Glass Coatings Research Articles

A novel fluorescence probe for ultrafast detection of SO2 derivatives/biogenic amines and its multi-application: Detecting food and fish freshness, fluorescent dye and bioimaging

In this study, we have effectively prepared a novel fluorescent probe named HDXM based on benzopyran derivatives for the ultrafast detection (within 3 s) of SO2 derivatives or biogenic amines. HDXM showed a noticeable color change after the addition of SO2 derivatives (from purple to colorless) or biogenic amines (from purple to blue), indicating that HDXM can identify two analytes with the naked eye. It is worth noting that HDXM can be used to detect SO2 derivatives in actual sugar samples, and to image HSO3−/SO32− in living cells. More importantly, sensing labels (HDXM-loaded filter paper or agarose hydrogel) enable real-time visual monitoring of salmon freshness through colorimetric and fluorescence dual channels. Compared with the Chinese national standard method, the sensing label is an effective tool for evaluating the freshness of fish. Benefiting from its excellent solubility and fluorescence performance, HDXM can be used as a versatile fluorescent material in various applications, including flexible films, glass coatings, impregnating dyes, printing, and fingerprint ink. HDXM is expected to be a promising and valuable multifunctional tool for food safety and fluorescent materials.

Tailoring the adhesion of electrophoretic chitosan/bioactive glass coatings by the combined surface pre-treatments of Ti substrates

Composite chitosan/bioactive glass coatings developed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) attract researchers' attention owing to their advantageous effect on the biological and corrosion responses of commonly used biomedical materials. However, fabricating a uniform coating with satisfactory adhesion to the biomaterials substrate is challenging, because chitosan and bioglass particles having different mobilities during the EPD process. Typically, attempts are made to improve adhesion by manipulating the EPD parameters. This work presents an alternative approach that involves combined mechanical and chemical pre-treatments of the Ti substrate. The surface pre-treatment procedure included shot peening and the following variants of acid etching: (i) HF etching, (ii) NaOH etching, and (iii) HF and NaOH etching. Shot peening followed by etching in HF and NaOH significantly improved the adhesion of the EPD coating. It was found that this effect was due to the development of a highly hydrophilic surface with micro- and nano-scale roughness.

Innovative Closed Cavity Façades (CCF) with Inner Shading and Advanced Coatings for Enhancing Thermal Performance in the Tropics

In its simplest terms, a closed-cavity façade (CCF) is a sealed, unventilated enclosure equipped with motorized shading devices, internal double or triple glazing, and external single glazing. This technology effectively controls solar energy and daylight entry into buildings. This research aims to enhance the thermal efficiency of CCFs in tropical climates using Venetian blinds (VB) and advanced glass coatings. EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder were employed to assess various CCF designs and compare them to a single glazing unit (SGU) with grey coatings. This was inspired by a residential case study on Penang Island, Malaysia. The findings indicate that CCFs surpass SGUs in thermal performance and occupant comfort, particularly in Malaysia’s humid tropical climate. CCFs reduced operating temperatures by a monthly percentage ranging from 33.5% to 68.75% in all operations. On an annual basis, temperature reductions ranged from 27.5% to 80.25%, with maximum decreases between 2 °C and 4 °C and minimum decreases between 0.5 °C and 1 °C compared to SGU units. The results show that CCFs outperform SGUs in thermal performance and comfort, reducing operating temperatures by 33.5% to 68.75% monthly and 27.5% to 80.25% annually. Temperature reductions ranged between 2 °C and 4 °C at maximum and 0.5 °C and 1 °C at minimum compared to SGU. Notably, Venetian blinds with nano-coatings (83/58) and low-E coatings (83/23) (Tvis/Tsol) were the most effective. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate coatings for CCFs, and demonstrates their potential in enhancing interior temperatures and comfort in Malaysia’s climate. The findings emphasize the significant impact of innovative glazing technologies on improving operational temperatures and occupant comfort using closed-cavity façades in the tropics.

