Glandular Capitate Research Articles

Non-Aqueous Isolation and Enrichment of Glandular Capitate Stalked and Sessile Trichomes from Cannabis sativa.

This paper presents a protocol for the convenient and high-throughput isolation and enrichment of glandular capitate stalked and sessile trichomes from Cannabis sativa. The biosynthetic pathways for cannabinoid and volatile terpene metabolism are localized primarily in the Cannabis trichomes, and isolated trichomes are beneficial for transcriptome analysis. The existing protocols for isolating glandular trichomes for transcriptomic characterization are inconvenient and deliver compromised trichome heads and a relatively low amount of isolated trichomes. Furthermore, they rely on expensive apparatus and isolation media containing protein inhibitors to avoid RNA degradation. The present protocol suggests combining three individual modifications to obtain a large amount of isolated glandular capitate stalked and sessile trichomes from C. sativa mature female inflorescences and fan leaves, respectively. The first modification involves substituting liquid nitrogen for the conventional isolation medium to facilitate the passage of trichomes through the micro-sieves. The second modification involves using dry ice to detach the trichomes from the plant source. The third modification involves passing the plant material consecutively through five micro-sieves of diminishing pore sizes. Microscopic imaging demonstrated the effectiveness of the isolation technique for both trichome types. In addition, the quality of RNA extracted from the isolated trichomes was appropriate for downstream transcriptomic analysis.

Features of pubescence of mericarps of some species of the genus Geranium. Trichomes classification

The features of pubescence of mericarps in 34 taxa of species and intraspecific ranks of the genus Geranium from different sections were studied. Based on the studied materials, a classification of trichomes on the surface of mericarps has been developed. Two groups of trichomes have been distinguished: non-glandular, including three types and six subtypes, and glandular, including one type and four subtypes. For the first time, non-glandular simple unbranched ribbon-like trichomes (LP), non-glandular complex uniserial unbranched hooked trichomes (CrS), non-glandular complex uniserial unbranched helical trichomes (BC), non-glandular complex uniserial branched filamentous arachnoid trichomes (PS), long glandular capitate unbranched complex trichomes with big head (GLb). The types of mericarp trichomes were analyzed according to their occurrence in different sections of the genus Geranium. It has been shown that there are types of trichomes that are characteristic of the mericarps of the species of most sections, and types of trichomes that are characteristic of the mericarps of species of one or two sections, or even one species from the sections. This is the basis for considering some characters of trichomes as a specific and sectional characters. At the same time, this issue requires further study of the surface of mericarps of representatives of other species, both from the already studied sections and from new sections.

