Glaring Limitations Research Articles

THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR: AN INTRACTABLE CHALLENGE TO THE CONCEPT OF A GLOBAL SOCIETY AND LIBERAL ETHICS

It is now over a year since Russian launched its so-called special military operation against Ukraine. Several states, as well as the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United Nations, and other International Organizations condemned the war from inception. At the same time, there other states that have opted to remain neutral. Regardless, the initial general belief that this conflict would not degenerate into a long drawn -out war has waned in the face of escalation and increasing involvement of NATO, thus raising fears of an outbreak of a Third World War (WWIII). This article conceptually examines the challenges that the Russia-Ukraine war poses to the prospect of a global society and ethics of liberalism in international relations. In so doing, it unravels glaring limitations and questions on both counts. Ultimately, it advances the argument that vital states interests, competition for power and security in an anarchic international system still hold great sway in international relations. As such, liberalism ethics that has fueled the concept of a global society are altogether proven to be untenable in the midst power politics power politics and nationalism that continues to characterize the international system.

Study on the Glare Phenomenon and Time-Varying Characteristics of Luminance in the Access Zone of the East–West Oriented Tunnel

In response to the special feature of the east–west oriented road tunnel entrance being easily exposed to direct sunlight, a study was conducted on the glare phenomenon at the access zone for this type of tunnel and on the time-varying characteristics of the L20(S) value outside the tunnel. First, the actual situation of luminance difference inside and outside the tunnel was considered. Field tests were carried out in a 20° field of view of the human eye within a stopping distance. Then, the environment paraments outside the tunnel were collected by combining the environment schematic method with the digital camera method. Finally, the differences and time-varying characteristics between the measured and recommended values of luminance outside the tunnel were analyzed. The PGSV daylight calculation model was used to analyze the glare effect in the 20° field of view of the human eye. The results indicate that the luminance L20(S) outside the tunnel towards the east (west) generally shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reaches its maximum value in the morning (afternoon). The difference in the contribution ratio of luminance inside and outside the tunnel for this type shows an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the maximum difference appears in the morning (afternoon), reaching about 97% and 96% respectively. The time-varying characteristics of glare in the access zone of an east (west) oriented road tunnel are roughly consistent with the variation trend of the luminance L20(S) outside the tunnel and exceed the intolerable glare limit. Due to direct sunlight, the luminance outside the tunnel is too high, resulting in an uncomfortable glare that the driver cannot tolerate, becoming more serious after rainfall, and which affects driving comfort and safety.

IMPLEMENTING VERTICAL GREENERY ON OFFICE FAÇADE OPENING TO IMPROVE INDOOR LIGHT QUALITY

In medium-rise office building on tropical climate, façade fenestration mostly dominated by glass curtain wall. In this case, an effort should be done to control the daylight penetration and to shade glare of low sun angle especially from west orientation. The idea is utilized the vertical greenery system (VGS) on facade opening, how it performs as glare limitation as well as accommodating view. Firstly, the variable of artificial shading to light parameter are studied. Then, the previous research of VGS were explored, to find its influential variables. The last step was developed recommendation of VGS implementation on office facade opening to improve light quality. Finding from the study, the most influential variables are the plant species suitable to the climate condition, its canopy leaves area as light variable, and the placement; an integration the plants construction system with other facade elements which consider light angles of incidence and viewer’s sightlines.

Glare at Outdoor Workplaces—An Underestimated Factor of Occupational Risk

Lighting is an integral aspect of electrical engineering and public safety, as buildings, public areas—both indoors and outdoors—or any type of workplace must be illuminated in a way to prevent accidents. The sensation of glare, in particular, plays an important role in visual comfort and consequently influences occupational risk. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the problem of glare at outdoor workplaces. We have carried out an assessment of glare at outdoor workplaces in 19 different industrial plants. At 20 task areas (21.5% of the 93 examined) the determined degree of glare exceeded the limits specified in the standard. In eight categories of industrial plants (66.7% of 12 examined) defined in the standard, there was at least one task area where the requirements of the standard in terms of glare limitation were not met. The presented analysis leaves no doubt about drawing the conclusion that glare at outdoor workplaces is mostly underestimated or simply neglected, although it could cause high risk in workplaces.

