Gland Weight Research Articles

Studying the Efficiency of Fermented Local Corn on Some Physiological and Immunological Characteristics of Broiler

The study was carried out in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa to examine the efficiency of fermented local corn on some physiological and immunological characteristics of broiler. 300 of one day old broiler (Ross 308), unsex with initial weight of 39g were used. Chicks were raised for 35 days in closed house divided into pens with 3m2 for each and distributed randomly on 5 treatments with three replicates for each treatment (60 chicks for each treatment and 20 for each replicate). Treatments were prepared as follows: T1 (imported corn), T2 (unfermented local corn), T3 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 50%), T4 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 75%) and T5 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 100%). Results showed that fermenting local corn by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1g/kg corn for 24h) was improved the nutritional value of corn particularly crude protein and fat as well as decreasing B1 aflatoxin to very low level. There were non significant differences between Haematological blood characteristics (hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell and white blood cell), biochemical characteristics (total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and glucose) and immunological characteristics (antibody titers against Newcastle disease, antibody titers against avian infectious bronchitis, the relative weight of fabricius gland and the index of fabricius gland) in all Experimental treatments.

Effect of Broiler Diet Colour on Production Characteristics and Economic Parameters

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of broiler diet colour on production performance and economic parameters. 360 unsexed one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS-308) were used, with an average starting weight of 41.8 g. They were randomly distributed over four transactions since the first day of incubation, as follows: T1 = control diet treatment (no addition), T2 = blue diet treatment, T3 = green diet treatment and T4 = red diet treatment, with six replicates per treatment. Each repeater contains 15 birds. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant superiority (P≤0.05) of the green diet treatment compared to control and blue diet treatments in final body weight, total weight gain, total feed consumption, average carcass weight, herd homogeneity ratio and European productivity efficiency factor. There was a significant decrease in the relative weight of the fabricia gland and abdominal fat in favor of the green diet treatment differences, and there were no significant differences in the total conversion factor and mortality rate and an increase in the value of the net revenue and the percentage of the net revenue for the total breeding period (35) days in the treatments of colour additions to the feed compared to the control treatment.. Adding colors to the ration improved most of the productive traits, carcass traits and economic criteria.

MP59-15 ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR FORMATION OF BLADDER NECK CONTRACTURE AFTER HOLMIUM ENUCLEATION OF PROSTATE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP59-15 ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR FORMATION OF BLADDER NECK CONTRACTURE AFTER HOLMIUM ENUCLEATION OF PROSTATE Susan Talamini, Adam Ostergar, Hayden Hill, Alethea Paradis, Joel Vetter, and Charles Nottingham Susan TalaminiSusan Talamini More articles by this author , Adam OstergarAdam Ostergar More articles by this author , Hayden HillHayden Hill More articles by this author , Alethea ParadisAlethea Paradis More articles by this author , Joel VetterJoel Vetter More articles by this author , and Charles NottinghamCharles Nottingham More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003312.15AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) offers a size independent approach to the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a known complication after endoscopic intervention for BPH. This study aims to evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the formation of postoperative BNC after HoLEP. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted from 2020 to 2022 of men undergoing HoLEP by a single surgeon. Exclusion criteria included patients with follow up of less than 1 month. Patients with postoperative BNC were identified, and Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to test for significant associations between categorical and continuous variables of interest and bladder neck contracture respectively. Pre- and perioperative factors were compared between groups including catheter dependence, history of radiation, previous outlet procedures, concurrent procedures, laser type, enucleated gland weight, and energy usage. RESULTS: A total of 184 men were identified for the study. An incidence of BNC occurred in 9% of patients (n=17). On univariate analysis, enucleated gland weight was significantly associated with BNC (70 vs 38.9, p=0.029), though this association was not seen on multivariate analysis. Amongst men with glands less than 40gm, 13.3% had BNCs. The presence of bladder stones at time of HoLEP was a significant risk factor associated with the development of BNC, as 17.6% of men with BNCs had bladder stones (p=0.039). Urethral dilation was also significantly associated with BNC (11.8%, p=0.023). Mean time to diagnosis of BNC was 6.5 months. Mean follow up was 6.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified smaller gland size, as well as concurrent bladder stones and previous stricture disease, as significant risk factors for the development of BNC after HoLEP. This study underscores the importance of preoperative anatomical evaluation in patient counseling and discussion of individual risk factors. Source of Funding: none © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e813 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Susan Talamini More articles by this author Adam Ostergar More articles by this author Hayden Hill More articles by this author Alethea Paradis More articles by this author Joel Vetter More articles by this author Charles Nottingham More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Effect of Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis) on Male Reproductive Organs and Sperm Quality in Adult Sprague Dawley Rats.