Diagnostic traits of medicinal herbal raw material of species of Thymus genus

The paper presents the peculiarities of morphological-anatomical structure of the organs, which are diagnostic traits of herbal raw materials (HRM) of the commonest species of Thymus L. genus in the moderate climatic zone. We determined that the studied species develop a subshrub life form, which grows monopodially in Th. pulegioides and Th. marschallianus, and sympodially with mono-, di- and polycyclic types of monocarpic shoots in Th. serpyllum. Inflorescence is of thyrsoid type with opposite partial inflorescences, which are constituents of simple dichasia with monochasia. Macroscopic and microscopic diagnostic features of the HRM are structure and pubescence on the stem, leaves and flowers, the anatomical structure of which was studied on 20 µm thick transversal sections using a light microscope. In Th. pulegioides, stems are tetrahedral, pubescent on ribs with unicellular and two-cellular elbow-shaped hairs. Leaves are ovoid, covered by multiangular epidermis that bears diacytic stromas, sharpened capitate unicellular and two-cellular hairs and 10–12 cellular essential oil glandules. In Th. marschallianus, the stems are poorly tetrahedral, rounded, pubescent on the entire surface. Leaves are elliptic, the cells of the epidermis are elongated, significantly tortuous, with 10–12 cellular glandules, diacytic stromas, capitate and unicellular hairs. In Th. serpyllum, the stems are cylindric, pubescent all round. The leaves are elongated-elliptic, epidermis cells are oval, tortuous, stromas are diacytic, essential oil glandules are 8–10 cellular, number of papilla-like hairs is low. The petioles and lamina base of the studied species are pubescent on the sides with short, coned and elbow-shaped, 2–3 cellular hairs, among which there are long, 4–8 cellular hairs; the hairs in Th. serpyllum are multicellular, interrupted. In mesophyll, there are schizogenous essential oil reservoirs. In Th. marschallianus and Th. pulegioídes, the calyx is campanulate, bilabiate, and pubescent. The flower corolla is purple-violet, bilabiate, has tube and outward bend, pubescent inside with coned unicellular hairs, has essential oil glandules and glandular capitate hairs, and pubescence in the fauces comprises long unicellular hairs. In Th. pulegioídes, cells of the corolla epidermis are multiangular-shaped with insignificantly wavy walls, in Th. marschallianus ‒ rectangular with significantly wavy walls. Cells of the tube epidermis are rectangular, tortuous. Surface of the corolla of Th. serpyllum is pubescent on both sides with short, cone-like and three-cellular, interrupted hairs, and also capitate hairs, and has essential oil glandules. Epidermis cells are multi-angular, tubes – rectangular and narrow. The obtained results may be used for diagnostics of HRM of morphologically similar species during their preparation.

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl)

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28±0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

Prospects of use of rhus typhina l. (anacardiaceae r.br.) in food and medical industry

Dried and powdered fruits of sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria L., family Anacardiaceae R.Br.) have been used in Asian countries and some others for a very long time as seasoning (spices «sumac», «zatar»). The research is aimed at an assessment of prospects for use of fruits of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.), growing in the middle zone of the Russian Federation, as a spice, having medicinal properties. The morphological and anatomical, dimensional and weight characteristics of Rh. typhina’s fruits, collected in the arboretum of Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), having medicinal properties, were studied. The content of absolutely dry matter and vitamin C in them was determined. For comparison of biochemical parameters, seasoning «sumac» (Rh. coriaria), purchased on open market, was evaluated. It was established that surface of Rh. typhina’s fruit is covered with multicellular trichomes of two types (covering long single-row and glandular capitate on two-celled pedicle); pericarp is differentiated, its structure as a whole is similar to that, described in the literature; the content of absolutely dry matter in air-dry matter (90.5%) and vitamin C (62.0 mg%) in Rh. typhina’s fruits is slightly less than those for Rh. coriaria’s fruits – 96.5% and 64.6 mg%, respectively. Mass of 1000 fruits Rh. typhina (about 12 g) in MBG RAS arboretum is 1,5 times exceed the according to the literature. Thus, Rh. typhina’s fruits may be recommended for further study as an alternative to Rh. coriaria’s fruits, which are traditionally used for making spices.

Micromorphological variations of trichomes in the genus Ocimum L.

Ocimum L. is an attractive fragrant ornamental plant with medicinal aromatic compounds. The study using digital microscopy revealed the distinct epidermal trichome morphology in five species of Ocimum including O. americanum L., O. basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. kilimandscharicum Gurke and O. tenuiflorum L. A distinguished variation in size, shape, type and abundance of trichomes on leaves and stem of all species are described and photographed. Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes scrutinized in all the species in which glandular type comprised capitate and peltate trichomes. On the stem, the longest glandular capitate trichome (GCT) and non-glandular trichome (NGT) were observed in O. tenuiflorum while O. basilicum possessed longest glandular peltate trichome (GPT). In case of foliar trichomes, the longest GCT observed on leaves of O. americanum; and O. basilicum showed the longest GPT and NGT. In the species, the septate or aseptate NGT possessed uni, bi or multicellular base with acute or broad apex. A distinguished variation in the number of cells in stalk and head of GT was observed in the study. Presence of silica bodies in peltate trichome of O. kilimandscharicum was noticed as the characteristic feature. Among the five species, the trichomes were abundant in O. kilimandscharicum; while O. basilicum showed sparse distribution. Trichomes with disrupted cells were also noted in O. americanum. Due to the presence of specific trichome characteristics, the efficient taxonomic key is prepared to identify the taxa at species level.