Ternary photocatalyst of Fe3O4/Ag-SnO2 with Parkia speciosa extract improves visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of dye

SnO2 is a highly utilized and cost-effective photocatalyst in various industries, including industrial polishes, glass and ceramic coatings, building materials, and gas sensor systems. However, the light emission process has limitations due to the rapid recombination of electrons and holes. In order to overcome this issue, an innovative study was conducted in which a cheap and non-toxic plant extract precursor with phytochemicals was used as a capping agent. Fe3O4/Ag-dopedSnO2 nanocomposites with varied Ag and SnCl2 ratios were synthesized, and the samples were characterized using FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET surface analyses. Adding Ag to the nanocomposites slowed down the recombination of charge carriers. This made Fe3O4/Agx-SnyO2 (x:y = 1:1, 1:3, 3:1) a better photocatalyst than Fe3O4 or SnO2 alone. Rhodamine B, a model pollution dye, was decomposed under 50 W LED light to test the efficiency of the as-synthesized nanocomposite photodecomposition. When illuminated with LED light, the Fe3O4/Agx-SnyO2 (FAS3) (x:y=3:1) nanocomposite displayed increased photocatalytic activity. These results showed that excited charge electrons from SnO2 could move to the Ag conductive band to speed up charge pair separation. This would make the photocatalysis of Ag-doped SnO2 more effective at breaking down dye.

Hydrophobic glass and paper coatings based on plasma polymerized vegetable oils using a novel atmospheric pressure plasma concept

AbstractAtmospheric pressure plasma polymerization represents a promising coating technology, addressing drawbacks of traditional processes (solvent use, multistep procedures, etc.) while enabling deposition of thin cross‐linked polymer layers with high contour fidelity. We address technological challenges with a novel plasma device that integrates multiple plasma source benefits and investigate the suitability of two plant‐based precursors, chia and tung oil, for plasma polymerization to hydrophobize glass and paper. Chia oil enables the deposition of thin, covalently bonded hydrophobic polymer layers. Such coatings have diverse applications especially inside the paper industry, where water repellents in the form of internal and surface sizing have always been an essential functionalization step. Using bio‐based precursors and reducing extra chemicals contributes to substituting fossil‐based or harmful substances.

Development, characterization, and biological study of bioglass coatings 45S5 and BioK on zirconia implant surfaces.

Zirconia implants are gaining attention as a viable alternative to titanium implants due to their comparable osseointegration development, improved soft tissue adaptation, and enhanced aesthetics. An encouraging avenue for improving zirconia implant properties involves the potential application of bioactive coatings to their surfaces. These coatings have shown potential for inducing hydroxyapatite formation, crucial for bone proliferation, and improving implant mechanical properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coating zirconia implants with two bioactive glasses, 45S5 and BioK, on osteogenesis in vitro and osseointegration in vivo. Zirconia samples and implants were prepared using Zpex zirconia powder and blocks, respectively. The samples were divided into three groups: polished zirconia (ZRC), zirconia coated with 45S5 bioglass (Z + 45S5), and zirconia coated with BioK glass (Z + BK). Coatings were applied using a brush and sintered at 1200°C. Chemical analysis of the coatings was carried out using x-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Surface topography and roughness were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and a roughness meter. In vitro experiments used mesenchymal cells from Wistar rat femurs, and the coated zirconia implants were found to promote cell viability, protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization, indicating enhanced osteogenesis. In vivo experiments with 18 rats showed positive results for bone formation and osseointegration through histological and histomorphometric analysis and a push-out test. The findings indicate that bioactive glass coatings have the potential to improve cell differentiation, bone formation, and osseointegration in zirconia implants.

Effect of TiO2 on the thermal performance and emissivity of glass coatings

Deep space exploration missions pose significant challenges to the temperature stability and thermal management of electronic components in spacecraft.

