Gland Cells Research Articles

Gastric epithelial neoplasm of fundic-gland mucosa lineage: representative of the low atypia differentiated gastric tumor and Ki67 may help in their identification.

Gastric epithelial neoplasm of the fundic-gland mucosa lineages (GEN-FGMLs) are rare forms of gastric tumors that encompass oxyntic gland adenoma (OGA), gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic-gland type (GA-FG), and gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic-gland mucosa type (GA-FGM). There is no consensus on the cause, classification, and clinicopathological features of GEN-FGMLs, and misdiagnosis is common because of similarities in symptoms. 37 cases diagnosed with GEN-FGMLs were included in this study. H&E-stained slides were reviewed and clinicopathological parameters were recorded. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CD10, CD56, synaptophysin, chromograninA, p53, Ki67, pepsinogen-I, H+/K+-ATPase and Desmin. The patients' ages ranged from 42 to 79years, with a median age of 60. 17 were male and 20 were female. Morphologically, 19 OGAs, 16 GA-FGs, and two GA-FGMs were identified. Histopathological similarities exist between OGA, GA-FG, and GA-FGM. The tumors demonstrated well-formed glands, expanding with dense growth patterns comprising pale, blue-grey columnar cells with mild nuclear atypia. These cells resembled fundic gland cells. None of the OGA invaded the submucosal layer. The normal gastric pit epithelium covered the entire surface of the OGA and GA-FG, but the dysplasia pit epithelium covered the GA-FGM. Non-atrophic gastritis was observed in more than half of the background mucosa. All cases were diffusely positive for MUC6 and pepsinogen-I on immunohistochemistry. H+/K+-ATPase staining was negative or showed a scattered pattern in most cases. MUC5AC was expressed on the surface of GA-FGMs. p53 was focally expressed and the Ki67 index was low (1%-20%). Compared with OGA, GA-FG and GA-FGM were more prominent in the macroscopic view (p < 0.05) and had larger sizes (p < 0.0001). Additionally, GA-FG and GA-FGM exhibited higher Ki67 indices than OGA (p < 0.0001). Specimens with Ki-67 proliferation indices >2.5% and size >4.5mm are more likely to be diagnosed with GA-FG and GA-FGM than OGA. GEN-FGMLs are group of well-differentiated gastric tumors with favourable biological behaviours, low cellular atypia, and low proliferation. Immunohistochemistry is critical for confirming diagnosis. Compared with OGA, GA-FG and GA-FGM have larger sizes and higher Ki67 proliferation indices, indicating that they play a critical role in the identification of GEN-FGML. Pathologists and endoscopists should be cautious to prevent misdiagnosis and overtreatment, especially in biopsy specimens.

Evaluación de la depresión, el estrés, la ansiedad y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en personas con síndrome de Sjögren: estudio piloto de casos y controles

Objective: Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic auto-immune inflammatory systemic disease, in which the infiltration of mo-nonuclear cells in the exocrine glands leads to physiological and morphological changes. This pilot case-control study aims to describe the profile, evaluate the oral condition, quality of life (QoL) and psychological condition, through complete clinical examination, OHIP-14 and DASS-21 questionnaires. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with seven individuals with a final diagnosis of SS (case group [CG]), and seven individuals with symptoms of dry mouth (control group [GCO]), consulting at the institution from January to November 2021. participants were selected by free demand and those previously seen at the institution with a diagnosis of SS between 19 and 70 years of age. The questionnaire OHIP-14 was applied to assess the patient’s quality of life, where seven dimensions are assessed, subdivided into 14 questions through the Lickert scale (0 to 4) assigned by the individual and which quantifies the impact of oral health on QoL. The questionnaire DASS-21 assessed the psychological condition of the patient, which presents seven questions for each emotional state (depression, anxiety, and stress), totaling 21 questions. The general clinical condition, evolution of SS, oral clinical condition, and the profile of this population were related to QoL factors and psychological conditions, using these assessment instruments. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding stimulated salivary flow. The only symptom with a statistically significant difference in the CG was difficulty in phonation (p&lt; 0.001). The dimensions related to functional limitation and physical pain showed the most expressive results (p=0.004) (p=0.025), showing a strong negative impact on the QoL of the CG individuals, and the dimension related to disability was the least affected (p=0.684). The analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress did not show statistically significant results between the groups; however, in the CG, 5 (71.42%) individuals showed a severe degree of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Individuals in the case group showed some changes, with a strong negative impact on QoL compared to the control group. Keywords: Sjogren’s syndrome; Quality of life; Depression; Anxiety; Stress, psychological; Case-control studies.