Taxonomic relevance of petiole anatomical and micro-morphological characteristics of Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) taxa from South Korea.

We assessed the micro-morphological and anatomical structures of the petioles of 19 Clematis taxa from South Korea. The petiole surface features were observed with the help of stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the anatomical features are studied via microtomy and light microscopy. The results of this study showed that the presence/absence and abundance of trichomes, petiole cross-section outlines, upper surface wings and grooves, and the number of vascular bundles were useful for species discrimination in Clematis. Among the studied taxa, C. hexapetala was the only species with a glabrous petiole surface. Two types of trichomes were observed in the other 18 taxa: long, non-glandular and flagelliform trichomes and short, glandular capitate trichomes. We found four to six major vascular bundles and a maximum of eight interfascicular vascular bundles (C. heracleifolia and C. urticifolia) in the 19 taxa. A cluster analysis based on UPGMA identified six clusters with 18 nodes. Although the number of taxa investigated was limited, taxa from the sections Tubulosae, Viorna, and Astragene clustered with each other in the UPGMA phenogram due to the overall similarity of petiole features. Based on this observation, we can conclude that most of the petiole features are limited to the species level, and thus, the data obtained could be used as descriptive and/or diagnostic features for particular taxa, which may be useful for the investigation of problematic taxa in the genus.

Foliar micromorphology, ultrastructure, and histochemical analysis of Barleria albostellata C.B. Clarke

Barleria albostellata (Acanthaceae), is a valuable medicinal plant with a broad spectrum of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to characterize the micromorphology, distribution, and chemical composition of the trichomes present on the leaves and stems of B. albostellata using light and electron microscopy and histochemistry. Morphological observations using stereo and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a dense indumentum bearing numerous non-glandular trichomes on the leaves and stems of B. albostellata. The histochemical and SEM analyses revealed the presence of five morphologically distinct glandular capitate trichome types, multangulate-dendritic branched (MDB) non-glandular trichomes and a glandular head attached to a branched non-glandular trichome. Transmission electron micrographs showed that numerous plastids, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae were actively involved in the secretory process. The stained leaf and stem sections indicated the presence of alkaloids and phenolics as the major medicinal compounds in glandular and non-glandular trichomes. To our knowledge, this study represents the first detailed report describing the key micromorphological features of the foliar structures of B. albostellata as well as the preliminary chemical composition of the secretions produced by these structures.

TRICHOME STUDIES OF PLANT IN FAMILY STERCULIACEAE

The present study is aimed to examine the significance of trichome structure and their organographic distribution for taxonomic delimitation in the taxa of family sterculiaceae. Ten species belonging to 8 genera viz. Buettneriaherbacea, Erioleanahokkeriana, Helicteresisora, Melhaniahamiltoniana, Melhaniafuttyporensis, Melhaniatometa, Melochiacorchorifolia, Pterospermumacerifolium, Sterculiaurens, Waltheria indica were selected. Total 29 trichomes types recognized during present investigation. Out of which, 27 belong to non-glandular and to glandular once. Some type are common and found in most of the taxa viz. unicellular flagellate, uniseriate conical and stellate multi-radiate whereas unicellular papillose, unicellular cylindrical, bi-cellular filiform, bi-cellular aseptate flagellate, uniseriate conical, uniseriate hooked, uniseriate curved , uniseriate aseptate flagellate, peltate, glandular flagellate and uniseriate glandular capitate appeared quite significant to a particular species for taxonomic delimitation in Sterculiaceae.