Dynamic Autonomous Identification and Intelligent Lighting of Moving Objects with Discomfort Glare Limitation

The importance of reducing discomfort glare during the dynamic development of high luminance LEDs is growing fast. Smart control systems also offer great opportunities to reduce electricity consumption for lighting purposes. Currently, dynamic “intelligent” lighting systems are a rapidly developing field. These systems, consisting of cameras and lighting units, such as moving heads or multimedia projectors, are powerful tools that provide a lot of opportunities. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the possibilities of using the projection light in dynamic lighting systems that enable the reduction of discomfort glare and the light pollution phenomenon. The proposed system allows darkening or reducing the luminance of some sensitive zones, such as the eyes or the head, in real-time. This paper explores the development of the markerless object tracking system. The precise identification of the position and geometry of objects and the human figure is used for dynamic lighting and mapping with any graphic content. Time measurements for downloading the depth maps, as well as for identifying the human body’s position and pose, have been performed. The analyses of the image transformation times have been carried out in relation to the resolution of the images displayed by the projector. The total computation time related to object detection and image display translates directly into the precision of fitting the projection image to a moving object and has been shown.

Voorgevoelens, vertolkings en verklarings: resepsie van ’n 19de-eeuse ǀxam-kum

Although the field of Bushman studies has seen a number of different disciplines being drawn upon to address key questions, the textual material of the Bleek and Lloyd archive is still relatively understudied. Studies which do approach this material, however, tend to do so through an anthropological and/or archaeological lens, with literary analysis often marginalized. This article, through taking account of considerations of the reception theories developed in literary studies, criticises the various interpretations of a 19th century ǀxam language kum, or narrative. Originally published in Specimens of Bushman Folklore (1911), the kum “Bushman presentiments”, concerning an enigmatic experience narrated by ||kabbo, has led to six distinct interpretations—some of which are in conversation with one another in various ways, but they nevertheless offer differing views. Through a critical review grounded in literary folkloristics and reception theory, the article argues for renewed interest in and study of the kum “Bushman presentiments”. It is argued that future studies need to be based on three factors: disciplinary foregrounding, linguistic analysis, and comparative reading. These three factors, the article concludes, are the most glaring limitations of the existing interpretations, and if taken into consideration they could lead to a proliferation of insight into the kum.

The Net Run Rate System: Calculus and Critique

The Net Run Rate (NRR) system has been employed as a general practice in the ranking and scoring of teams in competitive tournaments within the keenly followed and lucrative sport of Cricket. Despite its imposition by the International Cricket Council (ICC), the NRR method has come into ever greater scrutiny because of its severe impact on the rankings of teams at critical junctures. This working paper aims to delineate the calculation of this method and then highlight the glaring limitations of this approach, including: miscorrelation, outlier bias, wicket-factoring, manipulation & distortionary incentives, complexity bias, close-calls, unplayed matches, and incomplete matches. The findings of the working paper suggest that a replacement of this method will increase the perception of fairness in Cricket and also reduce the risks of metric manipulation.

Luminance distribution projection method for reducing glare and solving object-floodlighting certification problems

As a result of the fast development of projection equipment and video mapping technologies, multimedia performances in the form of displaying computer animations on building façades have become a very popular method of increasing the attractiveness of light and sound shows at night. Multimedia projectors used for these shows can be applied in the field of architectural floodlighting to meet the European standard requirements EN 12464-2 and achieve the high certification scores.This study describes a new object floodlighting method, termed the projection method, and investigates its features when applied to a 3-D model of an object. Producing the desired luminance distribution by means of a multimedia projector is a solution that offers a large number of lighting benefits, both aesthetic and technical. It is possible to simulate the lighting effects achieved thus far by using classical lighting equipment and to develop highly innovative dynamic or ‘intelligent’ illumination otherwise unrealisable. From a technical point of view, the method is characterized by full control of the glare limitation and penetration of light into the interior of an object. Equipping the system with a camera and specialised software, it is possible to dynamically darken sensitive areas and eliminate glare and ambient light from the projector.This study also discusses the disadvantages and advantages of conventional lighting solutions as well as different features associated with the new projection method.