Evaluación de la depresión, el estrés, la ansiedad y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en personas con síndrome de Sjögren: estudio piloto de casos y controles

Objective: Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic auto-immune inflammatory systemic disease, in which the infiltration of mo-nonuclear cells in the exocrine glands leads to physiological and morphological changes. This pilot case-control study aims to describe the profile, evaluate the oral condition, quality of life (QoL) and psychological condition, through complete clinical examination, OHIP-14 and DASS-21 questionnaires. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with seven individuals with a final diagnosis of SS (case group [CG]), and seven individuals with symptoms of dry mouth (control group [GCO]), consulting at the institution from January to November 2021. participants were selected by free demand and those previously seen at the institution with a diagnosis of SS between 19 and 70 years of age. The questionnaire OHIP-14 was applied to assess the patient’s quality of life, where seven dimensions are assessed, subdivided into 14 questions through the Lickert scale (0 to 4) assigned by the individual and which quantifies the impact of oral health on QoL. The questionnaire DASS-21 assessed the psychological condition of the patient, which presents seven questions for each emotional state (depression, anxiety, and stress), totaling 21 questions. The general clinical condition, evolution of SS, oral clinical condition, and the profile of this population were related to QoL factors and psychological conditions, using these assessment instruments. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding stimulated salivary flow. The only symptom with a statistically significant difference in the CG was difficulty in phonation (p&lt; 0.001). The dimensions related to functional limitation and physical pain showed the most expressive results (p=0.004) (p=0.025), showing a strong negative impact on the QoL of the CG individuals, and the dimension related to disability was the least affected (p=0.684). The analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress did not show statistically significant results between the groups; however, in the CG, 5 (71.42%) individuals showed a severe degree of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Individuals in the case group showed some changes, with a strong negative impact on QoL compared to the control group. Keywords: Sjogren’s syndrome; Quality of life; Depression; Anxiety; Stress, psychological; Case-control studies.

The role of IL-4 −590 (C&gt;T) Gene as diagnostic biomarker of Hashimoto thyroiditis disease patients in AL-Najaf provenance /Iraq

The study of IL-4 genotyping in Hashimoto patients is considered one of the challenges of sustainable development .Hashimoto disease is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the cells of the thyroid gland, causing the death of the cells that produce thyroid hormones, and thus leads to chronic hypothyroidism. The aim of current study is to determine the genotyping of IL-4 -590C&gt;T in the DNA of Hashimoto patients and compared with healthy subjects .A 54 blood samples were collected from people with Hashimoto's disease and 25 samples from healthy people during period from March to September of the year 2022 , DNA was extracted from blood using Favorprep Kit, then, using a specific primers for the C and T alleles of interleukin 4-590 C/T, then doubled using Arms PCR. Then, they were transported in agarose gel with the ethidium bromide dye and detected by the gel documentation system , ultraviolet rays use to determine the type of alleles present in each sample and compared with control group. The current study, which includes 50/54 female and 4/54 male with Hashimoto thyroiditis with ages ranged from 20-59 years old, the results show up that the age group 40-49 years were the most affected, Also the body mass index was had increases among patients. CT genotype present in 74% of Hashimoto patients while 16% of control. C allele was found as high rate in both patients and control with percentage 100% and 96% respectively. in conclusion: The Hashimoto patients have more frequency of CT genotyping of IL-4 -590 C&gt;T than control ,while C Allele was high in both Hashimoto patients and controls. The -590 CC genotype in the IL4 gene may consider to be a strong predictive factor for the development of hypothyroidism in HD.

HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN MONIEZIA EXPANSA (RUDOLPHI, 1805)

Cestodes or true tapeworms are important group of the Platyhelminthes, endoparasitic in the alimentary tract and associated ducts of various vertebrates and therefore, of great interest to the medical and veterinary profession.Moniezia expansa, the tapeworm under study is the common parasite of oldest domesticated animal sheep. It inhabits the small intestine especially the lower portion and absorb the nutrition of host from the intestine and deprive it of many important nutrients and thus deteriorates the quality of meat, wool, skin of host which leads to ecomical losses as well.Phosphatases are enzymes hydrolysing esters of phosphoric acid and play an important role in many metabolic processes. The histochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase has been studied in Moniezia expansa as an effort to study some of its biological aspects which would help in its control and chemotherapy.Acid phosphatase was found to be localized in tegument, subtegumental cells, parenchymal muscles, interproglottidal gland tegument, Mehlis glands, testes, uterine wall and eggs and was not observed in parenchyma, interproglottidal gland cells, excretory vessels, ovaries and vitellaria. Alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in tegument, subtegumental cells, parenchymal muscles, parenchyma, interproglottidal glands, excretory vessels, membranes enclosing ovaries, vitellaria, Mehlis gland, testes, uterine wall and eggs.The presence of acid phosphatase in testes, mehlis' glands, uterine wall and eggs as well as alkaline phosphatase in eggs in Moniezia expansa has been reported for the first time.Both the acid and alkanine phosphatases showed the variations in their activity in the tegument along the strobila with highest in mature region. This gives the idea of high metabolic activity in the mature region of the cestode. These phosphatases play important role in metabolism of the parasite and seems to be involved in transportation, digestion, distribution of nutrients and metabolites and absorption of metabolic end products.

ADSC-Exos outperform BMSC-Exos in alleviating hydrostatic pressure-induced injury to retinal ganglion cells by upregulating nerve growth factors.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have protective effects on the cornea, lacrimal gland, retina, and photoreceptor cell damage, which may be mediated by exosomes (exos) released by MSCs. To investigate the ameliorating effect of exos derived from different MSCs on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury induced by hydrostatic pressure. The RGC injury model was constructed by RGC damage under different hydrostatic pressures (40, 80, 120 mmHg). Then RGCs were cultured with adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-Exos and bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC)-Exos. Cell Counting Kit-8, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were performed to detect the ameliorating effect of exos on pressure-induced RGC injury. ADSC-Exos and BMSC-Exos were successfully isolated and obtained. The gibbosity of RGCs was lower, the cells were irregularly ellipsoidal under pressure, and the addition of ADSC-Exos and BMSC-Exos significantly restored RGC morphology. Furthermore, the proliferative activity of RGCs was increased and the apoptosis of RGCs was inhibited. Moreover, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and apoptosis-related proteins were increased, and the concentrations of antiapoptotic proteins and neurotrophic factors were decreased in damaged RGCs. However, the above indicators were significantly improved after ADSC-Exos and BMSC-Exos treatment. These findings indicated that ADSC-Exos and BMSC-Exos could ameliorate RGC injury caused by hydrostatic pressure by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing the secretion of neurotrophic factors.

Salivary Gland Bioengineering.

Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.

Total glucosides of paeony alleviates experimental Sjögren's syndrome through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation of submandibular gland cells.

