Girl Child Education Research Articles

Assessment of Psycho-Social Factors Affecting the Promotion of Girl-Child Education in Katsina State, Nigeria

A Girl child is a prudent seed that breeds the generational continuity of man’s existence. Education is a life changing destiny that if equal opportunity is given towards the training of a girl child itcould lead to sanity, equal growth and contributions in Nigerian society. The study investigated theassessment of psycho-social factors affecting the promotion of a girl-child education in Katsina State,Nigeria. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design for the study. The target populationwas made up of senior secondary school female students’ in Katsina State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling techniques were utilized for the study. Thus, a total of nine hundred (900) senior secondary school female students participated in the study. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire which consists of two (2) sections. Section A consists of personal information of the respondents and Section B contains ‘Psycho-social Factors Affecting Girl-child Education Questionnaire (PSFAGCEQ). Two research questions were asked and three hypotheses were tested in the study. Frequency, percentage, standard deviation, mean and rank-order were used to answer research questions while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the formulated hypotheses. Results show that all the twenty-one (21) psycho-social factors assessed such as poverty, mental ability, lack of finance, religious belief, cultural practice, parental level of education, early marriage, sexual violence among others affect the promotion of girl-child education Katsina State, Nigeria. Also, security issues, personal sanitation and hygiene, gender balance among teachers, lack of finance and poverty ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th among the psycho- social factors affecting the promotion of girl-child education Katsina State. In addition, the results reveals that there is significant difference in the psycho-social factors affecting the promotion of girl-child education across the three zones (F (2, 897) =59.578; P < 0.05); age groups (F(2, 897) =11.682; P < 0.05) and class levels (F(2, 897) =19.374; P < 0.05) in Katsina State, Nigeria. The following recommendations were made based on the results of this study girl-child should be given free education in order to increase enrolment of female students in schools and government at all levels, parents and other stakeholders in education should join hand together for the promotion of girl-child education in Katsina state and Northern Nigeria in general.

Household Characteristics and Investment in Girl Child Education

The research was carried out to ascertain how different household characteristics like marital status of parents, parents age, economic background, religion, type of family, occupation among others can affect investments in girl-child education. The design for the study was the descriptive survey research design. Four research objectives and a research hypothesis guided the study. The study population included all the parents of pupils in public primary schools in Delta Central senatorial district of Delta State which is about 1.2million parents. 1,116 parents were sampled from six selected local Government Areas in Delta central senatorial district representing about 10% of the population. A 4 sectioned self-structured questionnaire titled: Household Characteristics and Investment in Girl Child Education Questionnaire (HC1GCEQ) was designed by the researchers for the study. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. A mean score of 2.50 and above indicated an effect on girl child education while, a mean score less than 2.50 indicated no effect on girl child education The research hypothesis was answered using Pearson product moment correlation statistic. The study revealed that Household characteristics affected girl child education in terms of type of school the girl child will attend, it affected the payment of extra levies, and it affected books and other supplies for the girl child. The recommendations based on the findings include continuous sensitization by government, workers, voluntary groups and organizations and child right and or girl child activists on the importance of girl child education especially among the rural areas and also financially empowering parents through gainful employment among others.

Child Rights Acts and Girl Child Education in Rural Communities in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State-Nigeria 

Child Rights Acts and Girl Child Education in Rural Communities in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State-Nigeria 

Gender and School Location as Factors of Students’ Difficulty in Geometry: Implication for Girl-Child Education

The study explored gender and school location-related differences with respect to difficulties in geometry among students. The study is an analytic survey research design, because, it attempted to compare the statuses of two groups of subjects in a given tribute. The effect or observation investigated in this study was students’ areas of difficulties in geometry. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was 9,200 senior secondary school three students from Obollo and Nsukka Education zones of Enugu state, Nigeria. The sample of the study, using cluster proportionate random sampling technique was 1,000 students made up of 492 boys and 508 girls, clustered as 515 urban and 485 rural students from the two education zones. The instrument for data collection was Test on Secondary School Geometry (TOSSG) developed by the researchers, using Test Blue Print to ensure content validity. The 30-multiple choice test instrument was validated by two experts from the department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and trial tested on 20 students from a co-educational school in Enugu education zone of the state. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.91, Using Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20). Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions, while the null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance, using the Z-test statistic. The result of the study indicated differences in achievement with respect to gender and school location. Boys experienced less difficulty than girls, while urban students experienced less difficulty than their rural counterparts. It was recommended that teachers should adopt a variety of pedagogical strategies that are gender and culture-sensitive, capable of securing girl-child education and addressing different learning styles within instructional environments.

Human Rights Insights into School and Community Viewpoints of Girl-Child Schooling in Rural Areas of Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia

Objective: To establish school and community viewpoints of girl-child schooling in rural areas of Chadiza District, Eastern Province of Zambia. Methods: The study used qualitative research methodology, particularly following the narrative inquiry. The sample comprised 2 primary schools in the district with 32 respondents: 2 head teachers, 10 teachers (5 from each school), 16 pupils (8 from each school) and 4 members of the community (2 representing each school). The study employed a self-sampling method to select headteachers, simple random sampling procedure to select teachers and pupils; and convenient sampling to select members of the community. Data were collected through interview guides and observation guides. Data were coded and transcribed. Thematic data analysis method was employed. Results: The findings indicated that parents' level of education and distribution of responsibilities of household chores to school-going children affects their (girl-children) academic performance and engagement in extra-curricular activities. The respondents unanimously cited the following vices as perpetuators of girl-child school dropouts: truancy: community-led income generating activities, financial constraints, terminal illnesses, orphanage, child abandonment, female-headed households, marriage break-ups, parent/guardian drunkenness and sexual harassment. Conclusion: The District Education Office and the Community should intensify media and local community sensitization of girl-child education in Chadiza District of Zambia in order to curb vices that affect school-going girls.

