Glass Bottles Research Articles

Bromelain-Extracted of Virgin Coconut Oil: Physical and Chemical Stability in Different Temperature During the Storage

The bromelain-enzymatic reaction is applied in virgin coconut oil (VCO) production. Hydrolysis of the emulator by bromelain enzyme in coconut milk during fermentation maximized further the separation of oil and water. In the higher demand for VCO in many industries, the VCO stability during transportation and storage must be evaluated. The research aims to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of the effect of temperature in the storage. VCO's physical and chemical stability was evaluated under two different temperature and storage periods: an elevated temperature of 50°C for 10 days and room temperature (27-30°C) for 50 days. The storage was conducted in a clear glass bottle. The evaluation was based on physical and chemical stability tests before and after storage, including organoleptic, pH changes, density, viscosity, acid number, peroxide number, and saponification number. Based on the data, the quality of the VCO after storing at 50°C for 10 days and 27-30°C for 50 days was found to be changed for pH, specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, peroxide number, saponification number, while for the appearance was found to be no changes. The VCO was very sensitive to environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find the best storage chamber and temperature for stabilizing the VCO.

Acceleration mechanism of riboflavin on Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer in corrosion of EH36 steel by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Riboflavin (RF), as a common electron mediator that can accelerate extracellular electron transfer (EET), is usually used as a probe to confirm EET-microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). However, the acceleration mechanism of RF on EET-MIC is still unclear, especially the effect on gene expression in bacteria. In this study, a 13-mer antimicrobial peptide E6 and tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS) were used as new tools to investigate the acceleration mechanism of RF on Fe0-to-microbe EET in corrosion of EH36 steel caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 60 min after 20 ppm (v/v) THPS and 20 ppm THPS & 100 nM E6 were injected into P. aeruginosa 1 and P. aeruginosa 2 (two glass bottles containing P. aeruginosa with different treatments) at the 3-d incubation, respectively, P. aeruginosa 1 and P. aeruginosa 2 had a similar planktonic cell count, whereas the sessile cell count in P. aeruginosa 1 was 1.3 log higher than that in P. aeruginosa 2. After the 3-d pre-growth and subsequent 7-d incubation, the addition of 20 ppm (w/w) RF increased the weight loss and maximum pit depth of EH36 steel in P. aeruginosa 1 by 0.7 mg cm−2 and 4.1 μm, respectively, while only increasing those in P. aeruginosa 2 by 0.4 mg cm−2 and 1.7 μm, respectively. This suggests that RF can be utilized by P. aeruginosa biofilms since the corrosion rate should be elevated by the same value if it only acts on the planktonic cells. Furthermore, the EET capacity of P. aeruginosa biofilm was enhanced by RF because the protein expression of cytochrome c (Cyt c) gene in sessile cells was significantly increased in the presence of RF, which accelerated EET-MIC by P. aeruginosa against EH36 steel.

Measurement of Background Ionizing Radiation Around Beta Glass Plc and Its Environs, Ughelli, Delta State, Nigeria

A study of the background ionizing radiation levels to helps monitor the impact of human activities on the environment, such as mining, farming, glass bottle production and power generation has been carried out around Beta glass Plc and Transcorp Power LTD using a hand-held gamma spectrometer (GAMMA-SCOUT; Geiger counter Radiation meter) and GPS (Oregon-450 Garmin). The study of the BIR levels was carried out between June to July, 2022. The average measured exposure rates (AV. BIR) ranged from 0.007 mRh-1 to 0.013 mRh-1, with 0.010±0.0002 mRh-1 as the average. The estimated mean outdoor absorbed dose rate (ADR) for the study region was 113.10 Gyh-1 to 87.153±2.091 Gyh-1, with an average annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) of 106.884±2.565 mSvy-1 and an average excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of (0.374±0.009) × 10-3. The measured values of radiological parameters, such as annual dose rate, annual effective dose rate, and excess lifetime cancer, were higher than background radiation levels. The average BIR is in line with the ICRP recommendation of 0.013 (mRh-1), while the effective dose rate (EDR) is somewhat below the ICRP recommendation of 1.00 (mSvy-1) for a normal environment. The obtained values of the radiological indicators, such as ADR, AEDE, and ELCR, are greater than the background radiation norm of 59 (?Gyh-1), 0. 07 (mSvy-1), and 0.29×10-3. The study found that radiation levels and doses in the study location do not immediately harm personnel or residents, but increased lifetime cancer risk values suggest that cumulative dosages may cause cancer.