The mechanisms by which total glucosides of paeony (TGP) mitigates Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remains elusive. In the present study, we aim to explore the relationship between the therapeutic effects of TGP in the treatment of SS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in submandibular gland (SG) cells. Female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were selected as the model of SS. The mice were divided into PBS and TGP treatment group. For treatment, TGP (400mg·kg-1) was administered intragastrically every day for 4 weeks. The SS-like symptoms and pathological changes of the SG of mice were compared between the PBS and TGP group. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in SG was detected by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. The SG cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for activation of NLRP3 inflammasome were treated with or without TGP. Then, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was assessed. The IL-1β and IL-18 in homogenate of SG, serum and supernatant were detected by ELISA. Compared with balb/c mice, NOD mice showed SS-like symptoms and lymphocyte infiltration in SG, and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in SG was significantly increased. The SS-like symptoms were alleviated, and lymphocyte infiltration in SG was reduced, and the level of NLRP3 inflammasome in SG mice was decreased after TGP treatment. TGP also significantly inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome of SG cells in vitro. Collectively, our results indicated that TGP alleviates SS through inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome of SG. These findings clarified the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of TGP on SS, and provided new evidence for the further application of TGP in the treatment of SS.

Transcriptomics Analysis of Stromal Breast Cancer Tissues Reveals Up-Regulation of GABA-A Receptor Activity

Breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer overall among newly diagnosed cases and the most common cancer among women. 90% of cancer deaths are caused by metastasis, which is a factor that precedes local invasion, but very little is understood about the molecular mechanisms of invasion and metastasis. Thus, uncovering the root causes of this illness at the Transcriptomics level may result in a cutting-edge method of treating breast cancer. The total RNA microarray processed data from GEO for breast cancer patients was analyzed to discover hidden differences between epithelial breast cancer tissues (ET), stromal breast cancer tissues (ST), normal control epithelial breast cancer tissue samples (EC), and normal control stromal breast cancer tissue samples (SC) at the Transcriptomics level. Therefore, multiple bioinformatics analyses of the transcriptional profiles of 64 samples—including 28 TEC, 28 SCC, 5 EN, and 5 SN controls—received from the NCBI-Bio project were performed in the current study (PRJNA107497). First, ET versus EC and ST vs SC samples showed significant patterns in exploratory data analysis based on gene expression data using principal component analysis (PCA). Following this, 13512 substantially differentially expressed genes (Fold change (&gt;= 1.5), p.adj value 0.1) between these conditions were found by Welch's T-test differential gene expression analysis. This study identifies the main element that may significantly contribute to the spread of breast cancer from epithelial cells to stromal cells in the mammary glands as the gene like the GBRP. This study was also able to identify the affected biological pathways for both the ST vs. SC samples and the ET vs. EC samples as a result of the up-regulated and down-regulated genes. This most surely provides a crucial hint about the cause of the deadly metastatic cancer problem. Finally, the results presented here provide novel insights on breast cancer metastasis.

Unveiling the connections: Chlorpyrifos and its association with breast cancer

Chlorpyrifos, a broad-spectrum insecticide categorized within the organophosphate family, is recognized for its potent inhibition of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in the manifestation of cholinergic syndrome in humans. Beyond its well-established toxicity in the central nervous system, recent studies have explored additional pathways through which this pesticide may adversely impact human health. Breast cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial cells in the mammary gland, stands as the most diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading global cause of female cancer-related deaths. Chlorpyrifos, extensively employed worldwide for pest control in agriculture, domestic settings, and industries, has notably faced recent bans in the European Union, marking a significant regulatory shift. This bibliographical review aims to unravel the intricate mechanisms by which chlorpyrifos may contribute to the development of breast cancer. Collating findings from human studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo research spanning the past decade, the review sheds light on chlorpyrifos as a potent endocrine disruptor. It influences female sex hormones, exhibits estrogenic effects on breast cancer cells, and induces alterations in breast tissue. Additionally, chlorpyrifos acts as an agonist of Estrogen Receptor α(ERα) and Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), contributing to cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and engaging epigenetic and angiogenic mechanisms. This comprehensive review underscores the compelling association between chlorpyrifos exposure and mammary cancer. It emphasizes the urgent need for further research on pesticide usage to mitigate potential adverse health consequences.

Isolation and Culture of Human Meibomian Gland Ductal Cells.