Reproductive health and male fertility are closely related to dietary practices. In recent years, Malaysia has shown a lot of interest in using herbal plants as dietary supplements or in the treatment of numerous diseases. Aquilaria malaccensis, commonly known as karas or gaharu, has recently gained attention for its potential to cure many diseases due to its pharmacological properties. However, studies on its effect on male fertility and reproductive organs are very scarce. This study was conducted to determine the effect of A. malaccensis on male reproductive organs' weight (testis, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle) and sperm quality (sperm count, sperm morphology and sperm motility) in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into four treatment groups; Control (C: 1 mL of distilled water, n = 6), Treatment 1 (T1: 1 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), Treatment 2 (T2: 2 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6) and Treatment 3 (T3: 3 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), respectively. Distilled water and A. malaccensis were administered by oral gavage once daily for 28 days. The rats were euthanised on Day 29 for assessment of reproductive organs' weight and sperm quality. Result shows that weight of testis, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle and sperm motility did not differ (p > 0.05) among control and treated groups. A significant increase (p < 0.05) of sperm number (1.36 × 10-6) and a decrease (p < 0.05) in percentage of the abnormal sperm (8.17%) were observed in T1 group when compared to Control group. Incremental dosage of A. malaccensis seemed to decrease number of sperm (T3: 0.78 × 10-6 < T1: 1.36 × 10-6 with p < 0.05) and increase percentage of abnormal sperm (T3: 18.83% > T2: 12.17% > T1: 8.17% with p < 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of either 1, 2 or 3 grams of A. malaccensis did not alter the reproductive organs' weight and sperm motility. However, the higher concentration of A. malaccensis consumed by the rats seemed to have detrimental effects on the number and morphology of sperm.

Revision Parathyroid Surgery - Challenges and Considerations in Comparison to Primary Surgery.

Revision parathyroidectomy is made necessary by recurrent or persistent parathyroid disease. This study aimed to identify challenges in revision surgery compared to primary parathyroid surgery. All revision parathyroidectomies performed by one surgeon over a 17-year period were assessed for demographics, imaging, histology, biochemistry, cure rate, gland weight, gland location and gland ectopia, and compared to a series of 100 primary parathyroidectomies. Twenty-eight revision surgical procedures were identified. Sestamibi scanning for gland localisation was superior to ultrasound in both primary and revision surgery. Pre-operative calcium and gland weight were significantly higher in revision cases. There were no significant differences in post-operative calcium levels, pre- or post-operative parathyroid hormone levels, or gland location. 36 per cent of glands excised in revision surgery were ectopic, compared to 25 per cent in primary procedures. The cure rate was significantly lower in revision surgery. Revision parathyroidectomy patients present with higher pre-operative calcium and larger adenomas; the cure rate is significantly lower in these patients.

Effect of Free-Range Production System on the Weight of Adrenal Gland and Body Feather Coverage in Broilers

Effect of Free-Range Production System on the Weight of Adrenal Gland and Body Feather Coverage in Broilers

IL-1 Mediates Chronic Stress-Induced Hyperalgesia Accompanied by Microglia and Astroglia Morphological Changes in Pain-Related Brain Regions in Mice