Effect Of Malted Ragi Powder On The Sensory Attributes of Carbonated RTS Functional Millet Based Whey Beverage

The present scenario focus interest in nutrition and health awareness, consumers are increasingly seeking high- quality functional products with acceptable sensory attributes. The primary objective of current research was to optimize the process for developing Carbonated Ready-to-serve (RTS) functional millet-based whey beverage malted ragi (5%,7%,9) on the sensory and physico-chemical aspects of Carbonated RTS functional millet-based whey beverage. Based on the analytical result, the functional beverage contained 5% Malted Finger Millet and was subjected for shelf-life tests. Sensory evaluation, as well as titratable acidity and pH analysis, was conducted for the samples stored at refrigeration temperature (7±1⁰C) and for those stored at room temperature (30±1⁰C) in glass bottle as the packaging material. The carbonated and non-carbonated RTS functional millet-based whey beverage and the control were found to be acceptable up to 2 days of storage at room temperature (30±1⁰C) and for 8 days stored at refrigeration temperature (7±1⁰C), respectively. The developed carbonated RTS functional millet based whey beverage is an innovative and nutritious product with enormous health benefits as it contains nutraceutical ingredient i.e. finger millet ( power house of nutrients). The developed functional millet based whey beverage can be given to all age groups and can be easily commercialized.

Development of violence-associated penetrating trauma in the Düsseldorf metropolitan region over a5-year period (GewPen study)

Penetrating injuries are arare but recurring emergency situation in the out-of-hospital and in-hospital emergency settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of injuries associated with penetrating violence across aGerman metropolitan region over a5-year period. In the retrospective study, adatabase query of the control center of the Düsseldorf rescue service area was used to identify and descriptively analyze all rescue service operations with penetrating violence-associated injuries in the years 2015, 2017, and 2019. For those patients who were transferred to the major trauma center, afurther analysis of the in-hospital course was performed. In the 3 years 2015, 2017 and 2019 atotal of 266 patients (age: 33 ± 14years, male: 79%) could be recorded (2015 vs. 2017 vs. 2019: n = 81 vs. n = 93 vs. n = 92, respectively). The most common age group involved had an age range of 15-34years. Aparticularly higher frequency of emergency calls was found for the areas of Old Town, City Center, and one other district (Oberbilk). Ahigh frequency of rescue missions was found in the nights from Saturday to Sunday between 20.00 p.m. and 04.00 a.m. Rescue missions with emergency physicians on board increased over the years (2015 vs. 2019: 27 vs. 42%, p = 0.04). The primary weapons used were knives (56%), broken glass bottles (18%) and broken glasses (6%). Out of all patients 71 (27%, injury severity score11 ± 14) were admitted to the major trauma center. Among these patients, the proportion of immediate surgical care (2015 vs. 2019: 20% vs. 35%, p < 0.05) and positive alcohol detection increased over the years (2015 vs. 2019: 10% vs. 43%, p < 0.05). The 30-day mortality in the 3 years studied was 1.1% (n = 3). Penetrating injuries associated with violence are relevant but rare rescue missions. Future care strategies should focus on deployment of rescue resources close to the scene of the incident ("old town guard", central station), and prevention strategies should focus on weapon prohibition zones. A control of alcohol consumption should be discussed.

