Glass Color Research Articles

Nanosecond Laser-induced Coloration of Radiation Resistant Lead Glasses

Nanosecond Laser-induced Coloration of Radiation Resistant Lead Glasses

Composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products

Glass products are an important material evidence of the early trade exchanges between China and the West. Under the influence of buried environment, the weathering of glass leads to the change of its chemical composition proportion, which then affects the judgment of cultural relic category. This paper analyzes and identifies the components of ancient glass products by combining sample data.In order to analyze the influencing factors of weathering of cultural relics samples, the paper analyzes the high potassium and lead barium glass types and observes the relationship between the pattern and color of the sample, and the whole chi square independence test is used to obtain the difference rules of glass category, decoration and color classification. For the chemical composition content prediction, the prediction model was built and predicted by the sample mean difference.In this paper, the chemical composition of the unknown category of glass relics was analyzed and identified by training on the valid data in Form 2. For the sensitivity of the classification results, the sensitivity formula was applied to calculate a sensitivity of 0.125.

Composition identification of ancient glass products based on cluster analysis

The Silk Road was a passage for the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures in ancient times, and glass was a valuable physical evidence of early trade exchanges. The main raw material of glass is quartz sand, and the main chemical composition is silicon dioxide (SiO2). Due to the high melting point of pure quartz sand, in order to reduce the melting temperature, it is necessary to add flux during refining. Since different materials can cause glass products to have different properties, the classification of glass products is worth studying. In this paper, a composition analysis and identification model of glass products is developed. First of all, the relationship between surface weathering and glass type, ornamentation and color of glass cultural relics is studied, and after the chemical composition content is counted, the chemical composition content before weathering is predicted according to the weathering point detection data.

Research on the composition analysis and identification model of ancient glass products

There are many kinds of ancient glass in China, each with its own characteristics, which not only has artistic and practical value, but also deserves more attention for its historical and scientific value. The ancient glass is the witness of history and the carrier of civilization. The study of ancient glass is of great significance for excavating the value of cultural relics and inheriting Chinese civilization. This paper will study the chemical composition of these glass relics, analyze the difference between the composition and content of different types of glass, and establish a model to solve the problem of distinguishing and identifying cultural relics:Firstly, the correlation analysis of the relationship between certain variables such as weathering, type, texture and color of glass products is conducted by spearman rank correlation coefficient, and the conclusion is drawn that surface weathering is strongly related to glass type and texture, and is strongly related to glass color. Because the chemical composition will affect some physical (such as color) and chemical properties of glass, on the basis of this conclusion, the correlation analysis is carried out by using Lambda correlation measurement method and Goodman Guluska tau-y coefficient for chi square test, and the conclusions are drawn: ① High potassium glass is easy to be weathered, while lead barium glass is not easy to be weathered;② Class AC is easy to be weathered, while Class B is not easy to be weathered; ③ Light blue and blue-green glass is easily weathered. Firstly, the two types of glass are divided into four categories according to surface weathering, and the statistical rules of the content of each component before and after weathering are obtained by comparing and analyzing the content differences of each component before and after weathering; In the third part, the chemical composition content was predicted by means of mean ratio and regression model, and the results were obtained.In this paper, the classification rule is obtained through discriminant analysis, and the discriminant function is determined by Wilke Lanbda test showed that the classification rule was statistically significant; Secondly, based on K-means clustering algorithm, the two types of glass are divided into subcategories by Elbow Method, interval statistics and Silhouette Coefficients), Canopy algorithm, etc. determine the number of clusters as 3, and obtain specific classification results with mathematical software. Finally, the gray correlation analysis shows that the average values of various correlation degrees are large, that is, the samples within each classification are close to each other, indicating that the classification is reasonable. The classification sensitivity is obtained by comparing the content of main chemical components with the original classification results.