Chronic stress causes several pain conditions including fibromyalgia. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown, and the therapy is unresolved. Since the involvement of interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been described in stress and inflammatory pain but no data are available regarding stress-induced pain, we studied its role in a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. Female and male C57Bl/6J wild-type (WT) and IL-1αβ-deficient (knock-out: IL-1 KO) mice were exposed to 6 h of immobilization/day for 4 weeks. Mechanonociception, cold tolerance, behavioral alterations, relative thymus/adrenal gland weights, microglia ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) integrated density, number and morphological transformation in pain-related brain regions were determined. CRS induced 15-20% mechanical hyperalgesia after 2 weeks in WT mice in both sexes, which was significantly reduced in female but not in male IL-1 KOs. Increased IBA1+ integrated density in the central nucleus of amygdala, primary somatosensory cortex hind limb representation part, hippocampus cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) was present, accompanied by a cell number increase in IBA1+ microglia in stressed female WTs but not in IL-1 KOs. CRS induced morphological changes of GFAP+ astrocytes in WT but not in KO mice. Stress evoked cold hypersensitivity in the stressed animals. Anxiety and depression-like behaviors, thymus and adrenal gland weight changes were detectable in all groups after 2 but not 4 weeks of CRS due to adaptation. Thus, IL-1 mediates chronic stress-induced hyperalgesia in female mice, without other major behavioral alterations, suggesting the analgesic potentials of IL-1 in blocking drugs in stress-related pain syndromes.

Intranasal administration of interleukin-4 ameliorates depression-like behavior and biochemical alterations in mouse submitted to the chronic unpredictable mild stress: modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Physical and psychological stress modulates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the redox and inflammatory systems. Impairments in these systems have been extensively reported in major depression (MD) patients. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the effects of the intranasal administration of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 28days. On the 28th day, mice received IL-4 intranasally (1ng/mouse) or vehicle (sterile saline), and after 30min, they were submitted to behavioral tests or euthanasia for blood collection and removal of the adrenal glands, axillary lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, prefrontal cortices (PFC), and hippocampi (HC). A single administration of IL-4 reversed CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test and splash test, without evoking locomotor changes. IL-4 administration reduced the plasma levels of corticosterone and the increased weight of suprarenal glands in stressed mice. Moreover, IL-4 restored the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-4, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the PFC and HC and modulated oxidative stress markers in these brain structures in stressed mice. Our results showed for the first time the antidepressant-like effect of IL-4 through the modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The potential effect of IL-4 administered intranasally arises as an innovative strategy for MD treatment.

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) Seeds Intake Increases Energy Expenditure and Reduces Fat Mass in Mice by Modulating Neural Circuits That Regulate Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism in Liver and Skeletal Muscle.

Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton; EC) is consumed in several countries worldwide and is considered a nutraceutical spice since it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic activities. In obese individuals, EC intake also favors weight loss. However, the mechanism for these effects has not been studied. Here, we identified that EC modulates the neuroendocrine axis that regulates food intake, body weight, mitochondrial activity, and energy expenditure in mice. We fed C57BL/6 mice with diets containing 3%, 6%, or 12% EC or a control diet for 14 weeks. Mice fed the EC-containing diets gained less weight than control, despite slightly higher food intake. The lower final weight of EC-fed mice was due to lesser fat content but increased lean mass than control. EC intake increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and reduced adipocyte size in subcutaneous, visceral, and brown adipose tissues. EC intake also prevented lipid droplet accumulation and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and liver. Accordingly, fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption, as well as fasting fat oxidation and postprandial glucose utilization were higher in mice fed with EC than in control. EC intake reduced proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, without an impact on neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. These neuropeptides control food intake but also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and circulating triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in EC-fed mice than in control. This effect was linked with decreased circulating corticosterone and weight of adrenal glands. Our results indicate that EC modulates appetite, increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, leading to increased energy expenditure and lower body fat mass. These metabolic effects were ascribable to the modulation of the HPT and HPA axes. LC-MS profiling of EC found 11 phenolic compounds among which protocatechuic acid (23.8%), caffeic acid (21.06%) and syringic acid (29.25%) were the most abundant, while GC-MS profiling showed 16 terpenoids among which costunolide (68.11%), ambrial (5.3%) and cis-α-terpineol (7.99%) were identified. Extrapolation of mice-to-human EC intake was performed using the body surface area normalization equation which gave a conversion equivalent daily human intake dose of 76.9-308.4 mg bioactives for an adult of 60 kg that can be obtained from 14.5-58.3 g of cardamom seeds (18.5-74.2 g cardamom pods). These results support further exploration of EC as a coadjuvant in clinical practice.