Polymorphous nanostructured metallic glass coatings for corrosion protection of medical grade Ti substrate

Metallic glasses have received attention in the world of materials science and engineering due to their high mechanical and tribological properties. Thin film nanostructured metallic glasses have shown great prospects as surface coatings with increasing applications in biomedical areas for implants and surgical devices. In this work, we deposited titanium- and zirconium-based polymorphous thin film metallic glasses (Ti–Fe–Cu, Zr–Fe–Al, Zr–W–Cu) on medical-grade polished titanium substrate by co-sputtering using a PVD system. The corrosion behaviour of the films was investigated by exposing the samples to sterile simulated body fluid and examined using electrochemistry, microscopy, and spectroscopic analyses. The polymorphic properties of the films after exposure to simulated body fluid were observed by SEM and TEM. SEM analysis shows that the surface morphology of the exposed samples was found to vary significantly compared to their corresponding as-deposited samples. Electrochemical properties (Ecorr, Icorr, and OCV, impedance |Z|) demonstrated that the thin film metallic glasses were found to enhance the corrosion resistance of the substrate. Further investigations of the exposed films by XPS and Raman analyses have revealed that the induced oxide passive layer significantly enhanced the corrosion efficacy of the films on titanium substrate. Among the three samples, Zr–W–Cu coating has shown the highest corrosion protection almost 450 times better than the bare titanium substrate.

Sol-gel coatings for solar cover glass: Influence of surface structure on dust accumulation and removal

Soiling of solar cover glass is a major cause for efficiency loss of solar photovoltaic modules. Anti-soiling coatings can be used to reduce the rate of soiling and lower cleaning costs. The efficiency of these coatings has been demonstrated in laboratory and field tests, but the mechanisms and relevant parameters are still not well understood.In this article, we present a study on the influence of surface structure of hydrophilic sol–gel coatings on their anti-soiling performance in terms of both, dust accumulation and subsequent indoor tests for dust removal by wind. The surface structure of the films originates from the addition of colloidal silica particles of different sizes to the sols used for film preparation. In the dust deposition experiments, standardized test dust and dust collected from solar installations were used. Repeated tests were conducted under controlled humidity.In the case of dust deposition, the accumulation of dust particles larger than ∼10 µm is strongly reduced, in relation to bare glass, by the anti-soiling effect of all coatings regardless of their surface structure.For the dust removal via wind, coatings that bear a smoother surface structure are cleaned more easily than coatings with a rougher surface structure.Additionally, larger and rounder dust particles are removed more easily from coatings with a rougher surface structure (structure height over ∼40 nm), while smaller and more irregularly shaped dust particles are removed more easily from coatings with a smoother surface structure.

Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the electrochemical and semiconductor characteristics of passive oxide films deposited on Fe-based metallic glass coatings

Certain metals produce passive oxide film layers during use which are closely related to their corrosion resistance. The properties of the oxide film are strongly influenced by the oxygen content of the surrounding environment. This study aims to examine the impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on the corrosion and passive oxide film formed on Fe-based metallic glass coatings. In deoxygenated solutions, the coating was highly susceptible to corrosion, while exhibiting the highest corrosion potential in oxygenated solutions due to the formation of a dense oxide film. The impedance of the passive film was notably influenced by the presence of dissolved oxygen. In deoxygenated solutions, the impedance remained stable and at a minimum level. However, in oxygenated solutions, the impedance exhibited a significant increase accompanied by rapid film growth. The carrier concentration in the passive film remained low and constant in deoxygenated solutions but decreased in oxygenated ones. The composition of the passive film varied with dissolved oxygen concentration, leading to FeOOH formation in deoxygenated solutions and to the increase in Cr2O3/Cr(OH)3 ratio in oxygenated environments. Moreover, deoxygenated solutions slowed down the film growth rate, while oxygenated ones were conducive to the fast development of films, affecting their protective ability.

Формирование и исследование свойств покрытий из металлического стекла FeWCrMoBC на стали 35