Variasi Warna Kaca pada Media Pengeringan terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Mikrobiologi Permen Jeli Jahe (Zingiber officinale)

One step to producing ginger jelly candy is drying processing. Generally, this process is done by people using open drying method under the sunlight without considration of product quality eventhough it has lowcost production compare to conventional production that has been standarized. This research was to compare physical-chemical and microbiology characterization between variation of glass color in drying medium for ginger jelly candy (Zingiber officinale). Research methodology to analyze physical-chemical caharacterization consist of hedonic test (organoleptic), refractometre (Total Sugar), thermohygrometre (temperature and moisture) and gravymetre (moisture content), and microbiology characterization consist of total plate count for bacteria and fungi. Randomized complete design (oneway ANNOVA) result showed variation of glass color (P1 and P2) of drying medium was no effect on organoleptic result of ginjer jelly candy such as aroma (3.6 and 4.05), flavor (3.95 and 4.15), color (3.9 and 3.95) and texture (4.1 and 4.15) respectively, but it was effect to moisture content, total sugar and bacterial contamination numbers. Variation of glass color result from P1 was obtained higher compare to P2 on (21.43 % and 15.39 %) moisture content, (13.75 % and 11.75 %) total sugar and (22 cfu/g and 4.5 cfu/g) bacterial contamination numbers. Meanwhile, there was no growth of fungi contamination numbers on both treatments.

Design of Experiments (DoE) method for solar protective films via UV–Vis and NIR spectrophotometry measurements

Individual dosimetry and the shielding of sun rays are needed for people in homes, at workplaces and vehicles when exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) and/or Infrared Radiation (IR). Usually, the efficacy of Solar Protective Films (SPF) has been recognized as an important public health concern. So, this work aimed to verify, using the Design of Experiments (DoE) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) methods, the evaluation of solar films using the UV–Vis and NIR (Near Infrared) spectrophotometry technique for absorbance readings. In addition, the significance of the SPF manufacturing origin and glass color were evaluated. Four types of SPF, named G05, G20, G35 and WB, were tested and layered within dark and light glasses. The absorbance readings were used in a 2k factorial design analysis, then the one-way ANOVA Test and the Bonferroni Test were used to assess the statistical significance of each factor. The results showed that the statistical error, using the Root Mean Square Percentage Error (RMSPE) and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) methods, showed values less than 0.014% between the measured and the predicted ones, indicating excellent accuracy. In conclusion, DoE and MLR methods are suitable to be used in the investigation of the association between SPF and glass materials.

Do deep electrical discharges initiated by solar energetic particle events occur in the lunar regolith?

Theoretical modelling has suggested that the deposition of charged solar energetic particles in the lunar regolith can generate electric fields strong enough to cause millimeter-scale dielectric breakdown, and that these violent electric discharges are responsible for such space weathering effects as submicron iron particles, glass, low albedo and reddish color. It is shown that, when secondary electron emission and the particulate, porous, reentrant structure of the regolith are taken into account, electric fields sufficient to initiate breakdown are unlikely to occur there.

Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

Back-reflection-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (BRELIBS) on transparent materials: Application on archaeological glass

A straightforward and simple method has been proposed in the current work to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the LIBS spectrum of transparent samples. The idea is to benefit from a highly polished metallic reflector in direct contact with the rear surface of the transparent target. Copper and silver metals have been used as reflectors for the focused laser beam and force it to pass through the plasma plume induced initially onto the front surface of the target. The reflected laser beam reheats the plasma plume increasing the intensity of the light emitted from it. In such a case, the obtained LIBS spectrum accomplishes a pronounced increase in the signal-to-noise ratio compared to the spectrum obtained without a reflector. The new amendment of the LIBS technique setup has been exploited for the elemental analysis of colored glass fragments from archaeological Egyptian Synagogue windows. Quantitative analysis of the samples using the calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) approach has been performed. The results depicted three-to four-fold enhancement in the spectral lines' intensity depending on the glass color and thickness. The results have been validated by the quantitative analysis of the same samples via the Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The CF-BRELIBS results were in pronounced agreement with that of the EDX.The back-reflection-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (BRELIBS) can be applied to analyze numerous transparent target types such as different glass types, gemstone, plastics, polymers, etc.