Hyperkeratinization of meibomian gland (MG) ducts is currently recognized as the primary pathologic mechanism of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). This research figured out a method to isolate the MG ducts and established a novel system to culture the human meibomian gland ductal cells (HMGDCs) for investigating the process of MGD. The MG ducts were obtained from the eyelids of recently deceased donors and subjected to enzymatic digestion. The acini were then removed to isolate independent ducts. These MG ducts were subsequently cultivated on Matrigel-coated wells and covered with a glass plate to obtain HMGDCs. The HMGDCs were further cultivated until passage 2, and when they reached 60% confluence, they were treated with IL-1β and rosiglitazone for a duration of 48 hours. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot techniques were employed to identify ductal cells and analyze the effects of IL-1β on HMGDCs in an in vitro setting. Ophthalmic micro-forceps and insulin needles can be employed for the purpose of isolating ducts. Within this particular culture system, the rapid expansion of HMGDCs occurred in close proximity to the duct tissue. MG ducts specifically expressed keratin 6 (Krt6) and hardly synthesized lipids. Furthermore, the expression of Krt6 was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in HMGDCs compared to human meibomian gland cells. Upon treatment with IL-1β, HMGDCs exhibited an overexpression of keratin 1, which was effectively blocked by the administration of rosiglitazone. The present study successfully isolated human MG ducts and cultured HMGDCs, providing a valuable in vitro model for investigating the mechanism of MGD. Additionally, the potential therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone in treating hyperkeratinization of ducts in patients with MGD was identified.

The Localization of Cell Wall Components in the Quadrifids of Whole-Mount Immunolabeled Utricularia dichotoma Traps.

Utricularia (bladderworts) are carnivorous plants. They produce small hollow vesicles, which function as suction traps that work underwater and capture fine organisms. Inside the traps, there are numerous glandular trichomes (quadrifids), which take part in the secretion of digestive enzymes, the resorption of released nutrients, and likely the pumping out of water. Due to the extreme specialization of quadrifids, they are an interesting model for studying the cell walls. This aim of the study was to fill in the gap in the literature concerning the immunocytochemistry of quadrifids in the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. To do this, the localization of the cell wall components in the quadrifids was performed using whole-mount immunolabeled Utricularia traps. It was observed that only parts (arms) of the terminal cells had enough discontinuous cuticle to be permeable to antibodies. There were different patterns of the cell wall components in the arms of the terminal cells of the quadrifids. The cell walls of the arms were especially rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Moreover, various arabinogalactan proteins also occurred. Cell walls in glandular cells of quadrifids were rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan; in contrast, in the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, cell walls in the glandular cells of digestive glands were poor in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Arabinogalactan proteins were found in the cell walls of trap gland cells in all studied carnivorous plants: Utricularia, and members of Droseraceae and Drosophyllaceae.

Цитогенетическая характеристика видов рода Chironomus группы ‘‘plumosus’’ (Diptera, Chironomidae) природно-территориальных комплексов Уральского региона

The polytene chromosomes of the cells of the salivary glands of the larvae of Ch. plumosus L. 1758, Ch. entis Shobanov 1989, Ch. borokensis Kerkis et al. 1988 and Ch. curabilis Beljanina et al. 1990 from 20 reservoirs of six natural-territorial complexes of the Ural region were studied. On the basis of a cytotaxonomic study, it was established that natural complexes differ from each other in the species composition of the “plumosus” group, the ratio (in %) between species and, certain parameters of cytogenetic variability of Ch. plumosus, Ch. entis and Ch. borokensis. Comparative analysis revealed differences between groups of natural complexes. A significantly lower frequency of occurrence of sequence of chromosome disks pluA1.2 was found within the Ural plain-mountainous country (Western foothill and Middle Ural low-mountain regions) compared with natural complexes on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain at the junction with the Ural mountain range. Populations of Ch. plumosus of the Ural plain-mountain country have lower cytogenetic distances between themselves compared to populations of Ch. plumosus on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain at the junction with the Ural Mountain Range. With respect to Ch. entis, these territories differ from each other in the absence of sequence of chromosome disks entА1.2 within the Ural plain-mountain country. According to cytogenetic distances, the populations of Ch. entis on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain country at the junction with the Ural Mountain Range differ more from the population of Ch. entis of the Ural plain-mountain country than among themselves. In the north-south direction, it is necessary to indicate a significantly lower frequency of occurrence of sequence of chromosome disks borB1.2 within the Ural plain-mountain country (Eastern Podgorny region) relative to a natural complex with a more southern location within the West Siberian Plain country (Tura Plain region). For Ch. borokensis the interpopulation cytogenetic distances were calculated for the first time (0.0128±0.0017). Differences in this indicator between the natural complexes of the Ural region have not been established.