Effect of metakaolin content and shape design on strength performance of lightweight rubberized geopolymer mortars incorporated slag-waste glass powders

Lightweight rubberized geopolymer (LRGP) has gained attention due to its economic, engineering, and environmental benefits. With the rising human demands, the need for alternative materials to meet the requirements of infrastructural expansion, and global industrialization required. Based on those facts, this study aimed to develop of lightweight geopolymer mortars using wastes rubber as fine aggregate (WRA) to replace the natural aggregates, which metakaolin (MK), wastes bottle glass (WBG) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) used as precursor materials with alkaline activator contained low molarity of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate and cured at ambient temperatures. The effect of WRA on physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of metakaolin-based rubberized geopolymer has been evaluated by using several tests such as compressive, flexural and tensile strength. As well as morphology and chemical reaction on LRGP by using AFM, FESEM, EDX, FTIR and XRD tests. In addition, a sustainable shape design has been cast and subjected to compressive strength to obtain the strength performance of the proposed LRGP mortar. At optimal mixture, the SEM images exhibited improvement in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) among WRA and binder, leading rubberized geopolymer with 15% WRA to achieve a strength of 27.47 MPa after 28 days and with a reduction in density by 7.2%. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights on utilizing WRA in the shape design and formulation of geopolymer mortar, a key ingredient in the development of functional environmentally friendly building materials.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS UNTUK MENGURANGI DEFECT PADA GLASS BOTTLE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLE PT MULIAGLASS CONTAINER DIVISION CIKARANG JAWA BARAT

PT Muliaglass Container Division is a subsidiary of PT Mulia Industrindo, Tbk which is engaged in the glass industry by producing flat glass, glass block, glass packaging, and automotive safety glass as a result of its production. PT Muliaglass Container Division was founded in 1989. The quality control carried out by PT Muliaglass Container Division experienced problems in the Quality Control section or checking checkers, resulting in the defect pass rate so far exceeding the tolerance limits set by the company. There are several types of product defects in glass bottle packaging at PT Muliaglass Container Division, namely Check Ring, Check Under Ring, Leaner, Hot Mold Check, and others. To overcome the problems encountered, research is needed using the Quality Control Circle Method and Statistical Quality Control which are used to calculate how big the reasonable limit is in the product pass rate. After processing Statistical Quality Control data and knowing the number of acceptable quality labels for passing controlled defects or not, proceed with the Quality Control Circle Method, to find out what causes product defects to pass.

Human exposure to microplastics via the consumption of nonalcoholic beverages in various packaging materials: The case of Hong Kong

There is growing concern over microplastics in food and beverages, with potential implications for human health. However, little is known about microplastics in nonwater, nonalcoholic packaged beverages. This study addresses this research gap by implementing a dual-method approach that includes laboratory analysis to quantify microplastics in 50 packaged nonalcoholic beverages sold in Hong Kong, coupled with a beverage frequency questionnaire survey to provide a more accurate estimate of microplastic intake from these beverages. The beverages analysed spanned five categories–juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas, soda waters, soft drinks, and sports and energy drinks–and were packaged in four forms: aluminium cans, aseptic cartons, plastic bottles and glass bottles. The results showed that all beverage samples contained microplastics, with an average abundance of 42.1 ± 41.2 n/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 17.8–54.1 n/L), and these particles were predominantly smaller than 150 µm in size. Additionally, based on an annual beverage consumption rate of 157.3 ± 209.7 L/capita (IQR: 42.9–183.0 L/capita), it is estimated that Hong Kong adults ingest approximately 6200 microplastics per capita each year. The potential primary sources of these microplastics are atmospheric fallout and the packaging materials that endure mechanical stresses during the manufacturing and transportation of beverages. Compared to other known routes of exposure, including air, seafood, sugar, salt and honey, packaged nonalcoholic beverages present a comparable level of microplastic exposure, being lower than the first three but higher than the latter two. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of smaller microplastics in the samples is concerning. This study is considered to be important for food safety and human health, as it not only raises public awareness about microplastic contamination in packaged beverages but also serves as a call to action for the beverage industry to adopt more robust safety measures and for policymakers to revise packaging standards to reduce microplastic contamination and safeguard public health.