Micromorphology and histochemistry of the secretory apparatus of Plumbago auriculata Lam.

This study interprets the structure and provides insights on the phyto-compounds of the leaves and calyces of Plumbago auriculata and evaluates its potential as a medicinal plant based on the presence of these compounds. Structure and possession of phyto-compounds were determined using light and electron microscopy and various histochemical tests. Glandular capitate and non-glandular uniserate trichomes were present on the surface of the calyx. Glandular trichomes bear a close resemblance to the digestive glands of the genus Drosera. Salt glands present on the leaf surface were abundant on the abaxial surface and revealed the presence of “transfer cells” reported for the first time in the genus. Abundant mitochondria, mini vacuoles, ribosomes, dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae were actively involved in the secretory process. Histochemical staining also revealed the presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds that are of medicinal importance used to treat multiple ailments and also function as chemical deterrents in plants. Overall, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the secretory structures of P. auriculata and provides new insights on the ultrastructural and histochemical aspects of the species.

Secretory structures in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) is an economically important crop cultivated in parts of Asia and Africa. The leaves are consumed as a vegetable, whereas the calyces are used in a variety of different beverages. Leaves of H.sabdariffa have been studied for their anticancer and cholesterol-lowering effects, though very little is known with regard to the compounds produced in the leaves and how these are synthesized. Here, we provide an anatomical overview of the foliar secretory structures present and discuss some of the cellular mechanics involved in the secretion of secondary metabolites. The micromorphology of the external leaf surfaces and internal secretory structures were examined. The leaves of H.sabdariffa, though glabrous to the naked eye, are covered with glandular capitate trichomes. Using ultrastructural techniques, a subcuticular space was identified on the lower surface of the trichome, which compartmentalized and stored secreted substances until release onto the leaf surface. The function of the secretions observed are still yet unknown, however due to the presence of phenolics and alkaloids within trichomes determined using histochemical methods, they may serve as herbivore deterrents. Mucilage accumulating cells, also known as mucilage idioblasts were also encountered during the anatomical investigations and were characterized using light and electron microscopy. These findings have implications in the taxonomical classification of Hibiscus, and furthers research on this valued medicinal plant and the potential sources of useful phytometabolites within it.

Micromorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the foliar trichomes of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae)

The leaves of Withania somnifera contained four morphologically distinct trichome types: glandular capitate, non-glandular dendritic (branched), non-glandular bicellular and non-glandular multicellular trichomes. Major phytochemical compounds present within glandular and non-glandular trichomes were alkaloids and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to characterize the micromorphology of the foliar trichomes of Withania somnifera as well as to elucidate the location and composition of the secretory products. Trichome density and length was also determined in three developmental stages of the leaves. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of four morphologically distinct trichome types: glandular capitate, non-glandular dendritic, non-glandular bicellular and non-glandular multicellular. The dendritic trichomes exhibited cuticular warts which are involved in the "Lotus-Effect". Glandular capitate and non-glandular dendritic trichomes were aggregated on the mid-vein of young and mature leaves, possibly to protect underlying vasculature. Histochemical staining also revealed the presence of two major classes of phytochemical compounds that are of medicinal importance, i.e. alkaloids and phenolic compounds. These compounds are used to treat a wide variety of ailments and also act as chemical deterrents in plants. The results of this study explain possible roles of four morphologically distinct trichome types based on their morphology, foliar distribution and content.

