimization, the depth defects in GFRP materials were successfully detected. The TC success rate reached 0.91 for detecting FBH depth defects in raw images, which improved significantly after post-processing using Canny edge detection and Hough circle detection algorithms. This study underscores the potential of optimized LPT as a cost-effective and reliable method for detecting defects in GFRP composites.

Comparison of the dynamic characteristics of GFRP, CFRP, and hybrid composites subjected to repeated low‐velocity impact

AbstractThe current study used the vacuum‐assisted hand lay‐up method (VAHLM) to manufacture glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP), and glass/carbon fiber‐reinforced hybrid composites to examine the influences of fiber materials and hybridization on the repeated low‐velocity impact (LVI) responses. In this regard, the manufactured composites were exposed to repeated LVI loading at 3 m/s under 25.2 J impact energy, and thus dynamic characteristics such as total impulse, contact/bending stiffness, interaction time, peak force/displacement, and absorbed‐rebounded energies depending on the impact number were acquired. LVI tests were continued until penetration was observed in the composites, at which point the penetration threshold numbers for each composite type were acquired. Furthermore, the macro‐scale damage analyses depending on the impact number were gradually examined, and the impacts of hybridization and fiber material on the damage mechanisms were determined. The study found that GFRP, hybrid and CFRP composites had the highest impact resistance, respectively, and that glass fiber‐reinforcement is well‐suited for applications that require higher impact resistance. When the average penetration threshold numbers for the composites were examined, it was observed that GFRP composites had approximately five times higher penetration threshold numbers than CFRP composites and that hybrid specimens exhibited similar properties to CFRP composites in terms of impact resistance. This scenario was linked to the various deformation capabilities of glass and carbon fibers, and it was concluded that the high‐deformation capability of the fibers improved the penetration threshold numbers.Highlights Effects of hybridization and fiber material on LVI responses were examined. Fiber material has a significant influence on impact resistance. Penetration threshold number can be associated with the fibers' strain capability. The adhesion factor plays an active role in the damage of hybrid specimens.

Mechanical and thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer-clay nanocomposites

Abstract The effect of Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay on static mechanical and thermal characteristcs of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is studied. The static tensile properties of epoxy/MMT nanoclay, which are important properties of GFRP composites, are investigated. The predicted stress-strain curves of epoxy with 0 and 1 wt.% of nanoclay follow experiments. The predicted elastic modulus and tensile strength of epoxy with 3 wt.% of nanoclay are 74 and 230% higher than neat epoxy. For GFRP composites with 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of MMT nanoclays, the measured tensile strengths are 587, 600, 628, and 724 MPa, and flexural strengths are 626, 726, 906, and 542 MPa. For composites with former nanoclays, interlaminar shear strengths are 23, 25, 31, and 28 MPa, and Izod impact strengths are 83, 94, 207, and 145 kJ/m2. Thus, mechanical strengths of composites with 0–5 wt.% of nanoclays improve considerably than pristine sample. The predicted static tensile stress-strain curves of GFRP composites with above nanoclays follow experimental behavior. For GFRP composites with 0 and 1 wt.% of MMT nanoclays, glass transition temperatures are 91 and 101°C, and storage moduli at ambient temperature are 35 and 41 GPa. The thermal conductivities of GFRP composites with 0, 1, and 3 wt.% of MMT nanoclays at ambient temperature are 0.32, 0.36, and 0.42 W/(m·K). Thus, thermal properties of composites are affected significantly on addition of nanoclays.

Improving tensile properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites based on enhanced multiphase structure: The modification of resin systems and glass fibers

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites have been widely used as reinforced materials in marine engineering due to their good corrosion resistance and economic benefits. However, the mechanical properties of GFRP are lower than that of composites reinforced by carbon and aramid fibers etc. Methods to improve the mechanical properties of GFRP received ongoing attention. GFRP have various mechanical properties due to the characteristics of its multiple phases. This study developed an optimized processing method based on multiphase structures for GFRP composites, significantly enhancing the tensile properties of GFRP laminates. The modified GFRP can be produced efficiently by this method to meet more utilization situations in marine engineering. The influence of curing agents, silane coupling agents (SCA)-treated glass fibers (GFs), and nanomaterials on GFRP's tensile properties was investigated. The findings reveal a 10.64 % increase in the characteristic load of GF bundles due to the improved bonding between fibers by SCA. Besides, the contact angle between SCA-treated GFs and epoxy resin shows a significant reduction (26.69 %). Variations in ply thickness and resin system distinctly influence the tensile properties and failure modes of GFRP laminates. Laminates with 4-ply GF fabrics facilitate more effective load transfer across the matrix-fiber boundary, yielding optimal tensile properties for GFRP. Epoxy/phenolic amine resin system with more reactive functional groups (-OH) enhances the fiber-resin bonding, further improving the tensile properties of GFRP. The enhancement mechanism of the multiphase structure in GFRP was elucidated by microscale characterization, indicating that the multiphase structures in GFRP, enhanced by SCA, nanomaterials, and functional curing agents, significantly improve its tensile properties.