Morphology, structure and development of glandular prickles in the genus Rosa

Prickles in genus Rosa are mainly classified into two categories, non-glandular prickles (NGPs) and glandular prickles (GPs). At present, researchers at home and abroad lack a clear and unified understanding of the morphological development and organizational structure of the Rosa prickles, especially in GPs. Understanding the origin and development of NGPs and GPs is of great significance for elucidating the relationship between them, which helps to reasonably manipulate the trait of prickles. Here, detailed morphological, anatomical and histological analysis of GPs on the stems were performed among three representative genotypes. The development of GPs consists of 5 stages, including initiation, morphogenesis, rapid growth stage, maturation and senescence, which was accompanied by the accumulation of lignin and cellulose. Notably, well-developed plasmodesmata on the adjacent wall of the outer epidermal cells of the glandular head were observed, suggesting its roles in transportation of substances specifically secreted by gland cells in GPs. We also discussed the similarities and difference between GPs and NGPs, and propose that they have independent developmental progress with different cell fate determination and genetic regulation. These results provide new perspective and theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of the formation of prickles in the genus Rosa.

FERTILITY FACTORS. D-HORMONE IN PREVENTION OF REPRODUCOPATHIES CAUSED BY BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (Literature review)

In accordance with the statistical data, the spreading of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is increasing, because modern stressful lifestyle causes sex hormones disbalances and other dyshormonal conditions which lead to pathologies’ development at younger ages. The pathogenesis of BPH is connected with disturbances of regulation in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and with the changes of the regulatory signals intensity which go to the reproductive organs. The central pathogenic links of this pathology’ development are: the declining of efficacy of hypothalamus functioning regulation which carries out on the basis of feedback; the changes of the pituitary gland cells sensitivity to the releasing hormones of hypothalamus and disbalance of sex hormones. In addition to gonadotropins prolactin has a significant impact on the BPH development. Its hypersecretion causes the development of hyperplastic age-related changes in prostate gland. The introduction of dopamine receptors antagonists such as sulpiride causes the increasing of prolactin concentration and declining of gonadotropins releasing. “Sulpiride model” is broadly used in the experimental endocrinology for studying prostate-active drugs and is characterized by sex hormones disbalance' and inflammation processes’ development. The development of the pathology is linked with the disturbance of testosterone synthesis in the testicles, insufficiency of prostate gland functioning and increasing of prolactin and estradiol concentrations which provoke proliferative changes. The androgens disbalance is the main cause of BHP development, therefore, the “Testosterone model” based on testosterone’ and estradiol’ slow releasing implants is broadly used for modeling of urination disturbance in rats which imitates the same condition in elderly men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The prostatitis, which developed under the condition of BHP, causes the disturbances of spermatogenesis during experimental modeling and in the clinical practice when spermatopathies, sexual disturbances and hypofertility are diagnosed in patients. The traditional BHP therapeutic methods are not always effective and the new therapeutic approaches of hypofertility caused by prostate gland pathologies are developed by investigators. Thus, there are data about correlation between increased vitamin D consumption and decreasing of BHP spreading, between gland volume and cells proliferation in patients with this pathology. Vitamin D level influences the quantity and quality of ejaculate. The deficiency of vitamin D is associated with lower proportion of sex hormones in young men and choriogonin sensitivity of Leydig's cells to be diminished. It has been experimentally shown that cholecalciferol regulates steroid hormones genesis, mitigates the age-related declining of testicles activity, protects the testicles in old animals and the unchanged spermatogenesis in normal males which received vitamin D3 can be considered to be the result of estrogens and androgens balance. The androgens receptors as well as vitamin D receptors have been found in prostate gland in health males and in those with hyperplasia. In addition to its classical function in calcium homeostasis and bones health, vitamin D inhibits tumor growth in different tissues including prostate gland. Vitamin D metabolites have been determined to be anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic and antiproliferative. D-hormone application potentiates the specific properties of prostate gland protectors, recovers reproductive capacity under the condition of experimental chronic prostatitis of inflammatory genesis as well as traumatic. All facts listed above allow to confirm the positive role of D-hormone in the regulation of prostate gland and reproductive function in patients with BHP and recovering of fertility under the condition of this pathology. The literature search for this review has been carried out on databases PubMed, Science Direct, Europa PMC, BMC, MedLine etc.