Microplastic contamination in some beverages marketed in türkiye: Characteristics, dietary exposure and risk assessment

In this study, microplastic contamination in water, natural mineral water and mineral water, sparkling soft drinks, cold tea and some traditional beverages marketed in Türkiye were assessed. Microplastics physically and chemically characterized by microscope and ATR/FT–IR, respectively. Microplastics were detected in 9 out of 47 beverage samples. A total of 250 microplastics with 5 different polymers, 2 different shapes, and 7 different colours were detected in 47 beverage samples. The average microplastic concentration was 2.24 ± 9.86 particles/L for all beverages analysed. The highest average microplastic concentration was found in mineral waters in glass bottles (average 11.3 particles/L). No microplastics were found in cold tea and other drinks. The total annual microplastic exposure from beverage consumption in male and female individuals aged >15 years was 2029 and 1786 particles/mL/year, respectively. The microplastic load index category of all beverage samples was determined as “moderate”. The average pRi level of all beverages was 117 ± 260 and the risk level was determined as “low”. The study provides evidence that microplastics are common in beverages and that microplastics are directly ingested by humans.

Improving the mechanical performance of railway concrete sleepers using recycled materials: An experimental and numerical study

This paper explores the use of three waste materials available in vast quantities, including waste tires, glass bottles and bamboo furniture, in the manufacture of railway sleepers. Mechanical properties of recycled concrete have been studied to establish an optimal mix suitable for concrete railway sleeper manufacturing. Thus, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% recycled rubber sands (RRS) by volume of fine aggregate are used instead of 30# and 60# mesh sizes of fine aggregate. Moreover, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of aggregate volume are replaced by recycled glass aggregate (RGA) particles. Furthermore, different percentages of recycled bamboo fibers (RBF) have been used as 1%, 2% and 3% by volume of concrete. According to the optimal concrete mixtures of RRS, RGA and RBF, twelve concrete railway sleepers are manufactured and tested for middle and rail seat bending strengths. Results show that ref. sleeper has almost 16% and 24% lower strengths than RGA sleeper in middle and rail seat, respectively, while ref. sleeper have higher strengths by 16% and 13%, and 18% and 7% than RRS sleeper (M60-R5) and RBF sleeper (B2) in middle and rail seat, respectively. The FEM results show that the ([Formula: see text]) of the RGA sleeper is the minimum ratio by 1.11 and 1.13 for rail seat and middle of sleeper, respectively, which is the best performance. In RBF sleeper FEM model, Bamboo fiber can only bear 5% and 8% of total stress in middle and rail seat, respectively, due to low mechanical properties of fibers.

Losartan potassium liquid formulation for paediatric hospital use: development and stability evaluation

ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a liquid oral formulation containing losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug used for its antihypertensive activity, and to perform a preliminary stability assessment...

The influence of drying and storage conditions on the volatilome and cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences

The increasing interest in hemp and cannabis poses new questions about the influence of drying and storage conditions on the overall aroma and cannabinoids profile of these products. Cannabis inflorescences are subjected to drying shortly after harvest and then to storage in different containers. These steps may cause a process of rapid deterioration with consequent changes in precious secondary metabolite content, negatively impacting on the product quality and potency. In this context, in this work, the investigation of the effects of freeze vs tray drying and three storage conditions on the preservation of cannabis compounds has been performed. A multi-trait approach, combining both solid-phase microextraction (SPME) two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC × GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented for the first time. This approach has permitted to obtain the detailed characterisation of the whole cannabis matrix in terms of volatile compounds and cannabinoids. Moreover, multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the obtained data, helping to show that freeze drying conditions is useful to preserve cannabinoid content, preventing decarboxylation of acid cannabinoids, but leads to a loss of volatile compounds which are responsible for the cannabis aroma. Furthermore, among storage conditions, storage in glass bottle seems more beneficial for the retention of the initial VOC profile compared to open to air dry tray and closed high-density polyethylene box. However, the glass bottle storage condition causes formation of neutral cannabinoids at the expenses of the highly priced acid forms. This work will contribute to help define optimal storage conditions useful to produce highly valuable and high-quality products.Graphical

