GIS Techniques Research Articles

Delineation and Mapping of Groundwater Quality Assessment in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India using GIS Techniques

Groundwater is a crucial natural resource with significant economic importance, supporting industrial activities, irrigation, and drinking water supplies. However, its extensive use for these purposes depletes water tables, which diminishes its future availability and leads to increased salinity, stream depletion, and land subsidence. A study was conducted to evaluate and map groundwater quality across different blocks in Salem district viz., Salem, Gangavalli, Thalaivasal, Attur, Pethanaickenpalayam, Valappady, Ayothiyapattinam, Yercaud, Panamarathupatty, Veerapandi, Edappadi, Sankari, Kadayampatti, Kolathur, Konganapuram, Magudanchavadi, Mecheri, Nangavalli, Omalur, and Tharamangalam. Sampling was conducted in February 2024, during which a total of 200 samples were collected and examined for pH, electrical conductivity, cations like Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+, anions like CO32-, HCO3-, SO42-, and Cl-. Based on the ionic concentration, the water quality parameters are derived such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio(SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The pH and EC values were ranged from 7.08 to 8.58 and 0.74 to 2.75 dS/m, respectively. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) concentration ranged from -7.3 to 10.1 meq/L, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.7 to 9.7 meq/L. According to the CSSRI, Karnal Water Quality Classification, approximately 66.5 % of the samples fit into the good quality category, approximately 13% of the samples fit into the alkaline water category, and 20% of the samples fit into the saline water category in the Salem district. Using this classification, thematic maps depicting groundwater quality in the Salem district were generated with ArcGIS software. The study concludes that the majority of the samples are classified as good-quality water, while saline and alkali water emerge as the next major concern. Using this saline water for irrigation can change the soil's physical properties and lower agricultural productivity. Thus, it's crucial to apply soil amendments like gypsum and provide proper drainage to avoid long-term soil damage.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services of Coastal Area of Kinondoni District, Tanzania

This study investigates the often overlooked economic values of ecosystem services in the coastal area of Kinondoni District, Tanzania, in the context of spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC). The primary objectives were to assess how ecosystem services and functions have been affected by LULC changes over a 30-year period, from 1993 to 2023. The study employs a benefit transfer method, integrating local and global estimations of ecosystem service value (ESV) with field survey, remote sensing and GIS techniques. The findings reveal that the annual changes in ESV during the study period are estimated at US$ 0.024 million and US$ 0.034 million using local and global coefficients, respectively. Over the three decades, there has been a significant annual loss of US$ 0.72 million locally and US$ 2.11 million globally, primarily due to the degradation of mangrove forests and bushland. The decline in ecosystem functions is largely driven by reductions in regulating services, which account for 54.1% of the total decrease in local valuations and 31.6% in global valuations. Supporting services also experienced substantial declines, with reductions of 39.7% in local valuations and 55.8% in global valuations. The study underscores the urgent need to review and enhance management and conservation strategies to ensure the sustainability of the coastal ecosystems in Kinondoni District, Tanzania.

Eco-Environmental Quality Assessment of Two Seasons Based on Pressure-State-Response Framework by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Determining the urbanization and sustainable development rate in Kirkuk City and Taza District (a town located in a suburb of Kirkuk) requires an evaluation of its ecological environment quality (EEQ). This study aims to determine the ecological index (El) and assess it using the popular pressure-state-response (PSR) method based on a set of statistical and remote sensing indicators. The indicators developed by remote sensing data were obtained using Sentinel-2 satellite images to measure the quality of the environment. As new and modern technical assistance for long-term, comprehensive mapping, monitoring through GIS techniques, and the comparison of the Ecological Index in 2023 of the spring and autumn seasons, these indicators provide a basis for decision-making related to sustainable development. It demonstrates the primary relationship between human activity and health under various weather circumstances and contrasts them. It also reveals that the ecological situation is healthier in spring than in autumn (these two seasons are considered transmission periods) due to meteorological conditions, social activities, and economic activity.

