Girl Infants Research Articles

SOCIAL CLASS AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ATTACHMENT AND PLAY BEHAVIOR OF THE YEAR‐OLD INFANT1

ABSTRACTIn the present study approximately 15 boy and 15 girl infants, Caucasian and from a lower socioeconomic background, were seen in a free play situation exactly replicating the Goldberg and Lewis (1969) study. Social class and sex differences were explored in attachment behavior to mother and play behavior. Social class differences in vocalization were observed which suggested that the linguistic deficiency usually reported for the lower class is visible by one year of age. Sex differences in attachment behavior were again observed and indicated that across different social classes one‐year‐old girls show more attachment behavior than boys.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACTERIAL CULTURES AND COLONY COUNTS IN PAIRED SPECIMENS OF URINE OBTAINED BY CATHETER VERSUS VOIDING FROM NORMAL INFANTS AND INFANTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Bacteriologic studies, including cultures and colony counts, of catheterized and voided specimens of urine from infants (all under 2 years of age) were carried out in three groups: Group I, paired specimens (catheter and clean-voided); Group II, random non-clean-voided specimens; Group III, clean-voided and catheter specimens in a group of infants with clinical evidence of urinary tract infection. In 70% of the Group I patients there was complete "diagnostic" correlation between catheter and clean-voided specimens if one accepts the figure of 1,000 colonies/ml of urine as the dividing line between a true bacteriuria and contamination, as established in this clinic for those over 2 years of age. While a 96% "diagnostic" correlation between clean-voided and catheter specimens is observed if the line between "contamination" and "infection" is placed at 10,000 colonies/ml, and this figure corresponds to the 98% correlation figure found in the group over 2 years of age, it is our feeling that the critical count should remain at 1,000 colonies/ml of urine for both infants and children. Repeat examination of clean-voided or catheter specimens should resolve all equivocal findings. Proper "strapping" of boy and girl infants after careful cleansing of perineum, vulva or prepuce and glans will provide satisfactory samples of urine for bacteriologic study. Where doubtful results are obtained, the study of more than one specimen of urine is absolutely necessary. Catheterization, under certain circumstances, may be necessary to clarify doubtful findings, but this should be carried out with the full realization of the risk of introducing infection.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ATTITUDE AS ONE FACTOR DETERMING ENERGY OUTPUT IN A MOTOR PERFORMANCE1

This paper is outcome of incidental observations made over a period of 3 years in connection with a study of the time and power relations for a human infant climbing inclines of various slopes. The results of study were reported by Weinbach (1) in one of a series of contributions designed illustrate possibility of fitting growth equations physiological phenomena. Weinbach considered that purpose of studies was try to state in physical language, using concepts already established, properties of growing organism as exemplified by changes taking place with advancing time. This particular study was of a motor-learning situation, based on an observation made by McGraw (2), in course of a study of development in twins. She had observed that a complicated learning pattern could be grafted onto characteristic creeping behavior of human infant. By increasing angle of slope she was able teach a creeping infant ascend inclines as steep as 700, Weinbach subsequently selected this motorlearning situation as one which would lend itself study in terms of theoretical growth equations. One child, Jimmy Briggs, from age of 8 months on, (the age at which he began creep), was given daily tests 5 days a week of his ability creep up a wooden slide 6 feet long, which was clamped successively 7 stools of graded heights, thus forming inclines of roughly following angles: 100, 170, 230, 300, 380o, 470o, 590o The procedure was place child at bottom of lowest incline and induce him by means of a lure creep top. The time he took in ascent was clocked with a stop watch. The slide was then clamped next stool and he was placed at bottom of it. This procedure was continued until he failed go up one of inclines, whereupon activity was stopped until next day. The age and weight of child were recorded at time of each testing. The times of ascent of each of various slides were plotted against age and data fitted a theoretically derived growth equation from which velocity constant of growth in per cent per day and acceleration of growth, et cetera, could be evaluated. The power output in climbing slides was determined and curve of power output versus age was plotted. These data have been published in report by Weinbach (1). Records on Jimmy Briggs were continued until he was past 31 yeard old. Recordings are still being taken on Jimmy Briggs at fortnightly intervals, and same observations have been carried out on 2 girl infants, Jane Woods and Patsy Shelley. They were tested 5 days a week up ages of 25 months and 20 months respectively; subsequently they have been tested only twice weekly. Weinbach was able, by isolating for measurement above objective and quantitative elements from total behavior, express this motor-learning pattern in terms of power output and show a definite

Relationship between pregnancy order and birth order and length and weight of newborn infants.

In a preceding paper1 evidences for the existence of a low positive correlation between the age of the parents and the length and weight of the newborn infant of various nationalities have been adduced. The present paper is devoted to a consideration of the relationship between pregnancy order and birth order on the one hand, and the length and weight of the infant on the other. The source of the data is the same as that of those employed in the preceding investigation.By pregnancy order I understand merely the serial order of the pregnancy (Gravida). By birth order I understand merely the order of birth of the child (Para). These differ by the number of miscarriages which may have occurred previous to the birth under consideration.In Diagram 1 and 2 the heavy bars in each of the four panels denote zero correlation, as shown on the scale of ordinates.Examination of the correlations for pregnancy order and the lengths of boy and girl infants shows that in 9 of the 12 available series the coefficients are p...