Comparison of heavy metal residue in selected processed canned tomato paste and bottled tomato sauce using atomic absorption spectrometry

Heavy metals are used to manufacture various types of packaging materials such as cans and glass bottle containers. Determination of heavy metal concentration presence in processed food products is crucial to identify specific possibly hazard metal contaminants and create public awareness upon consumption. A total of ten samples consisting of five different brands of canned tomato paste and bottled tomato sauce sold in Malaysia were analysed for the concentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals residues by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The average heavy metals concentration of all samples was arranged in increasing order, Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Zn &gt; Fe. The highest level of metal was Fe (69.93 mg/kg) while the lowest was Cd (0.01 mg/kg). The concentration of Pb, Cr and Ni in all samples exceed the permissible limit set by the World Health Organisation 2011, the European Commission 2006 and the Malaysia Food Act and Regulation 1985 except Zn. There is a significant difference between heavy metal concentrations in canned tomato paste and bottled tomato sauce (p˂0.05). Therefore, this study suggests efficient monitoring and inspection of both agricultural environment quality and industrial processing procedures.

Processing Techniques and Metallurgical Perspectives and Their Potential Correlation in Aluminum Bottle Manufacturing for Sustainable Packaging Solutions

This study explores the potential of aluminum wine bottles as a sustainable alternative to traditional glass bottles, emphasizing their recyclability and environmental advantages. It reviews the potential use of Al-Mn-Mg 3xxx alloys in beverage can bodies and examines various applications of aluminum containers in packaging, including recyclable beverage containers. The manufacturing processes for aluminum bottles, including casting, rolling, punching, and deformation techniques, are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on their impact on mechanical properties and microstructure. The preference for 1xxx aluminum alloys in impact extrusion is explained, highlighting their lower flow stress and higher formability compared to 3xxx alloys, and the microstructural changes induced by various processing steps are analyzed. Challenges related to using recycled aluminum and their effects on mechanical properties and microstructure during aluminum bottle production are also addressed. One objective is to increase the proportion of recycled alloyed material used in aluminum bottle manufacturing. Depending on the technique employed, the fraction of alloyed recycled material can vary. The percentage of recycled alloyed material (3xxx series Al alloys) in cold backward impact extrusion could be raised by 60%. High-speed blow forming could facilitate the production of aluminum bottles with a recycled alloyed material ranging from 50 to 100% of the 3xxx series aluminum can body alloys. The high-speed drawing and ironing (DWI) process can produce large-format aluminum bottles (up to 750 mL), utilizing at least 90% of the recycled 3xxx series can body stock. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of optimized heat treatment designs in enhancing mechanical properties and controlling microstructural evolution in alloyed aluminum materials, such as 3xxx series alloys. The study concludes with a need for further research to deepen our understanding of the metallurgical aspects of aluminum bottle manufacturing and to optimize the use of recycled aluminum in packaging solutions, with a specific focus on improving mechanical properties and microstructural integrity. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the development of more sustainable packaging practices in the beverage industry by providing insights into the interplay between manufacturing processes, mechanical properties, and microstructure of aluminum bottles.

Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Bottle Glass Powder Substitute

Concrete is a material that is widely used in the construction of structural buildings. One of the influential factors for obtaining high quality concrete is the aggregate gradation. If the aggregate gradation has a small size and varies, it can reduce the porosity of the concrete so that the concrete becomes denser which makes the quality of the concrete high. In order to use aggregates with fine gradations, this study proposes glass powder derived from glass bottle waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregates. The glass powder used is in the sizes about 0.150 mm - 0.075 mm. Then, the maximum size of 15 mm for the coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate with the gradation of zone 4 (fine sand) were used for the concrete mix. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete i.e. the compressive and split tensile strength of concrete with glass powder as a partial substitution of fine aggregates with a percentage of 10%, 15%, and 20% at a concrete age of 28 days. This study uses the testing method that refers to ASTM standard. From the test results, it was found that the compressive strength of concrete with 20% glass powder variation (GPC 20%) increased by 11.32% with a value of 38.97MPa compared to the compressive strength of normal concrete (NC) with a value of 35.01 MPa. For the split tensile strength, the concrete with a 20% glass powder variation increased by 15% with a value of 2.71 MPa compared to the split tensile strength of normal concrete with a value of 2.36 MPa. The results showed that the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in this study was reasonably good to improve its mechanical properties.

Material flow analysis and carbon footprint of water-packaging waste management

Packaged drinking water represents one of the fastest growing commodities on a global scale, and several alternatives to plastic have been proposed, such as glass, cardboard or aluminum. The research has a twofold goal: (i) first, it calculates the amount of water-packaging waste generated in Italy in 2020, distinguishing among PET, glass, aluminum and cardboard materials, and it applies the material flow analysis through the STAN 2.7.101 software; (ii) second, it evaluates the carbon footprint of the management of the primary water-packaging waste, considering recycling, incineration with energy recovery and landfilling by using the CO2ZW tool. The research estimates the adverse environmental impacts of the selected management pathways considering 1 kg of water-packaging and 1000 L of packaged water. The results show that each year 1311 kt of waste and almost 289 ktCO2eq of direct and indirect emissions are associated with recycling, incineration with energy recovery and landfilling of water-packaging in Italy. PET bottles record the highest environmental impact with 0.77 kgCO2eq per kg of treated waste, with incineration representing a significant burden (1.80 kgCO2eq per kg of treated waste) compensated by recycling. The research discusses opportunities and challenges toward a more sustainable waste management of water-packaging, highlighting the need to increase recycling rates among final consumers and reduce incineration with energy recovery, which significantly contributes to the release of carbon emissions. Last, heavy bottles should be substituted with ultralight ones, since waste management emissions can be reduced by 13% by replacing 490 g of glass bottles with 390 g ones.

The effect of pasteurisation and storage on aroma compounds in lager

Why was the work done: To investigate the impact of pasteurisation and storage in bottle on aroma compounds in pale lager beer. How was the work done: Pale lager beer was produced at an industrial scale with 100% pilsner malt and a bottom fermenting yeast. Samples were taken of unpasteurised beer from bright beer tank, after flash pasteurisation and six months after packaging in amber glass bottles. What are the main findings: Post pasteurisation, a marked increase was found in the concentration of 2,3-pentanedione (50%) and diacetyl (33%), presumably reflecting the decomposition by heat of precurser acetohydroxy acids. There was also a marginal increase in dimethyl sulphide (6%) with little or no change in other aroma compounds. Storage for six months in bottle, also resulted in an increase in the level of 2,3-pentanedione, diacetyl and dimethyl sulphide. The linear (Pearson) correlation was &gt; 0.8 for both dimethyl sulphide and diacetyl, and 2,3-pentanedione and diacetyl. Accordingly, it was concluded that the levels in beer of dimethyl sulphide and 2,3-pentanedione are proportionally related to diacetyl. Why is the work important: This work provides an insight into the effects on flavour and aroma of lager of flash pasteurisation and subsequent storage in bottle. The inter-relationship between aroma compounds in beer suggests that such synergies may undermine the sensory perception of threshold levels and identification of specific aromas.