Shading and day-lighting controls energy savings in offices with fully-Glazed façades in hot climates

Shading devices installed on windows are designed to reduce solar radiation transmission into the space by absorbing and reflecting radiation rays. This study investigates the effect of shading and day-lighting controls when applied on fully-glazed facades on the annual energy savings in hot climates. For this reason, a dynamic simulation model of a space containing brise soleil and venetian blinds added to the façade exterior surface was developed on EnergyPlus and validated experimentally for office spaces located in Doha, Qatar. Comparison between the experimental and simulation models showed maximum discrepancies of 11.8% and 13.5% in surface temperature and peak space thermal load, respectively.Upon validation, the simulation model was used to evaluate the annual energy savings associated with the use of shading devices on both south and north-oriented façades in Qatar. For the south-oriented façade, brise soleil and fixed blinds with 90° with the vertical were found to save 18.6% and 20.6% of the space energy demands respectively, while mitigating glare risks. As for the north façade, the addition of brise soleil and blinds saves 7.7% and 9.1% of the space total energy demands respectively and removes all risks associated with glare. The adoption of a shading control for the blind angle and day-lighting control for the electric lights was found to save 26.1% of the space total energy without compromising the comfortable glare limit. This control strategy allows the occupants to benefit from the fully-glazed façade while still upholding the indoor space requirements in terms of outdoor visual comfort and day-lighting entrance.

Social, Environmental and Sustainable Entrepreneurship Research

What process of socioeconomic transformation might move humanity towards sustainability-as-flourishing, an ideal view of sustainability where life flourishes indefinitely on Earth? We suggest entrepreneurship as one such process and review the literature on three types of entrepreneurship said to transform society by creating value beyond profit: social, environmental and sustainable entrepreneurship. From environmental and social scientific literature, we distil a set of requisites for sustainability-as-flourishing, a topic of growing interest. We then review the literature on social, environmental and sustainable entrepreneurship relative to these requisites. Findings show contributions and also limitations towards sustainability-as-flourishing reflected in research on each type of entrepreneurship. We propose a research agenda to address the most glaring limitations including a failure to study critical reflection processes that can shape entrepreneurs’ actions and a lack of emphasis on the Earth’s physical carrying capacity. Future research could also zero in more on complex systems thinking and consider root causes.

Practical Applications of The Glidepath Illusion… and Potential Solutions

The glidepath approach does not maximize retirement income or reduce uncertainty about that future income, maintains Robert Arnott , Chairman and CEO of Research Affiliates in Newport Beach, CA. In The Glidepath Illusion…and Potential Solutions , in The Journal of Retirement (Fall 2013), Arnott and Research Affiliates colleagues Katrina Sherrerd , Partner and COO, and Lillian Wu , Research Associate, present a historical analysis of the results of traditional glidepath strategies and compare them to static balanced and contrarian strategies. The authors point to several problems with the conventional glidepath approach and suggest new approaches for better results. “Our goal is to draw attention to the glaring limitations of plain-vanilla target-date strategies and to show the paths by which these strategies can be improved, not by a little, but by a lot,” Arnott tells us. The results have attracted attention in the broader media, including Financial Advisor Magazine .