Predictive value of characteristics of resected parathyroid glands for persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism during parathyroidectomy

BackgroundParathyroidectomy (PTX), an effective treatment for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, still has a high persistent rate. This study aimed to analyze the predictive value of characteristics of resected parathyroid glands for postoperative persistent SHPT.MethodsThe clinical data of patients with persistent SHPT and successful PTX controls who had or underwent total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation (TPTX + AT) was retrospectively collected. The characteristics including the number, minimum weight, maximum weight and total weight of resected parathyroid glands from each patient were recorded. Characteristics and cutoff value of resected parathyroid glands for the prediction of persistent SHPT were analyzed.ResultsA total of 227 patients (62 persistent SHPT patients and 165 successful PTX controls) were enrolled in the study. Forty-one (66%) persistent SHPT cases related to supernumerary parathyroid and the remaining 21 (34%) cases related to residual undetected parathyroid. In addition, ectopic parathyroid was found in 8 patients (13%) before PTX. The average number of resected glands in the persistent SHPT group and successful PTX group was 3.53 ± 0.72 and 3.93 ± 0.25 respectively (p < 0.001). There was significance in the number of patients with different resected parathyroid glands between two groups (p < 0.001). When the resected gland number was 4, minimum weight of the parathyroid was noted to be heavier in the persistent SHPT group than that in the successful PTX group (0.52 ± 0.31 g vs. 0.38 ± 0.19 g, p < 0.001). For persistent SHPT prediction, cutoff value of minimum weight was 0.535 g, with sensitivity of 46% and specificity of 82% (AUC = 0.611; p = 0.029).ConclusionsMajor reason for the persistent SHPT is the existence of supernumerary parathyroid glands or resection of less than 4 glands. When 4 glands were resected, a minimum total parathyroid gland weight heavier than 0.535 g implied the potential presence of a missed supernumerary parathyroid gland, which also contributed to the persistent SHPT.

PCSK9 Inhibition Reduces Depressive like Behavior in CUMS-Exposed Rats: Highlights on HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4 Pathway, NLRP3 Inflammasome Complex and IDO-1

Ample evidence has pointed to a close link between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and depression. Inflammatory pathways including the high-mobility-group-box-1 protein, receptor-for-advanced-glycation-end-products and toll-like-receptor-4 (HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)–like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathways are thought to be crucial players in this link. Activation of these pathways ends by releasing of different inflammatory mediators involved in CVD and depression pathophysiology. In the brain, this inflammatory process enhanced indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) activation with subsequent alteration in kynurenine/tryptophan levels causing depression. Based on the favorable anti-inflammatory effects of Alirocumab, the proprotein-convertase-subtilisin/kexin-type-9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, used in different CVD, this study was designed to investigate its potential antidepressant effect. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of concomitant treatment of Alirocumab at doses of (4, 8 and 16 mg/kg/week subcutaneously) in Wistar rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks were assayed. Alirocumab prevented CUMS-induced depressive-like-behaviors exhibited in open-field and forced-swimming tests, and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity (adrenal gland weight and serum corticosterone). Alirocumab prevented CUMS-induced alteration in hippocampal kynurenine/tryptophan levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-2 and IL-6. Western blot and PCR analysis showed that Alirocumab favorably modulated the HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4 axis, nuclear-factor-kappa-beta, NLRP3 inflammasome complex and IDO-1 in the hippocampus of CUMS rats. These effects were correlated to the level of PCSK9 expression. The behavioral and biochemical findings indicated the potential antidepressant effect of PCSK9 inhibition by Alirocumab.Graphical