Flood Vulnerability Assessment in Paradip Coastal Area Using Weighted Overlay Index

Paradip, a prominent coastal city on India's eastern seaboard, presents a unique combination of environmental challenges and urban pressures. It has the largest tidal range among major regional tidal gauge stations, including Vishakhapatnam and Chennai. The city experiences an annual sea level rise of 2.33 mm, with projections indicating an increase of 0.183 feet by 2047 and 0.76 feet over the next century. The city's unique environmental and urban issues are exacerbated by its placement within the Mahanadi River's deltaic deposits, floodplains, and coastal marine deposits along the Bay of Bengal. The shoreline of Paradip is topographically uniform, with ground elevations ranging from 3.6 to 5.7 meters. According to India's Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map, Paradip is in the "Very High Damage Risk Zone," indicating the presence of significant wind speeds along the coast. The paper digs into these vulnerabilities and their possible influence on the coastal community, emphasizing the city's need to strike a balance between urban growth and ecological preservation. One of the main problems is flooding. Rainwater enters government buildings and impoverished areas because of encroachments on natural drainage systems. Dryland capable of residential, agricultural, and other economic activities is submerged by overflowing water which causes loss of life, property, and infrastructure. This study evaluates flood vulnerabilities in Paradip, a coastal city, using GIS and a weighted overlay index. By integrating satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEM), and historical data on rainfall and soil types, we developed a detailed flood vulnerability map that categorises areas into high, moderate, and low risk. ArcGIS Pro 2.7.3 software and a weighted overlay index were utilized for the collection, processing, and display of spatial and attribute data. spatial analysis was the process used to produce the flood vulnerability map. The results provide essential insights for urban planning and flood mitigation strategies, with direct implications for improving disaster preparedness and climate resilience. The flood vulnerability map was then compared to the masterplan of Paradip which was proposed for 2030, to know the actual vulnerable area and to defy some major which were proposed by Paradip development authority. The study illustrates how remote sensing and GIS techniques can be effectively utilized to generate flood vulnerability data essential for informed decision-making.

Assessing the adoption level of solar PV installations, on district scale of urban environment

This study addresses a research gap by implementing a novel methodology that combines GIS and MCDM techniques to evaluate photovoltaic (PV) potential at an urban scale, specifically within Riga, Latvia. Utilizing the AHP and MABAC methods, the research integrates technical, social, and economic criteria to rank urban districts based on their suitability for PV installations. 58 different districts were evaluated according to technical and socioeconomic criteria and were ranked through the MABAC MCDM methodology, from most preferable to less, on a PV adoption level. This comprehensive approach not only identifies the most promising areas for rooftop PV deployment but also emphasizes the importance of considering socioeconomic factors to enhance equity in renewable energy adoption. The findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, demonstrating a systematic, data-driven method to promote sustainable energy initiatives in urban environments.

Geo-spatial based cyclone shelter suitability assessment using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in the coastal region of Bangladesh

The coastal district of Bangladesh is susceptible to cyclones, which cause significant damage to infrastructure, economy, and social structures every year. The importance of protecting lives and property in these vulnerable areas is a top priority, especially in times of cyclones and storm surges. Therefore, the identification of potentially suitable shelter locations is essential for disaster risk resilience planning and implementation in the coastal regions. In this context, our research focuses on Barguna, which has witnessed severe damage from previous cyclones over the last several decades. We aim to identify and map feasible cyclone shelter suitability by utilizing GIS, AHP, Hotspot Analysis, and Remote Sensing techniques. The use of advanced techniques enables a comprehensive assessment of multiple variables that influence shelter suitability, ensuring the selection of the most strategically significant locations. The goal is to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience in Barguna District, reducing the risk and vulnerability of its coastal communities to cyclones. Seven variables associated with cyclone hazards, such as elevation, slope, distance from roads and rivers, population density, land use, and cover, and proximity to healthcare facilities, are considered to identify the safest and most suitable cyclone shelter areas. The assessment of the appropriateness of shelter locations for the study area was facilitated by the collection of 181 GPS locations regarding existing cyclone shelters. The findings reveal that approximately 15.53 % (1956 ha) of the total land area is considered less suitable, 67.31 % (84763 ha) moderately suitable, 16.70 % (21024 ha) suitable, and 0.29 % (362 ha) highly suitable for optimal cyclone shelter establishment in the study area. This study has a major limitation due to the use of Landsat imagery, which may not always provide fully accurate image classification. To validate our methods, we collected existing cyclone shelter data and performed a pixel-based accuracy assessment, achieving high accuracy and confirming the reliability of our approach. This research addresses a critical gap in cyclone shelter planning, offering valuable insights for residents and decision-makers to mitigate cyclone risks not only in the Barguna district but also in similar coastal regions of Bangladesh. The framework developed in this study can aid non-government organizations and the government in determining the most appropriate locations to construct cyclone shelters to build a safer, more resilient future for the region, capable of withstanding the relentless threats posed by cyclones every year.

Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping with an Integrated Approach of AHP and GIS Techniques for Koraiyar Basin, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

The overexploitation of groundwater resources and the obvious effects of climate change are putting the world's water supplies under tremendous strain. Evaluating groundwater potential and aquifer productivity is more critical than ever before due to the growing need for drinkable water for people, farms, and factories. Due to its speed and ability to give first-hand knowledge on the resource for future developments, GIS-based studies have lately become quite popular in groundwater research. The purpose of this research is, thus, to identify the groundwater potential. The present investigation made use of a GIS in tandem with the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method. Lithospheric, geomorphological, land use/cover, lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, soil, and slope were the eight thematic layers that were produced and researched in order to define the groundwater potential zone. Each class in thematic maps is given a weight based on its attributes and water potential capacity, as estimated by the AHP technique. As a result, the groundwater potential zone map was categorized into five levels: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. A medium groundwater potential zone spanning 180.28 km2 of the river basin was determined by the research. The low groundwater potential zone covers 140.44 km2 and the high groundwater potential zone 117.39 km2. Within the basin, there are 127.57 km2 of territory classified as having very low potential and 97.49 km2 as having very high potential.

Using key and critical biodiversity areas to identify gaps in the protected area network in the Limpopo Province, South Africa

AbstractThe Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) commits signatories to expand the global protection of land and sea by 30% in 2030. Additionally, in South Africa, a local target set in 2016 aims to conserve 16% of terrestrial areas using protected areas within a two‐decade time frame. Concurrently, it is crucial to recognize and prioritize sites where biodiversity must be protected immediately. This recognition has given rise to global Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and South Africa's Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs). KBAs are sites of significance for the global persistence of biodiversity. In South Africa, CBAs delineate primarily or partially natural areas needing management. Despite their significance, an assessment of KBAs and CBAs in South Africa's Limpopo province, specifically the Vhembe District, is lacking. Employing GIS techniques, our evaluation focused on the coverage, size, and distribution of protected areas in the Vhembe District. Our analysis revealed that protected areas cover an impressive 38% of the Vhembe District. Critical Biodiversity Areas cover 9465 km2 (36%) of the region. Alarmingly, 70% (6809 km2) of these CBA sites lack protection. Additionally, KBAs cover 30% of the region, with 39% of sites covering approximately 3273 km2 and laying outside the protected area network, rendering them entirely unprotected. Sluggish protected areas establishment rates and a deficiency in the strategic targeting of significant sites have resulted in over 10,000 km2 of land warranting protection, particularly along the Soutpansberg Mountain Range. Moreover, South Africa's national target, established in 2016, which aims to protect a mere 16% of terrestrial areas by 2036, falls short of the global KMGBF target, reinforcing the urgency for an update in national policy and embracing other conservation methods. These findings suggest that, despite the commendable 38% protection of the district, setting a precedent for the rest of the country, there is a crucial need for municipalities, districts, and provinces to draw insights from the shortfalls of the Vhembe District.

Detecting Land-Use Changes in Greater Kandy Development Area

As urban growth became a threat to Kandy city, the Urban Development Authority (UDA) has introduced a new concept called the “Greater Kandy Development Area (GKDA)” to control and manage the rapid urban growth, as well as to minimize its’ impacts towards the environment. This study examines the land use/ land cover changes in GKDA, in selected time periods using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. Findings demonstrate that dynamic patterns of urban expansion cause progressive growth in built-ups and lowering in non-built-ups. In 2005, there were only 16.9 percent of built-up areas in GKDA but, it has increased up to 40 percent in 2020. 81.7 percent of non-built-up areas in 2005, has reduced up to 58.8 percent. As population growth happened inside the city limits, land use changes also happened within. These changes create clustered as well as sprawl development patterns.