Practical Applications of The Glidepath Illusion… and Potential Solutions

The glidepath approach does not maximize retirement income or reduce uncertainty about that future income, maintains <b>Robert Arnott</b>, Chairman and CEO of <b>Research Affiliates</b> in Newport Beach, CA. In <i><b>The Glidepath Illusion…and Potential Solutions</b></i>, in <b><i>The Journal of Retirement</i></b> (Fall 2013), Arnott and Research Affiliates colleagues <b>Katrina Sherrerd</b>, Partner and COO, and <b>Lillian Wu</b>, Research Associate, present a historical analysis of the results of traditional glidepath strategies and compare them to static balanced and contrarian strategies. The authors point to several problems with the conventional glidepath approach and suggest new approaches for better results. “Our goal is to draw attention to the glaring limitations of plain-vanilla target-date strategies and to show the paths by which these strategies can be improved, not by a little, but by a lot,” Arnott tells us. The results have attracted attention in the broader media, including <b><i>Financial Advisor Magazine</i></b>.

동적 원추 세포 응답을 이용한 높은 동적 폭을 갖는 영상 색상 보정 방법

최근 들어, 실제 환경 영상과 디스플레이 영상간의 인지적 불일치를 위해, 인간 시각 시스템을 흉내 낸 높은 동적 범위를 갖는 영상 촬영 기술이 LCD/LED 디스플레이 장치에 사용되고 있다. 그러나 HDR 영상에는 섬광 한계뿐만 아니라 국부 영상대비 등의 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 중심/주변 레티넥스, 다중 스케일 영상 레티넥스, 톤 매핑 방법, iCAM06등 여러 가지 색상 보정 방법들이 제안되었다. 그러나 기존의 방법들에서는 결과 영상내의 전반적으로 특정 색상 두드러짐 현상이 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 동적 원추 세포 응답을 이용한 영상 보정 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 톤 매핑과 동적 원추 세포 응답으로 구성된다. 색도 성분과 비색도 성분의 선형적인 보간을 이용하여 톤 매핑을 수행하고, 톤 매핑의 결과 영상에서 동적 원추 세포 응답 함수를 이용하여 원추세포 응답을 획득한다. 획득된 원추세포 응답을 이용하여 색상 보정을 수행한다. 이는 인간 눈의 동적 응답을 예측함과 동시에 보정된 영상이 실제 환경과 최대한 일치하도록 한다. 실험 결과에서 제안한 방법이 기존의 방법에 비해 색상 보정 효과가 우수함을 보인다.

31.3: Experimental Methodology to Measure the Veiling Glare Limit for Detection Tasks in High‐Dynamic‐Range Displays

AbstractWe describe an experimental methodology for quantifying the effect of veiling glare in high‐dynamic‐range displays for simple detection tasks using a sensitivity experiment. A Gaussian spot was located on white noise image backgrounds indicated with dark hairline markers and a ring was added to the image as the veiling glare source. A double random staircase technique with one‐image‐at‐a‐time paradigm was used to estimate intensity thresholds using published methods. Observer gaze position was recorded in real‐time during the experiments and used to provide auditory feedback to ensure fixation on the region where the signal might be present and minimize significant changes in adaptation that would affect the thresholds.