Physical and Optical Properties of CuO doped in Glasses Prepared from Rice Husk Ash in Suphan Buri Province, Thailand

Glasses were prepared by rice husk ash (RHA) from Suphan Buri Province, Thailand. RHA was composed of SiO2 (95.932%), can be used instead of sand in the glass production. The glasses doped with CuO and composition of (40-x)SiO2(use RHA as SiO2): 20B2O3: 25Na2O: 15CaO: xCuO where x is 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mol%. The density and refractive index of the glasses trend increases, while the molar volume trend decreases with the increasing of CuO concentration. The absorption bands were showed with the peaks around 774 nm (2B1g → 2B2g). The color coordinate in CIE L*a*b* system confirmed the blue color in glasses was obtain by adding the CuO.

Lycurgus cup: the nature of dichroism in a replica glass having similar composition

The dichroic nature of Lycurgus cup glass exposed at British Museum and prepared by ancient roman glassmakers (IV c. AD) is still exciting the researchers minds and for this reason a series of replica glasses with optical properties and composition similar to Lycurgus cup glass has been prepared by secondary heat treatment. The glass microstructure has been investigated by SEM showing the occurrence of a phase separation in the form of droplets enriched with silica which crystallizes over time into the α-quartz. The phase separation is due to the Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ and P 2 O 5 species that could enter the glass batch occasionally as also made by Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs size has been estimated according to Mie theory. It has been proposed that the wine-red color in transmitted light is due to the absorption of light by the metal NPs, whereas the olive-green color of glass, in reflected light, is mainly caused by Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ absorption and Rayleigh scattering on droplets.

Surface coloration of Zr-based metallic glass by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation in ambient atmosphere

Coloring the surface of metallic glasses (MGs) would be beneficial to their industrial and commercial applications. In this study, by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation in ambient atmosphere, four kinds of surface color were successfully achieved for a typical Zr-based MG. All these four colorated MG surfaces mainly included two kinds of microstructures, i.e., the laser scanning tracks and micro/nanoscale particles. The chemical compositions of these four laser-irradiated surfaces were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated that kinds of oxides were formed on the irradiated surfaces. According to the XRD, EDS and XPS results, the cross-sectional characteristics as well as the comparative experiments in argon atmosphere, the surface color could be attributed to the interference of oxide films with different thicknesses. This study provides a simple and low-cost method for coloring MGs, which is expected to broaden their functional applications.

Optical transitions from hexavalent chromium in lithium-borate glasses

The melt-quenching technique was used to prepare a series of chromium-doped borate glasses with the composition xCr2O3–(70 − x) B2O3–30 Li2O–(x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mol %). The low-doping level here employed allowed to unambiguously identify well-defined near-edge Cr6+ optical transitions, and to precisely determine the optical band gap of the borate glass host. Additional Cr3+ transitions were observed in the visible regime, rendering a strong modulation of the glass color, from colorless to dark greenish, with Cr content. Both Cr6+ (after the charge transfer transformation into Cr5+) and Cr3+oxidation states and their variations with Cr doping were identified from electron spin resonance spectroscopy. All samples exhibit similar vibrational spectra dominated by BO3 and BO4 structural units, with the development of weak Cr6+ vibration with Cr doping. The present study provides structurally similar but optically active and tunable glass hosts suitable for various optical applications.

The Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Due to The Use of Glass Waste as Partial Substitution of Fine Aggregate

Increasing human awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and conserving natural resources requires concrete innovation as an environmentally friendly and sustainable material. Accumulated of solid waste begins to be processed and reused, one of which is as a constituent of concrete. Among the various types of solid waste, glass waste is considered as an alternative that can be used as a substitute for fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (split stone) and cement. This study investigated the use of mix coloured glass waste consisting of clear, green, and brown as partial substitution of sand in concrete. Although the glass colors were mixed, the proportion of each color had been determined in this study, namely 25%, 25%, and 50%. The purpose of determining these proportions is to find out which type of color glass has the most effect on concrete mix. The target characteristic strength of 25 MPa was produced by replacing sand with 20% of mix coloured waste glass. Three combinations of concrete mixes were prepared for this study. Compression tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. Workability of fresh concrete, density, compressive strength, and failure mode were investigated in this study. Results showed that the use of waste glass was able to increase the workability of fresh concrete. K1, K 2, and K3 obtained slump values which were 4%, 6,7%, and 1,3% higher than normal concrete. Normal concrete and all combinations exhibited similar density values. Only normal concrete achieved the characteristic strength of 25,7 MPa at 28 days. Meanwhile K1, K2, and K3 achieved strengths of 22,4 MPa, 22,1 MPa, and 24,7 MPa, respectively. It was evident that as workability values increased, the compressive strengths were noticed to reduce.

Reversible 3D optical data storage and information encryption in photo-modulated transparent glass medium

Transparent glass has been identified as a vital medium for three-dimensional (3D) optical information storage and multi-level encryption. However, it has remained a challenge for directly writing 3D patterning inside a transparent glass using semiconductor blue laser instead of high-cost femtosecond laser. Here, we demonstrate that rare earth ions doped transparent glass can be used as 3D optical information storage and data encryption medium based on their reversible transmittance and photoluminescence manipulation. The color of tungsten phosphate glass doped with rare earth ions change reversibly from light yellow to blue upon alternating 473 nm laser illumination and temperature stimulation, resulting in the reversible luminescence modulation. The information data could be repeatedly written and erased in arbitrary 3D space of transparent glass, not only showing the ability of the excellent reproducibility and storage capacity, but also opening opportunities in information security. The present work expands the application fields of luminescent glass, and it is conducive to develop a novel 3D data storage and information encryption media.

The chemistry of making color in art

In this review, the main technological processes involved in the production of color in glasses, ceramics and pigments are reported. Iron (as oxides or dispersed ion) is the main responsible of the color in archeological and historical ceramics and glasses, but other d-metals can be also found (Cu, Ag, Co, Cr, Ni) as nano-particles or dispersed ions. The final coloration is usually a result of the sapient choice of raw materials and firing conditions (temperature, atmosphere). Some pigments are chosen to represent the different, often sophisticated, chemical processes that have been used during the history to produce them: solid state reaction (Egyptian and Chinese Blue, Naples Yellow, Ultramarine Blue), host-guest complexation (Maya Blue), corrosion/redox processes (Lead White, Verdigris), wet/solution synthesis (Prussian Blue, Cadmium Yellow). In addition, a brief overview on the vast production of modern compounds (inorganic and mostly organic) is given. This review shows how behind the artistic choice and way of expression lies a high level of technological skill and chemical knowledge achieved/reached by (ancient) craftsmen to obtain the desired colors.

Calle Horno del Vidrio—Preliminary Study of Glass Production Remains Found in Granada, Spain, Dated to the 16th and 17th Centuries

A set of 14 glass fragments and production remains dated to the 16th and 17th centuries was collected during rescue archaeological works conducted in Granada, Spain, and was characterised by µ-PIXE. This preliminary study constitutes the first analytical approach to glass manufacturing remains from a Spanish production dated to the early-modern period. µ-PIXE allowed for the quantification of major, minor and some trace elements of the glass fragments. It also allowed mapping the elemental distribution on the fragments that were identified as an interface of crucible/glass. This analysis constitutes an evaluation of the ionic exchange between glass and crucible. The glass colours vary from the natural green and blue hues to completely colourless samples. The results show that the majority of the glass samples are of soda-lime-silicate composition, and only one proved to be of a potassium-rich composition. From this, one can hypothesise that glass rich in sodium (following the Mediterranean tradition) and potassium-rich glass (following a central and north European tradition) were both locally produced. Since this location was known as la Calle Horno del Vidrio (Glass Furnace Street) and several production evidences were found, it is highly probable that an artisanal glass production existed in this area.