Developing GIS-Based Algorithm of Stand Spatial Structure Index and Its Implementation

Accurate information of the fine-scale spatial patterns of trees and their interactions within a stand is critical for explaining the competition, health and vigor status, and future development of a stand. There are a number of indices which can show such patterns, but the stand spatial structure index is the most important. This index can be quantified based on the spatial information of trees (tree positions) within a stand and has paramount importance in identifying candidate trees to be thinned. This study develops a software tool (algorithm), which can conveniently and accurately estimate the stand spatial structure index. Our proposed algorithm considers the spatial relationships between a reference tree and its four adjacent trees, and computes the three most important stand structure indices (neighborhood comparison, uniform angle index and species mingling) using GIS (ArcEngine) and the C# programming language. The implementation of the developed algorithm (stand spatial structure index) shows that, for any reference tree assumed, its four adjacent trees identified by each of the three stand spatial structure indices (uniform angle index—UAI, mingling—M and neighborhood comparison—NC) are the same, indicating the consistency and accuracy between the three-stand spatial structural indices. For the same tree species in a forest stand, the computational results from each of the spatial structure indices used (UAI, M, NC) are also the same. Thus, the results of this algorithm developed in this study are consistent with that of the Winkelmass1.0 software (a type of software used to simulate stand spatial structure). As this article is based on the GIS technique, the computational results can be visually displayed and implemented on actual maps, making it more convenient and intuitive for forest management. The proposed approach will be useful for accurately identifying the trees to be thinned and helpful for maintaining the vigor stand structure. This study also demonstrates the implementation of the algorithm to the real-world data and proves that the computational process is simple and efficient. The application of this algorithm for the identification of trees to be thinned may help the stakeholders to focus their attention towards multi-functional forest management. The algorithm will also provide an important basis for optimizing thinning and maintaining well-structured forest stands.

Assessing drinking water quality in Eloued, south-East Algeria, using the groundwater pollution index (GPI) and the synthetic pollution index (SPI) model.

Groundwater quality degradation is a significant environmental issue worldwide, with potentially severe economic consequences and harm to ecosystems and biodiversity. This can directly affect human health, particularly in developing countries where rapid and uncontrolled urbanization is on the rise. Groundwater is the primary resource for meeting the water needs of the Eloued region, located in southeastern Algeria. Water is considered unfit for human consumption if its physico-chemical elements exceed national or international standards or guidelines. We used the GPI and SPI indices to evaluate the quality of groundwater suited for drinking. Groundwater samples were obtained from 22 wells at depths of more than 250m. Standard analytical procedures were used to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the collected samples, which included pH, EC, TDS, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4-2, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-3. Multivariate statistical analysis and GIS techniques were used to process the results. The results of the selected physicochemical parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to determine the quality of drinking water. The findings indicate that the waters of the terminal complex aquifer are salty and contain medium to high quantities of main ions that surpass the established drinking water limits. The primary ions' relative abundance is Cl- > SO4-2 > HCO3- > NO3 for anions and Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+ for cations. Groundwater chemical types were dominated by Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, and SO4-2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that alteration and dissolution of carbonates, evaporates, salts, partly silicates, and evaporation, are the main reasons affecting the chemical composition of water in Eloued. The GPI results show that 18.18%, 54.54%, and 27.27% of the water samples were classed as lightly polluted, moderately polluted, or substantially polluted for drinking purposes, respectively. According to the SPI study, 9.09%, 36.36%, 36.36%, and 18.18% were considered drinkable, mildly contaminated, moderately polluted, and seriously polluted for drinking purposes, respectively. According to the GPI and SPI models' geographical distribution maps, potable water is generally scarce and concentrated in the northeastern section of the research area, near the town of Ourmes.