Molecular Characterization of Aged Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Cells Using Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis

Molecular Characterization of Aged Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Cells Using Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis

Altered apoptosis and proliferation in milk cells and PBMc from BLV-infected bovines with different proviral loads: Possible role of the BCL-2 family proteins, TNF-alpha, and receptors

Bovines infected by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are characterized by presenting low proviral load (LPL) or high proviral load (HPL). It is reported that animals with HPL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) present a decrease in apoptosis, an increase in viability and the proliferation rate, while animals that maintain an LPL have an intrinsic ability to control the infection, presenting an increased apoptosis rate of their PBMCs. However, there is little information on the effect of BLV on these mechanisms when the virus infects somatic milk cells (SC). This study investigates the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in milk and blood from BLV-infected animals with HPL and LPL. Relative levels of mRNA of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor 1 (TNF-RI), TNF receptor 2 (TNF-RII), anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) were measured in SC and PBMCs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. A significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α in SC from HPL animals vs non-infected bovines was observed, but the infection in SC with BLV did not show a modulation on the expression of TNF receptors. A significant increase in TNF-RI expression in PBMCs from HPL bovines compared to LPL bovines was observed. No significant differences in PBMCs between HPL and LPL compared to non-infected animals concerning TNF-α, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII expression were found. There was a significant increase of both Bcl-2 and Bax in SC from LPL compared to non-infected bovines, but the Bcl-2/Bax ratio showed an anti-apoptotic profile in LPL and HPL bovines compared to non-infected ones. Reduced mRNA expression levels of Bax were determined in the PBMCs from HPL compared to LPL subjects. In contrast, BLV-infected bovines did not differ significantly in the mRNA expression of Bax compared to non-infected bovines. Our data suggest that the increased mRNA expression of Bax corresponds to the late lactation state of bovine evaluated and the exacerbated increase of mRNA expression of Bcl-2 may be one of the mechanisms for the negative apoptosis regulation in the mammary gland induced by BLV infection. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of mammary cell death in HPL and LPL BLV-infected bovine mammary gland cells during lactation.

The immunoglobulin A isotype of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) preserves the dualistic structure of unconventional single-domain and canonical heavy chains.