Upacicalcet, a positive allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor, prevents vascular calcification and bone disorder in a rat adenine-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism model.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a major comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Chronic elevation of PTH levels is associated with cortical bone deterioration and increase in the risk of fractures in CKD patients. Here, we evaluated the effect of repeated administration of upacicalcet, a novel positive allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor, in a rat model of adenine-induced renal failure, by determining serum levels of intact PTH (iPTH), calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. Furthermore, parathyroid hyperplasia (parathyroid gland weight and Ki-67-positive cell density), ectopic calcification (calcium content in the thoracic aorta, kidney and heart and positive von Kossa staining in the thoracic aorta), and bone morphometry parameters (cortical porosity and fibrosis volume) were evaluated. Rats treated with either 0.2mg/kg or 1mg/kg upacicalcet exhibited significantly lower serum iPTH levels than CKD-control rats, as early as 7days after the first dose. Repeated administration of upacicalcet reduced serum iPTH levels and inhibited parathyroid hyperplasia in rats with adenine-induced severe renal failure. Moreover, it suppressed ectopic calcification and cortical pore formation. In contrast, serum calcium and phosphorus levels were not significantly affected, suggesting a low risk of hypocalcemia, which often occurs with SHPT treatment. In conclusion, repeated administration of upacicalcet decreased serum iPTH levels and suppressed parathyroid hyperplasia in the adenine-induced CKD rat model of SHPT. Furthermore, ectopic calcification and cortical pore formation were suppressed without significant changes in blood mineral parameters. Upacicalcet safely inhibited the progression of SHPT in an adenine-induced CKD rat model.

The effects of stocking density on behaviour and biological functioning of penned sheep under continuous heat load conditions.

Stocking density may impact sheep welfare during live export voyages that occur under hot and humid conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the welfare implications for sheep housed at three allometric stocking densities (k = 0.030, 0.033, 0.042), while exposed to hot and humid climatic conditions. For 21 d, Merino wethers (n = 216) were housed in 12 pens of 18 wethers, in two climate-controlled rooms where wet-bulb temperature (TWB) mimicked the conditions of a live export voyage with high heat and humidity, and limited diurnal variation. Scan sampling of standing and lying behaviours were conducted on d 2, 5, 8, 11, 15, 18 and 20, at hourly intervals. Agonistic interactions were scored continuously on the same days between 1750 and 1800h. Liveweights were recorded at the start and end of the study. For a subset of focal wethers (3 per pen), whole blood variables were assessed at the start and end of the experiment, along with faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGCM), which were also assessed on d 7 and 14. Rumen temperatures (TRUM) of focal wethers were recorded at 10-min intervals, and their respiration rates (RR) were measured every 2h on d 1, 3, and from d 7 to 21. Focal wethers were slaughtered for necropsy after the study, and both adrenal glands were excised and weighed. The expression of some lying positions was impaired at high stocking densities, and lying with outstretched legs increased at high TWB. For respiration rates, there was an interaction between stocking density and TWB, such that RR were reduced by the provision of additional space at high TWB. TRUM was relatively unaffected by stocking density but increased at higher TWB, and any effects of stocking density on FGCM concentrations, liveweights (LW), adrenal gland weights or blood variables were minimal. Necropsy examination showed no indication that the wethers had experienced ongoing respiratory distress. These results suggest that the wethers were able to cope with these increases in stocking density under the conditions imposed. However, based on this evidence, the provision of additional space under hot conditions may be beneficial to facilitating the expression of some lying positions. Whilst the experiment was designed to emulate certain conditions relevant during live export voyages, other factors that may induce stress during this mode of transport were not present, and so the conclusions must be interpreted in the context of the experimental conditions.

Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Mast Cells in Distinguishing Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia from Prostatic Carcinoma: Is there a Correlation?

Introduction: Benign Hyperplasia of the Prostate (BHP) and prostate cancer comprise about 90% of all diseases of the prostate gland. An increase in serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is an indicator of underlying hyperplasia, inflammation, or cancer. Mast cells are found in both inflamed and tumour tissue. Aim: To find the correlation of mast cell count with age, weight of prostate, and serum PSA level, and thereby distinguishing between the benign or inflammatory prostatic enlargement against prostatic carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months from November 2013 to April 2015 in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. Patients coming for treatment of enlarged prostate were included in this study as a convenience sample. Their age in years, weight of the gland by ultrasonography, serum PSA level, and mast cell count were recorded for analysis. The data between benign and malignant lesions were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to find correlation among the continuous variables. Chi-square test was done to compare categorical data. Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Inc, USA) and International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 20.0 (IBM, New York, USA) software were used for conducting the statistical tests. Results: A total of 48 males with a median age of 63.5 years were studied. The weight of the prostate gland, serum PSA, and mast cell count were significantly higher in carcinoma of the gland. The weight of prostate gland (rs= 0.34, p-value= 0.02) and serum PSA (rs= 0.61, p-value &lt;0.0001) was significantly positively correlated with mast cell count in overall sample. The PSA (p-value &lt;0.001) significantly contributed to predicting the mast cells in linear regression. Conclusion: The serum level of PSA and mast cells were higher in carcinoma of the prostate. Higher prostate gland size and PSA would have higher mast cell infiltration. This study showed a correlation of serum PSA level with mast cell density, which may be used as an additional tool in distinguishing BHP versus prostatic carcinoma. Further studies are needed to find a more generalisable regression equation.