Surat’s sustainable future: analyzing compact urban development and population density trends

Rapid urbanization is a challenge for the cities of developing countries like India. The share of an urban area is rapidly increasing in dynamically growing cities. Due to this, the land use is altered, causing sprawl and unplanned development. The consumption of resources is greater, and the impact on the surroundings is negative. The compact city concept is always more efficient and cost effective compared to unplanned organic growth. The compact city optimizes available land resources with its maximum possible capacity in accordance with other available natural resources. The primary study objective is to assess the growth trend of Surat city using satellite images, geographic information system techniques, and census data for the last few years. The analysis considers population density for different city wards from 1991 to 2020. Based on the land use land cover change carried out using the maximum likelihood method from the satellite images, the rate of spreading out, its direction, and causes are also found. In this study, population density is a crucial attribute of the compact city concept. The study shows that wardwise density is increasing in a specific direction and making that portion of the city a dense, compact development. This is observed in ward numbers 48, 42, and 35 in the east, north, and southeast directions from Central Business District, respectively. The average population density in persons per sq. km is continuously increasing from 5006 to 20329 at city level which also shows the compact city development for Surat. The governing authorities must incorporate the compact city concept into the planning policy for sustainable urban development. By this, policymakers can understand housing needs to promote affordable housing, invest in infrastructure development and public services, and identify areas where sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, walking, or cycling, need improvement.

Forecasting urban travel demand with geo-AI: a combination of GIS and machine learning techniques utilizing uber data in New York City

Forecasting urban travel demand with geo-AI: a combination of GIS and machine learning techniques utilizing uber data in New York City

Morphometric analysis using remote Sensing and GIS techniques of Pingalgarh watershed VNMKV, Parbhani, India

Morphometric analysis using remote Sensing and GIS techniques of Pingalgarh watershed VNMKV, Parbhani, India

Identification of groundwater potential zone and Water harvesting Structures using remote sensing and GIS technique in Chilapura Watershed, Davangere district, Karnataka state.

Identification of groundwater potential zone and Water harvesting Structures using remote sensing and GIS technique in Chilapura Watershed, Davangere district, Karnataka state.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Spatial Variability in Coastal Aquifers Southern IraqUtilizing a GIS Technique

The present study investigates water quality regarding drinking and irrigation supplies by gathering and analyzing twelve groundwater samples south of Basrah, south Iraq. Many wells in the area concerned are exploited mainly for various industrial and agricultural activities, impacting the ground water quality. The standard guidelines recommended by the Iraqi Quality Standard limits and the World Health Organization have been used to determine the suitability of drinking. The physicochemica analyses showed that all sampled waters are unsuitable for the drinking supply due to high total dissolved solids (TDS) levels reaching 12925 mg/L. Four valuable indices have been applied for estimating the irrigated water quality, namely, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the soluble sodium percentage (SSP%), the magnesium hazard (MH%), and Kelly’s ratio (KR%). The results of water class as regards the percent of samples showed: SAR results, 25% excellent water, 41.7% good water, and 33.3% doubtful water; SSP% results, 16.7 % good water, 75% permissible water, and 8.3 % doubtful water; MH% results, 100% suitable irrigated water; and KR% results show 41.7% suitable water and 58.3 % unsuitable water. The USSL salinity diagram (Wilcox) result revealed 83.3 % of samples fall in very high salinity-very high sodium hazard class C4S4, and 16.7 % of samples fall in very high salinity-high sodium hazard class C4S3 and very high salinity-medium sodium hazard class C4S2, respectively. Increasing salinity of coastal aquifers has impacted sources such as seawater intrusion and intensive irrigation, and usages of excessive fertilizers and herbicides can largely pollute the groundwater quality.

Radioactivity Levels, Spatial Distribution, and Radiological Risk Assessment of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, and 3H in Water Samples from Dhaka City and Savar, Bangladesh.