Introduction. To obtain metallic glass coatings it is necessary to achieve high cooling rates of melt. FeWCrMoBC composition has high melt viscosity and sufficient glass-forming ability to fix of the amorphous state at cooling rates implemented by electric discharge alloying with the use of a crystalline electrode. The purpose of the work is one-stage deposition of amorphous coating by electric discharge alloying, using crystalline anode FeWCrMoBC, prepared by casting and studying the properties of modified surface of carbon steel: wettability, high-temperature resistance, tribological properties. Methods and Results. The structure of anode and coatings was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis in CuKα radiation on a DRON-7 diffractometer. In contrast to the X-ray patterns of the anode material, sharp Bregg reflexes were not observed on the X-ray patterns of the coatings, but a wide halo was present in the range of angles 2Ѳ = 40–50°, which indicates its amorphous structure. The cyclic high-temperature resistance test was carried out at 700 °C for 100 hours. The wear rate and coefficient of friction of the specimens were studied under dry sliding friction at a speed of 0.47 m/s at a load of 25 N with the use of a counterbody made of high-speed steel M45. The influence of the discharge pulse duty cycle on the character of mass transfer (anode erosion, cathode weight gain, mass transfer coefficient) during coating formation was investigated. With a decrease in the duty cycle of the discharge pulses up to 9 times, the erosion of the anode increased up to 5 times, and the cathode mass gain increased up to 2.2 times. The maximum mass-transfer coefficient was achieved at the highest duty cycle. An increase in a number of surface properties of carbon steel after coating was observed: the hardness of the surface of the specimens increased by 2.3–2.6 times; the average thickness of the coatings was in the range of 56–80.6 µm; the wetting angle was in the range of 108.4–121.3°; the coefficient of friction decreased by 1.2–1.4 times; the wear resistance increased by 2–3.3 times; oxidizability in air decreased by 14–18 times. Scope and Conclusions. The achieved higher properties (hardness, wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, and hydrophobicity) of the executive surfaces of parts made of carbon steel after deposition of the proposed coatings can be used in various branches of engineering production. The results of the work confirmed the possibility of deposition of metallic glass coatings by electric discharge alloying with the use of cast anode material FeWCrMoBC on carbon steel.

Profiling a Low Emissivity Glass Coating with ToF‐SIMS and Machine Learning

AbstractCharacterization of multilayer coatings in 3D presents many challenges, as composition can change by area and by depth. Compositional characteristics of the interior of multilayer coatings emerge during analysis, so are frequently discovered only through exacting retrospective investigations. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) can be used to elucidate such complex systems; however, data analysis is a challenge. In this work a detail presentation is done of 3D chemical characterization of a low emissivity (low‐E) double silver coating on glass using ToF‐SIMS and machine learning. An unsupervised machine learning technique, the self‐organizing map with relational perspective mapping, is used to visualize the chemical similarity between different layers of the low‐E film. Repeating layers are easily identified at the single‐voxel level, based on their entire mass spectra, and are classified as chemically indistinguishable. All major film components are identified, including the use of SnO2 as a dielectric, ZnO seeding layers, TiOx blocking layers, a Zn base layer, and a TiOx topcoat. The thin optically active silver layers are examined in detail, demonstrating subtle chemical changes with depth. This technique provides excellent insight into manufacturing processes and production challenges and has excellent potential in forensic applications.

Plasma-sprayed coatings of 62W bioactive glass: Mechanical properties and in vitro behavior

Bioactive glasses, due to their chemical and biological properties, are promising materials for being used in orthopedic applications. In this study, coatings of the novel 62W glass, with a composition in the system SiO2-CaO-P2O5-MgO, were analyzed. The 62W feedstock powder was prepared from a mixture of reagents by the melt-quenching route and deposited onto titanium alloy substrates by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique. The cross-section and the phase of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical and in vitro tests were conducted on the obtained coatings to evaluate their bioactive ability. The results of the cross-sections show dense coatings with the absence of the characteristic pores that appear when spraying the usual bioactive glasses. The obtained coatings present a bond strength of 32 ± 3 MPa with the substrate without crystalline phases on the microstructure. The presence of magnesium oxide in the composition favours the glass's processing and increases its crystallization temperature and, thus, the proper stacking of the deposited particles. The bioactive capacity of the 62W coatings was demonstrated at short periods after in vitro evaluation in SBF and TRIS/HCl solutions. The study reveals the potential use of 62W glass coatings for bone implant applications.