Ynamides: A Modern Functional Group for the New Millennium

An Overview on Ynamines Alkynes represent one of the most important and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Heteroatom-substituted alkynes, which can be considered as subgroups of alkynes, have also been vastly utilized in developing synthetic methods. In particular, ynamines [1-amino-alkynes or N-alkynyl amines] became the most valuable subgroup of alkynes after the establishment of their practical synthesis in the 1960's. The first attempt at preparation of an ynamine was reported by Bode1,2 in 1892. While well-characterized ynamines were reported in 19583 and 1960,4 a practical synthesis was not achieved until the effort led by Viehe5 in 1963 in addition to other subsequent works. In the ensuing twenty years, the synthetic significance of ynamines in organic and organometallic chemistry was firmly established by the work of many creative synthetic chemists. These elegant pioneer works have been informatively and carefully reviewed by Viehe in 19676 and 1969;7 Ficini in 1976;8 Pitacco and Valentin9 in 1979; Collard-Motte and Janousek10 in 1986; Himbert11 in 1993; and most recently by us12,13 and Katritzky14. Open in a separate window The synthetic eminence of ynamines is well merited because of the predicable regioselectivity in their transformations as shown by the generalization in Scheme i, and more importantly, because they are inherently highly reactive. However, this latter attribute is also the source of the limitation that has seriously hampered the development of ynamine chemistry, thereby shortening the period of its prominence in synthesis. Ynamines are very sensitive toward hydrolysis, as protonation of the electron-rich alkynyl motif affords reactive keteniminium intermediates, which upon trapping with water leads to simple amides in a rather expensive manner (Scheme i). This hydrolytic instability has caused much difficulty in the experimental preparation and general handling of ynamines, and more detrimentally, rendered ynamine chemistry inaccessible. Open in a separate window Scheme i Consequently, the synthetic utility of ynamines has suffered a dramatic decline during the last thirty years.15 The most glaring limitations have been in the development of intramolecular and stereoselective reactions.7–14 The only reported intramolecular reaction of ynamines was Genet and Kahn's acid catalyzed addition of a hydroxyl group to an ynamine [i→ii in Scheme ii] in 1980,16 and although clever, it constitutes a hydrolytic process. Open in a separate window Scheme ii Besides Reinhoudt's17 sole account in 1987 reporting hetero-[4 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral ynamine iii with nitroalkenes that led to cycloadducts iv in modest de, the only other notable studies were reported ten years later by Fischer18 showcasing [2 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral ynamides v and vi with vinylidene chromium carbene complexes, and another three years later by Pericas19 in their Pauson-Khand cycloadditions using chiral ynamines vii.

The Role of Religion in Wuthering Heights

Among several scholarly studies concerned with the treatment of religion in Wuthering Heights one may find assertions to the effect that Emily’s novel is an anti-Christian book. This argument tends to be supported by reference to the glaring limitations of Joseph and Nelly Dean as Christians or, more particularly, by the perception that the ‘transcendental’ thinking of Heathcliff and Catherine is worthier than the Christian teachings on which they have been painfully brought up and which, as adults, they have come to repudiate. But a careful examination of the attitudes and behaviour of the main characters, especially in relation to the biblical quotations and allusions incorporated in the narrative, would suggest that, in Emily’s eyes, the Gospel is none the less relevant to modern man, and that any shortcomings within the Protestant Church in the late eighteenth century and beyond are due, not to Christianity but, rather, to Christians themselves.

Roof lighting and sun protection

On the basis of a radiation model of the sky and direct sunlight, glare and heat loads can be calculated for different roof light systems. To avoid overheating, a maximum daily energy input through roof lights of 0.65 kWh per square metre of floor area is suggested, whereas the glare limit is set by a maximum luminance of 6000 cd/m 2. With these criteria the efficiency of various roof light systems is evaluated in terms of annual hours of daylight use with a set minimum for the interior illuminance. Actual energy savings with roof lighting depend on the required lighting level and on the switching scheme for the electric lighting.

Glare limitation of the fluorescent lamp luminaire with white diffuse reflector

The limitation of discomfort glare from lighting installations is an important requirement for lighting environments of offices and large area stores. Lamps mounted in luminaires must be shielded. In generally used fluorescent lamp luminaires with white diffuse reflector, the greater the shielding angle is, the more effective limitation of the glare is, but the less the luminaire efficiency is. The shielding angle of fluorescent lamp luminaire should balance glare limitation effects with luminaire efficiency. To discover a suitable shielding angle, the relationship between the efficiency as well as the effect of glare limitation was studied by measurement and calculation by means of british IES glare Indexes. A shielding anle of “15°” was found to be suitable. Luminaires incorporating the above results have been developed. Relative estimates of these luminaires as well as glare limiting luminaires are also described.

スポーツ投光照明施設のグレア制限

スポーツ投光照明施設のグレア制限

Relationship between two systems of glare limitation

The glare ratings of 17 commercial luminaires have been calculated and compared for the British and German systems of discomfort glare limitation. For some circumstances it is clear that there are considerable differences between the two systems but simple conversion tables are derived relating to room surface-reflectance and flux fraction ratio, which when applied enable a basic linear relationship between the two glare ratings to be used for most practical circumstances.