This investigation was conducted to measure the radioactivity levels of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, and 3H in the 13 most popular branded bottled mineral water (BMW), 12 groundwater sources consumed in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, and six water samples collected from the nuclear object site at Savar, adjacent to Dhaka. The activity of 3H was measured by using a liquid scintillation counter, and a gamma-ray spectrometer with an HPGe detector was used to measure the activity of other radionuclides. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, and 3H in BMW samples and groundwater were found to be 1.81 ± 0.43, 1.74 ± 0.40, 43.08 ± 6.23, 2.42 ± 0.16, and 1.61 ± 0.51, 1.69 ± 0.45, 57.42 ± 3.16, and 3.02 ± 0.19 Bq/L, respectively. In addition, the activity concentrations of identified radionuclides in water samples collected from Savar were found to be 1.59 ± 0.43, 1.53 ± 0.50, 99.83 ± 3.05, and 2.95 ± 0.20 Bq/L. With the exception of 3H, the activity concentration and the annual effective dose of 40K, 226Ra, and 228Ra surpassed the acceptable thresholds of the WHO. The combined activity of radium (Rac) also exceeds the USEPA recommended maximum permissible limit of 0.185 Bq/L. The excess lifetime cancer risk results were below the permissible threshold of 10-3 for radiological risks. Groundwater was subjected to an AAS analysis for common metals (Na, Mg, and Ca) and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, and Pb). The results showed that the heavy metals were below the detection limit. Radionuclide contents in groundwater of Dhaka city were mapped spatially using a GIS technique. Statistical analyses such as one-way ANOVA, one sample t test, and Pearson's correlation analysis were also performed. According to Pearson's correlation analysis, 228Ra is mostly responsible for radiation risk in BMW and groundwater.

Development of an Urban Growth Model Using Geographical Information System in Malaysia: A Review

Urbanization is one of the major problems faced by various countries over time. The process by which rural regions transform into cities and people move from rural to urban areas is known as urbanization. Urban land use development is influenced by a variety of factors, including physical, socioeconomic, and environmental issues. While urbanization benefits many stakeholders by enhancing social, economic, and infrastructure aspects, it also poses risks to people's safety and harms the physical, social, and cultural landscape as more buildings are constructed. Consequently, spatial models for urban growth are often used in planning to develop strategies for controlling land use actions, such as GIS, GIS-based remote sensing, CA-Markov, AHP, and MCE. GIS and CA-Markov are among the models widely employed by researchers to simulate land use change. Malaysia also tends to utilize urban growth models as part of its efforts to plan for sustainable cities in the future. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess and review the use of GIS in developing an urban growth model in the Malaysian context. The results indicate that GIS and other models or techniques can serve as a strategic framework for urban development policy.

NDVI land cover classification for Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India for the year 2020 by RS and GIS techniques

NDVI land cover classification for Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India for the year 2020 by RS and GIS techniques

Morphometric and morphotectonic characteristics of a Tropical River Basin, North Kerala, India using geospatial technology

ABSTRACT This study delves into morphometric and morphotectonic analyses to unveil the evolutionary trajectory of Kerala's Korapuzha river basin. Employing advanced GIS and remote-sensing techniques, we explore the basin's geomorphological evolution and landform development. Our approach integrates data from a 1:50,000 scale toposheet and a 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), facilitating a detailed evaluation of basin characteristics. Through subdivision into KB-1 and KB-2 sub-basins, distinct morphometric patterns and morphotectonic features are discerned. The elongated basin configuration suggests ongoing tectonic activity, profoundly shaping its unique geomorphic evolution. To unravel tectonic influences, we employ morphometric indices, including the Relative Active Tectonic Index (IRAT), revealing neo-tectonic activity and dynamic landscape changes. Our study enriches our understanding of the Korapuzha river basin's evolution, illuminating the interplay between tectonic forces and geomorphic processes. Offering insights into tropical river systems, it contributes to broader landscape dynamic comprehension and informs sustainable land management practices. The IRAT calculation for the Korapuzha basin is based on the average of five geomorphic index classes, with resulting classifications indicating varying levels of tectonic activity. KB-1 and KB-2 sub-basins’ IRAT values enumerated as 2.2 and 2, respectively hence fall into classes 4 and 3, indicating low and moderate tectonic activity, respectively. The presence of tectonism in the study area revealed from geomorphic indices and IRAT, was acknowledged and evinced precisely by following the analysis of the SL index and GLA index method.