Characterization of soda–lime silicate glass bottles to support recycling efforts

AbstractIn 2022, 150 million tons of glass was produced globally, and approximately 47% of that amount was glass hollowware for tableware and food, beverage, and cosmetics packaging. Glass is considered one of the most recyclable materials as its properties and performance do not degrade upon reheating and reforming; yet only 21% of global production is recycled. The most recycled type of glass is soda–lime silicate bottle glass based on its widespread availability and its ability to accommodate higher levels of contamination compared to flat glass and specialty glass. Bottle glass manufacturers melt glass batch that is 10%–60% recycled glass cullet, limited only by the availability of pristine glass cullet that is free of contaminants such as plastic, metal, and organic material. Increasing rates of recycled content in glass manufacturing is stymied by the lack of a supply chain to deliver high quality glass cullet to manufacturers, as well as risk of material incompatibility and contamination. In this work, post‐consumer glass bottles of different colors, shapes, and brands were analyzed for chemical composition and thermal properties to quantify variation across five major color families: clear, blue, amber, forest green, and emerald green. This work shows that post‐consumer bottles of different colors and brands can be remelted without risk of material incompatibility and presents various processing methods to control color homogeneity in glass produced exclusively from mixed color cullet from recycled glass bottles.

Analisis Yuridis tentang Aktivitas Pembelian Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) di SPBU Menggunakan Jeriken untuk Dijual Kembali Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi

Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas that oil and gas business activities are divided into two, namely upstream business activities and downstream business activities. The activity of buying and selling fuel oil is usually in retail form which is put in a glass bottle with a liter size that will be sold to buyers who have previously been bought by sellers from gas stations where fuel oil (BBM) is one of the important elements in fulfilling the community's economy. Based on the initial observations of researchers, especially in Kupang City, retail fuel oil sellers cannot be calculated so much and usually, these retail fuel oil sellers sell in front along the road or in ordinary places, vehicles pass by by setting up mini kiosks or workshops. Therefore, researchers formulate the main problems, namely: (1) How is the implementation of legal regulations related to the act of purchasing fuel oil (BBM) at gas stations using jerry cans for resale in terms of Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas? (2) What are the factors that hinder the police in handling the activity of purchasing fuel oil (BBM) using jerry cans at gas stations in terms of Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas? This research is a research that uses the Empirical Juridical method. This research is a legal research conducted by researching regulations, primary data, documentation studies. The research aspects studied are Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas, legal factors, law enforcement factors, facilities and facilities factors, community factors, buying and selling fuel oil, cultural factors. The results of the study found that: (1) Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas in its implementation has not run well and is less firm against people who abuse fuel oil (BBM); (2) Factors that become obstacles for the police in handling fuel purchase activities are legal factors, law enforcement factors, facilities and facilities factors, community factors and cultural factors.

Experimental Research on Concrete Strength Parameters: Glass Powder with Different Dosages Replacing Cement in M25 &amp; M30 Concrete

Waste products, agricultural waste, and other natural elements are currently the focus of scientific attention as they seek to create technologies that may be used as building raw materials. On the other hand, recycling helps build a cleaner, safer environment while also boosting the economy. The purpose of this research is to find out how much stronger concrete becomes when various glass particles are used in place of cement in M25 and M30 concrete mixes. Glass bottles and other bottles that end up in landfills are a byproduct of people's daily water use and other unsanitary practices. Land filling broken glass is an environmentally harmful and unsustainable practice since the material does not biodegrade. Glass is mostly composed of silica. The primary objective of this research is to examine the potential effects of using glass powder as a partial cement substitute in two distinct concrete grades, M25 and M30, at varying percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% &amp; 25% of the cement weight). On days 7, 14, and 28, we compared the findings to those of normal concrete by testing the strength and split tensile strength. Key Words: Cement, glass powder, natural sand, coarse aggregate, compressive strength, cracking tensile strength.