Thermo-accelerated curing of transparent glass-glass bondings through in-situ heat generation in the adhesive joint

ABSTRACT Bonding glass is challenging due to the brittle properties of the material. At the same time, it is interesting for transparent architectural applications, as the entire construction appears as a uniform surface without disturbance. Many adhesives are available for this purpose, whereby epoxy resins and polyurethanes fulfill the highest structural requirements due to their crosslinking properties. In addition, the curing of both can be accelerated by heat, so that short economic cycle times can be achieved. However, in conventional heating the entire construction element, often several meters long, has to be placed in an oven. This results again in long curing cycles, high-energy consumption and high costs. Induction or resistance methods achieve more targeted heating, but these require components at the adhesive joint that can be activated. Electrically conductive or magnetizable fillers are non-transparent and metallic substrates such as brackets or fixings do not exist on glass-glass bondings. Therefore, this study investigated heat generation on little-visible, metallic inserts and glass coatings. Different adhesives were analyzed for their accelerated heat curing properties and the resulting bond strength. A fast cured, highly transparent joint could be achieved with the combination of an epoxy resin and the resistant heating of a silver coating.

Preparation and performance of Ti/Ti-DLC composite coatings for precision glass molding

Precision glass molding (PGM) is an efficient process used for batch manufacturing of high-precision glass optical elements. In this process, nickel phosphide (Ni–P) alloy is commonly utilized as a mold material due to its superior turning properties. However, the Ni–P mold suffers from issues such as diffusion of phosphorus elements, poor wear resistance, and easy peeling of the DLC coating during molding. To address these problems, the current study proposes enhancing the molding performance of mold by depositing a composite coating layer of Ti/Ti-DLC onto the surface of Ni–P using the filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology (FCVA). The effects of different flow rates of C2H2 on Ti-DLC coatings were analyzed in terms of composition, microstructure, mechanical, tribological, and molding properties. The results revealed that as the C2H2 flow rate increased, the Ti content of coatings decreased from 13.56 to 2.17 at.%. Additionally, the film microstructure transformed from TiC polycrystalline composite films to nanocrystalline amorphous composite films and finally to amorphous films. The Ti-DLC coatings with a nanocrystalline composite structure exhibited excellent overall performance when Ti content is 7.75 at.%. These coatings are suitable as protective coatings for microstructured array mold and demonstrate good stability at a molding temperature of 500 °C.

Surface wettability effects on self-cleaning efficacy: Outdoor experimental study

Self-cleaning coatings of photovoltaic (PV) panel and building glass have received a great deal of attention over the last two decades, using both hydrophobic and hydrophilic treatments. Here, we present a comparison study of the outdoor self-cleaning performances of superhydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic glass coatings, over 200 days, using different tilt angles. It was found that the average transmission of all the samples linearly decreased over time after rainfall. We have defined relative self-cleaning efficacy (RSCE), using the average transmission difference of coated and uncoated samples, at a given tilt angle. We have found that the RSCE depends on both surface wettability and tilt angle. The superhydrophobic coating was found to have the best RSCE, with the superhydrophilic coating next, although both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic coating have similar RSCE when cleaned by rainfall. Surprisingly, the RSCE is higher at a lower tilt angle for all the samples, despite a higher transmission at a higher tilt angle, suggesting that the RSCE is higher at lower tilt angles due to weaker interaction between dust particles and the surfaces.

Electrophoretic Deposition of ZnO-Containing Bioactive Glass Coatings on AISI 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications

The main objective of this investigation was to study the implications of incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles into the matrix of a bioactive glass for the bioactivity and structural properties of the deposited coating. ZnO-containing bioactive glass was coated on an AISI 316L stainless steel substrate using the electrophoretic deposition technique. AISI 316L stainless steel is a biomedical grade steel, which is widely used in different biomedical applications. For the electrophoretic deposition, voltages and times were chosen in the range of 15–40 V and 15–120 min, respectively. The microstructure, phase composition, and surface roughness of coated samples were analyzed in this investigation. Moreover, the corrosion behavior and the MTT (mitochondrial activity) of samples were studied. Results showed a uniform distribution of elements such as silicon and calcium, characteristic of bioactive glass 58S5, in the coating as well as the uniform distribution of Zn inside the ZnO-containing samples. The findings showed that the deposited ZnO-containing bioactive glass is a hydrophilic surface with a relatively rough surface texture. The results of the MTT and antibacterial effects showed that the deposited layers have promising cell viability.