Anatomical features of leaf blade of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Asteraceae) during introduction in Zhytomyr Polissya

This article represents the results of anatomical research of the lamina of Artemisia dracunculus L. introduced in Zhytomyr Polissya. Both, upper and lower epidermises are covered with cuticle, stomata are oval and of anomocytic type. The lamina is amphistomatic. The trichomas of stellar form as well as simple conic hairs were determined both on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Rounded multicellular peltate glands that are typical for Asteraceae family and glandular capitate conic trichomas which represent tissue of external secretion. Tissue of internal secretion is represented by idioblasts and containers of essential oils. A. dracunculus has dorsiventral structure mesophylle and vascular bundle of main rib of collateral type. Peltate glands, capitate conic trichomas, secretory cells and nonglandular trichomas could be used as taxonomic features as well as for determination of raw material of A. dracunculus. The presence of peltate glands and glandular capitated trichomas in large amounts confirm that A. dracunculus introducted in conditions of Zhytomyr Polissya could be used as a sufficient producer of essential oils.

An investigation of the foliar trichomes of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd [Lamiaceae]: An important medicinal plant of Southern Africa

The morphology and distribution of leaf trichomes of Tetradenia riparia were studied using light and scanning microscopy. Three morphologically distinct types of trichomes were observed on T. riparia leaf surfaces: glandular capitate (short and long stalked), peltate and non-glandular. The glandular and non-glandular trichomes were present in abundance on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Young leaves were densely covered with trichomes; however, the density of trichomes decreases progressively with leaf maturity. This suggests that the trichomes are established early in leaf differentiation and their density decreases with leaf development and age.

EVALUATION OF RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN ERIODICTYON (HYDROPHYLLACEAE) USING TRICHOME CHARACTERISTICS

All 13 taxa of Eriodictyon Bentham (Hydrophyllaceae) were examined to determine the range of variation in trichome characters within the genus. Four simple trichome types were found: short and straight, intermediate length and straight, long and straight, long and wavy. Glandular capitate trichomes were also found in some species. Sessile glands were also observed but not included in the study. Most taxa displayed unique combinations of trichome types on stems, leaves, inflorescence axes and flower parts that allowed those taxa to be identified using trichome types alone. Trichome data support most previous taxonomic treatments, but suggest that 1) the two varieties of E. traskiae are extremely similar, 2) the rare E. altissimum is most similar to the widespread E. californicum, 3) the rare E. capitatum is allied with E. crassifolium var. nigrescens or perhaps E. angustifolium, 4) E. crassifolium var. denudatum and E. crassifolium var. nigrescens are essentially indistinguishable using trichome characters and, coupled with variation in other characters, are best combined under the name E. crassifolium var. nigrescens. Trichome characters provide a wealth of taxonomically useful information and may prove useful in the study of related genera of Hydrophyllaceae.

Foliar appendages in certain species ofSalvia (studies inLamiaceae VI)

Foliar appendages of eight species ofSalvia L. have been studied. Eleven types of non glandular and five types of glandular appendages have been observed. They have been classified under three major categories: (1) glandular capitate; (2) non glandular filiform and (3) non glandular capitate. Five new types of trichomes have been reported fromLamiaceae for the first time. On the basis of trichome types different species ofSalvia can be identified. A tentative key has been presented.

Trichomes and stomata, and their taxonomic significance in theUrticales

Structure and ontogeny of stomata and trichomes have been studied in 23 species and 3 varieties of theUrticales. Stomata are anomocytic, more rarely paracytic; anisocytic and sometimes helicocytic and transitorial types are found inUrticaceae andDorstenia, rarely inArtocarpus. The ontogeny of anomocytic and actinocytic stomata is perigenous, of paracytic either mesogenous or perigenous, of anisocytic either mesogenous or mesoperigenous, and of helicocytic and transitional types mesogenous. Among trichomes eglandular unicellular (wide spread), bicellular or uniseriate filiform (Cannabis); glandular capitate with uni- or bicellular (Moraceae, Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae), uniseriate filiform (Ulmaceae) or multiseriate stalk (Cannabis); sunken glands (Artocarpus); uniseriate glandular with uniseriate stalk (Celtis), and stinging emergences (Urticaceae) have been observed. It is concluded that theUrticales represent a natural order with four families:Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae andCannabaceae which are distinct but interrelated with each other.