The evolution of adaptive immunity in Camelidae resulted in the concurrent expression of classic heterotetrameric and unconventional homodimeric heavy chain-only IgG antibodies. Heavy chain-only IgG bears a single variable domain and lacks the constant heavy (CH) γ1 domain required for pairing with the light chain. It has not been reported whether this distinctive feature of IgG is also observed in the IgA isotype. Gene-specific primers were used to generate an IgA heavy chain cDNA library derived from RNA extracted from the dromedary's third eyelid where isolated lymphoid follicles and plasma cells abound at inductive and effector sites, respectively. Majority of the cDNA clones revealed hallmarks of heavy chain-only antibodies, i.e. camelid-specific amino acid substitutions in framework region 1 and 2, broad length distribution of complementarity determining region 3, and the absence of the CHα1 domain. In a few clones, however, the cDNA of the canonical IgA heavy chain was amplified which included the CHα1 domain, analogous to CHγ1 domain in IgG1 subclass. Moreover, we noticed a short, proline-rich hinge, and, at the N-terminal end of the CHα3 domain, a unique, camelid-specific pentapeptide of undetermined function, designated as the inter-α region. Immunoblots using rabbit anti-camel IgA antibodies raised against CHα2 and CHα3 domains as well as the inter-α region revealed the expression of a ~52 kDa and a ~60 kDa IgA species, corresponding to unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chain, respectively, in the third eyelid, trachea, small and large intestine. In contrast, the leporine anti-CHα1 antibody detected canonical, but not unconventional IgA heavy chain, in all the examined tissues, milk, and serum, in addition to another hitherto unexplored species of ~45 kDa in milk and serum. Immunohistology using anti-CHα domain antibodies confirmed the expression of both variants of IgA heavy chains in plasma cells in the third eyelid's lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, tracheal and intestinal mucosa. We found that in the dromedary, the IgA isotype has expanded the immunoglobulin repertoire by co-expressing unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chains, comparable to the IgG class, thus underscoring the crucial role of heavy chain-only antibodies not only in circulation but also at the mucosal frontiers.

Expression pattern and cellular localization of pepsinogen in early development and induced by different diets in the spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus)

To solve the high mortality rate of early-stage larval feed conversion during aquaculture in Oplegnathus punctatus, the investigation of the structural and functional characteristics of the gastric tissue was conducted. Histological results showed that the gastric gland rudiment appeared at 17 dph. The basic structure of the stomach was fully developed between 26 and 35 dph. Two pepsinogen genes, named OpPGA1 and OpPGA2, were identified in the spotted knifejaw genome. qPCR results of developmental period showed that the two genes were low in expression during early development (5 and 15 dph). At 20 dph, the two genes started to show trace expression, and at 30 dph the mRNA expression levels of OpPGA1 and OpPGA2 reached the highest levels. Results of pepsin activity detection during the development period showed lower activity was detected 22 dph, followed by a peak at 30 dph. Under different feeding inductions, OpPGA1 showed the highest expression in the basic diet group and hard-shell group, while the expression level in the phytophagous group remained consistently low. The mRNA expression level of OpPGA2 in the phytophagous group was significantly higher than in other groups. Enzyme activity determination under different feeding inductions showed slightly higher enzyme activity in the basic diet group and crustacean group. The results of in situ hybridization showed that the mRNA of both OpPGA1 and OpPGA2 genes was both expressed in gastric gland cells. These information can contribute to the development of practical feeding methods in terms of digestive physiology for the development of larvae.

Decreased expression of TFF2 and decreased αGlcNAc glycosylation are malignant biomarkers of pyloric gland adenoma of the duodenum

Pyloric gland adenoma (PGA) is a duodenal neoplasm expressing MUC6 and is often associated with high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. MUC6 secreted from the pyloric gland cells carries unique O-glycans exhibiting terminal α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (αGlcNAc). The small peptide trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) is also secreted from pyloric gland cells and binds to αGlcNAc. We recently demonstrated that αGlcNAc serves as a tumor suppressor for gastric neoplasm including PGA, but the significance of TFF2 expression remains unknown. We examined 20 lesions representing low- and high-grade PGA in 22 cases by immunohistochemistry for αGlcNAc, TFF2, MUC6, MUC5AC, MUC2 and p53. αGlcNAc, TFF2 and MUC6 were co-expressed on the cell surface and a dot-like pattern in the cytosol in low-grade PGA lesions. High-grade PGA also expressed MUC6, but reduced αGlcNAc and TFF2 expression. The ratios of αGlcNAc or TFF2 to MUC6 score in high-grade PGA were significantly lower than low-grade PGA (P < 0.001). Co-expression of αGlcNAc-glycosylated MUC6 and TFF2 in PGA suggests the existence of αGlcNAc/TFF2 form complex in PGA cells, a finding consistent with our observations in non-neoplastic Brunner’s gland cells. The decreased αGlcNAc and TFF2 expression are associated with high grade atypical cells, indicative of the malignant potential of PGA.