A study of Ru–Cr protective coatings for precision glass molding

This study evaluates the performance of Ru–Cr nanolayers used as protective coatings for precision glass molding (PGM) applications. Because the direct growth of Cr-oxide from Cr at high temperatures does not yield a dense oxide scale, Ru is employed as a diffusion barrier to stabilize the growth process. The fabricated coatings were subjected to annealing at 750 °C for different durations, with the coverage of aluminosilicate glass (ASG) pieces. During the annealing process, the outward diffusion of Cr resulted in the formation of thin and stable chromium oxide (Cr2O3) films, which remained unadhered to the glass pieces. Therefore, the Ru–Cr bilayer is a cost-effective coating design to protect mold surfaces in PGM. Detailed analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that while columnar grains with vertical grain boundaries facilitate the outward diffusion of Cr, a thick Ru layer can effectively hinder Cr diffusion leading to a stable oxide film at a high temperature. A diffusion-oxidation phase-field model quantitatively elucidates oxide film thickness dependence on Ru thickness (>600 nm). Thinner Ru layers (<600 nm) display limited Ru thickness influence and some metallic Cr content in the scales, causing incomplete densification.

A study on the effect of bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite-loaded Xanthan dialdehyde-based composite coatings for potential orthopedic applications

The most important challenge faced in designing orthopedic devices is to control the leaching of ions from the substrate material, and to prevent biofilm formation. Accordingly, the surgical grade stainless steel (316L SS) was electrophoretically deposited with functional composition of biopolymers and bioceramics. The composite coating consisted of: Bioglass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), and lawsone, that were loaded into a polymeric matrix of Xanthan Dialdehyde/Chondroitin Sulfate (XDA/CS). The parameters and final composition for electrophoretic deposition were optimized through trial-and-error approach. The composite coating exhibited significant adhesion strength of “4B” (ASTM D3359) with the substrate, suitable wettability of contact angle 48°, and an optimum average surface roughness of 0.32 µm. Thus, promoting proliferation and attachment of bone-forming cells, transcription factors, and proteins. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed a strong polymeric network formation between XDA and CS. scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis displayed a homogenous surface with invariable dispersion of HA and BG particles. The adhesion, hydrant behavior, and topography of said coatings was optimal to design orthopedic implant devices. The said coatings exhibited a clear inhibition zone of 21.65 mm and 21.04 mm with no bacterial growth against Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. Coli) respectively, confirming the antibacterial potential. Furthermore, the crystals related to calcium (Ca) and HA were seen after 28 days of submersion in simulated body fluid. The corrosion current density, of the above-mentioned coating was minimal as compared to the bare 316L SS substrate. The results infer that XDA/CS/BG/HA/lawsone based composite coating can be a candidate to design coatings for orthopedic implant devices.

A Comprehensive Outlook of Scope within Exterior Automotive Plastic Substrates and Its Coatings

Among non-metal substrate coatings, plastic substrates have certainly asserted themselves as a key market, especially in the automotive industry. The substrates within exterior automotive industries are being diversified and commercialized at a rapid pace. Mainly attributed to the emergence of electric vehicles, environmental regulations, and functional requirements, there is huge scope and many opportunities for advancements and groundbreaking technologies. The above factors have led to the dawn of new and improved coating materials within the revolutionizing new substrate market. At the same time, new product innovations within ultraviolet (UV)-curable technologies, powder coating, nanotechnologies, and several other platforms have brought the possibility of novel coating systems into the picture. This review outlines the inherent challenges, the progress made thus far, and the future opportunities of two significant exterior plastic substrates: thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and polycarbonate (PC). While the former serves as the historical choice for plastic bumpers across the globe, the latter has captured the most research attention in recent times as a lightweight option against glass coatings. A meticulous overview of the existing literature was conducted to summarize the recent approaches with a few critical analyses. To surpass the challenges to the equivalent performances, a few of the most promising research studies were also examined, including the sustainability aspect.