Effect of feeding mulberry silkworms with leaves of different cultivars and hybrids on silk gland activity and yield of cultivated cocoons

During the agrotechnics of mulberry silkworm care by farms, clusters and specialized farms engaged in cocooning in our country, the nutritious feed given to the mulberry silkworm during its youth is used in the season of medicating agricultural crops. The purpose of the research was to investigate the causes of mulberry silkworm diseases resulting from poisoning in several districts of the Tashkent region, including Orta Chirchik, Lower Chirchik, Piskent, Yangiyol, Chinoz, Bostanliq, and Ohangaron. The results showed that the weight and volume of the silk gland were higher in the experimental variants, ranging from 1550-1650 mg and 1.55-1.63 cm3, respectively, compared to the comparative variant, where the weight and volume were 1470-1480 mg and 1.45-1.48 cm3, respectively. The difference in weight and volume was found to be 6.9-11.5% and 6.5-10.1%, respectively, lower than the experimental variants.

Effects of Amino Acids on Food Intake, Silk Gland and Protein Content of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L

Studies were undertaken to assess the effects of amino acids on the food intake, silk gland, and protein content of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Three amino acids, namely Glycine, Alanine and Serine at various concentrations viz., 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ppm were used for the investigations. The silkworm larvae were supplemented with amino acids, once daily in the morning from first day of fifth instar to spinning. Experimental results showed that irrespective of the concentrations studied, the amino acids had positive influence on the food intake, silk gland, and protein content of silkworms. Though all the treatments were found to significantly increase different parameters namely co-efficient of food utilization, weight and length of silk gland, protein content in silk gland, haemolymph and cocoon the enhancement was highest at concentration of 10 ppm, 100 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively in Glycine, Alanine and Serine

Dose-dependent effects of taurine against testicular damage in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus rat model.

Testicular dysfunction has been associated with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus patients. We investigated taurine's possible mechanisms and protective effects against testicular damage using a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Wistar rats (N = 56) were divided into seven equal groups. Untreated control rats received saline, and treated control rats received taurine 50mg/kg orally. To induce diabetes, rats received a single dose of streptozotocin. Metformin-treated diabetic rats received metformin at a dose of 300mg/kg. Taurine-treated groups received 10, 25, or 50mg/kg. All treatments were provided orally once a day for 9weeks following the streptozotocin injection. Levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol, testicular tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were examined. Sperm count, progressive sperm motility, and sperm abnormalities were examined. Body and relative reproductive gland weights were assessed. Histopathological examinations of the testes and epididymis were performed. Metformin as well as taurine (in a dose-dependent manner) resulted in significant improvements in body and relative reproductive gland weights, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and insulin levels, as well as cytokine and oxidative parameters. These findings were associated with significant improvement in sperm count, progressive sperm motility, sperm abnormalities, and histopathological lesions in the testes and epididymis. Taurine can potentially improve hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and testicular damage associated with diabetes mellitus, possibly by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress.