The representation of skin colour in medieval stained glasses: The role of manganese

The present study concerns a corpus of 17 glass pieces representing character heads, originating from 11 major cathedrals and churches from North Western France and which constitute the masterpiece of stained glass windows. Skin complexion ranges from colourless to flesh-tone and purple. These glasses have been investigated using non-destructive and non-invasive techniques. Particle Induced X-ray Emission and Particle Induced Gamma Emission analyses at AGLAE show that these glass pieces show potassic plant ash glass compositions, typical to 12th −15th centuries. The compositional variability of the major glass components remains limited, similar to that found for single monuments, despite the diversity of geographic origins. The Mn and Ba concentrations follow a different trend in flesh-coloured or purple glasses and in colourless glasses, suggesting that the sources of Ba and Mn in these two kinds of glasses originated from different raw materials. Purple and flesh tone glasses contain more manganese than colourless glasses with an almost similar iron content. Synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and portable UV–visible-NIR optical absorption spectroscopy indicate that glass colour varies with results from Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Mn3+. The thickness of the glasses, about 3 mm, has been measured using ultrasound techniques. Its dispersion is similar in the various coloured glasses. This parameter mostly influences the colour saturation but not the hue. Obtaining flesh-coloured or purple glasses requires some control of the oxidation state of manganese during glass making. Divalent manganese is largely prevalent and the colour change from flesh-tone to purple hues is driven by small variations in the Mn3+ content. As these variations are not related to the Fe/Mn ratio, the resulting glass colour is difficult to predict on the only basis of glass composition. Due to the low kinetics for obtaining a redox equilibrium state between furnace atmosphere and the silicate melt, using Mn4+- and Mn3+-oxide minerals made it possible to favour oxidized melts, provided the glasses be taken out of the oven before redox equilibrium be reached: the shorter the melting time, the more oxidized will be resulting glass. This shows that medieval glassmakers were able to overcome the challenge of making glasses under highly oxidizing conditions to retaining enough oxidized manganese to favour flesh-tone and purple colours in wood-fuelled furnaces.

Koráliky z germánskej rezidencie v Cíferi-Páci (juhozápadné Slovensko) / Beads from the Germanic residence at Cífer-Pác (southwest Slovakia)

When compared with contemporary Germanic settlements, the assemblage of beads from the late antique elite residence at Cífer-Pác (Trnava district) is exceptional not only in the number of individual specimens but also in the variability of forms and materials used. Apart from usual types of glass beads, the assemblage also comprised specimens made from rare materials (marble, carnelian) and materials that appear exotic in the barbarian territory north of the Danube (sea coral, jade). They were identified with the help of natural scientific analyses and gemological methods (Raman spectroscopy). Absorption spectroscopy was used to analyse elements that influence the final glass colour.

Composition and Properties of Protective Coatings Made of Biologically-Derived Polyester Reactive Binder.

Biologically derived polymers are a very attractive subject for investigation, due to the strict pro-ecological requirements imposed by developed countries, including zero-waste and zero-carbon policies as well as volatile organic compound (VOC) limits. Synthesis of biologically-derived polyesters from natural rosin and bio-diols, showing softening temperatures suitable for application in VOC-free paints and varnishes, was performed to create a desired, future commercial product, that meet the aforementioned requirements regarding VOC and elimination of petroleum-based raw materials. Prepared polymers were used in the formulation of coating materials whose properties: cross-linking behavior, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, storage modulus, hardness, cupping resistance, adhesion, chemical resistance, gloss, haze, color, and anti-corrosive behavior in the salt chamber were investigated and discussed. As a result, coatings with prepared bio-polyesters contained over 80 wt.% of natural resources and showed competitive/better properties than petroleum-based references. They can be applied in the prototyping of “green” powder paints for the protection of steel substrates from corrosion and aggressive solvents.