Organ Weights in NPC1 Mutant Mice Partly Normalized by Various Pharmacological Treatment Approaches

Niemann-Pick Type C1 (NPC1, MIM 257220) is a rare, progressive, lethal, inherited autosomal-recessive endolysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the NPC1 leading to intracellular lipid storage. We analyzed mostly not jet known alterations of the weights of 14 different organs in the BALB/cNctr-Npc1m1N/-J Jackson Npc1 mice in female and male Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice under various treatment strategies. Mice were treated with (i) no therapy, (ii) vehicle injection, (iii) a combination of miglustat, allopregnanolone, and 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD), (iv) miglustat, and (v) HPßCD alone starting at P7 and repeated weekly throughout life. The 12 respective male and female wild-type mice groups were evaluated in parallel. In total, 351 mice (176 Npc1+/+, 175 Npc1-/-) were dissected at P65. In both sexes, the body weights of None and Sham Npc1-/- mice were lower than those of respective Npc1+/+ mice. The influence of the Npc1 mutation and/or sex on the weights of various organs, however, differed considerably. In males, Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice had comparable absolute weights of lungs, spleen, and adrenal glands. In Npc1-/- mice, smaller weights of hearts, livers, kidneys, testes, vesicular, and scent glands were found. In female Npc1-/- mice, ovaries, and uteri were significantly smaller. In Npc1-/- mice, relative organ weights, i.e., normalized with body weights, were sex-specifically altered to different extents by the different therapies. The combination of miglustat, allopregnanolone, and the sterol chelator HPßCD partly normalized the weights of more organs than miglustat or HPßCD mono-therapies.

Investigation of male genital system anatomy in the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.).

Rabbits are frequently used in research because of their human-like biological structure. In the present study, 10 male rabbits were preferred. Arterial vascularization of the genital system organs were dissected. Morphometric and macroanatomical results of these organs were taken, and some organs were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, right testis length was measured at 67.24 ± 5.36 mm and left testis length was 62.25 ± 6.55 mm in New Zealand rabbits. Testicular weight was 10.21 ± 1.17 g on the right and 9.90 ± 1.15 g on the left. Right caput epididymidis 0.68 ± 0.08 g, left caput epididymidis 0.80 ± 0.13 g; right corpus epididymidis 0.14 ± 0.03 left corpus epididymidis 0.15 ± 0.03 g; right cauda epididymidis 1.87 ± 0.26 g left cauda epididymidis 1.90 ± 0.31 g. In the present study, right ductus deferens weight was 0.30 ± 0.29 g, and left ductus deferens weight was 0.25 ± 0.03 g; the ampulla ductus deferentis weight was 0.35 ± 0.16 g on the right side and 0.37 ± 0.16 g on the left side. The length of the vesicular gland glandula vesicularis was calculated as 18.54 ± 0.35 mm on the right and 17.55 ± 0.59 mm on the left. The width of the vesicular gland was measured as 16.54 ± 0.28 mm on the right and 16.70 ± 0.45 mm on the left. Vesicular gland weight was 0.91 ± 0.07 g on the right side and 0.96 ± 0.09 g on the left side. The prostate length was recorded as 11.68 ± 2.01 mm and width as 13.02 ± 1.38 mm. The length of the bulbourethral gland was 13.36 ± 2.00 mm on the right side and 12.39 ± 1.21 mm on the left. Its width was recorded as 6.73 ± 0.98 mm on the right and 5.80 ± 0.90 mm on the left. Respectively, it weighed 0.40 ± 0.20 g on the right and 0.44 ± 0.24 g on the left. The prostate consisted of three parts in rabbits: the proprostate, the corpus prostate and the paraprostate. The bulbourethral gland was a green lentil-sized gland found in pairs. It is thought that the obtained results will contribute to the scientific researches on male genital system in laboratory animals and other animal species, artificial insemination studies, reproductive system diseases and operations in rabbits.

Effect of different levels of oxytetracycline antibiotics on some intestine and immune traits of Chinese ducks

This study was conducted in the field of poultry, Agricultural Research and Experiments Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from 14/12/2021 to 14/2/2022. A total of Sixty one-day-old Peking ducks were reared, with an average weight of 42 g, to study the effect of adding different levels of oxytetracycline antibiotics at levels: 0, 0.125, 0.250 and T4 0.375% on some intestinal and immune traits of Chinese ducks. The results indicated a significant superiority remove on the relative weight and length of the small intestine with all its parts (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) for Chinese ducks when using the antibiotic oxytetracycline antibiotics, it was described as a growth stimulator compared to the control treatment. The addition of the antibiotic oxytetracycline antibiotics at high levels (0.375 mg/kg feed) led to a significant improvement remove of the immunological characteristics represented by the relative weight of bursa gland compared to the control treatment