Girl Child Education for Sustainable Development Goals in Northern Nigeria

The paper focuses the education of the girl child in Northern Nigeria. It is an attempt to re awaken the minds of humanity on the undisputable importance of girl child education in Northern Nigeria. This paper discusses the concept of education in the northern Nigeria as well as factors militating against the objective of girl child in Northern Nigeria. The paper also makes suggestions and recommendation on how to improve the education of the girl child in the area of focus (Northern Nigeria).

Do disempowered childbearing women give birth at home in Sierra Leone? A secondary analysis of the 2019 Sierra Leone demographic health survey

BackgroundA nationwide assessment of the link between women’s empowerment and homebirth has not been fully examined in Sierra Leone. Our study examined the association between women’s empowerment and homebirth among childbearing women in Sierra Leone using the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey (2019 SLDHS) data.MethodWe used the individual file (IR) of the 2019 SLDHS dataset for our analysis. A total of 7377 women aged 15–49 years who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey were included. Outcome variable was “home birth of their last child among women in the five years preceding the 2019 SLDHS. Women’s empowerment parameters include women’s knowledge level, economic participation, decision-making ability and power to refuse the idea of intimate partner violence. We used the complex sample command on SPSS version 28 to conduct descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsThree in every 20 women had home childbirth (n = 1177; 15.3%). Women with low [aOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.43–2.92] and medium [aOR 1.44; 95%CI 1.05–1.97] levels of knowledge had higher odds of giving birth at home compared to those with high levels of knowledge. Women who did not have power to refuse the idea of intimate partner violence against women were more likely to had given birth at home [aOR 1.38; 95% CI1.09-1.74]. In addition, women with no [aOR 2.71; 95% CI1.34-5.46) and less than four antenatal care visits [aOR 2.08; 95% CI:1.51–2.88] and for whom distance to a health facility was a major problem [aOR 1.95; 95% CI1.49-2.56] were more likely to have had a homebirth. However, no statistically significant association was observed between a women’s decision-making power and home birth [aOR 1.11; 95% CI 0.86–1.41].ConclusionDespite improvements in maternal health indicators, homebirth by unskilled birth attendants is still a public health concern in Sierra Leone. Women with low knowledge levels, who did not have power to refuse the idea of intimate partner violence against women, had less than four ANC visits and considered distance to a health facility as a major problem had higher odds of giving birth at home. Our findings reflect the need to empower women by improving their knowledge level through girl child and adult education, increasing media exposure, changing societal norms and unequal power relations that promote gender-based violence against women, and improving roads and transport infrastructure.

Relationship between selected socio-cultural factors and enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya

This study sought to examine the relationship between selected socio-cultural factors and the enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya. The Kenyan government strives to promote girl child education as is depicted in the Kenyan Constitution, 2010 and Basic Education Act, 2013. The researcher used a descriptive correlation survey design. The study was guided by Social Conflict Theory by Oberschall. The target population of the research was 136 female teachers and 135 headteachers who happened to be male teachers from rural public primary schools in Samburu County. The sample size for the study was 136 female teachers and 27 headteachers. Out of these, 14 female teachers and 3 headteachers were used for piloting. The researcher used the census method for female teachers who responded to the questionnaires, and a purposive sampling technique was applied for head teachers whose data was obtained using interview schedules. From the hypothesis, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient revealed a statistically significant negative correlation of -0.503 with a p-value (Sig.) of 0.045 less than the .05 p-value. The significance level, at 5 per cent, indicates that with higher socio-cultural factors, there will be a corresponding decrease in girls' enrolment, thus making the null hypothesis to be rejected. The study recommends a holistic approach to enhance girls' education in Samburu County. This behooves educational planners include raising public awareness about the importance of girls' education challenging traditional beliefs and increasing the presence of female teachers.

Socio-cultural and economic determinants of girl child education in Ashaiman municipality of the Greater Accra region of Ghana

Socio-cultural and economic determinants of girl child education in Ashaiman municipality of the Greater Accra region of Ghana

Audit of obstructed labour cases managed in a rural specialist hospital in Enugu, south-east, Nigeria

Background: Labour is a physiological process through which the fetus and placenta are expelled from the vagina at term. It is a challenging and painful process that ends with the joy of a newborn. On many occasions, the process is complicated by obstruction arising from disproportion between the baby and the maternal pelvis. Such conditions if not detected on time, will lead to significant feto-maternal morbidities and mortality. This experience in the developing nations of the world is a recurrent one even though it is almost eliminated in the developed world due to their advancement in antenatal and intrapartum care. The condition is even more prevalent in the rural areas of the developing countries where scarcity of skilled birth attendants is the order of the day, hence, this 5-year review in a rural hospital. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, outcome and socio-demographic determinants of obstructed labour in a private rural hospital Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective review of all cases of all cases of obstructed labour managed in a rural specialist hospital. The data was collected from delivery registers, theatre registers and patients’ case files using a specialized proforma. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 25.0 for windows. Results were presented using tables, frequencies, means, and percentages. Test of significance between class differences was by Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical variables and student’s t-test for continuous variables. All P Result: From the data collected, records of 1,487 births in the centre over the 5-year period were reviewed. Out of these 123 were cases of obstructed labour giving a prevalence of 8.27%. The age distribution of the cases showed that majority of them (30.9%) were aged 30-35 years and the least were over 40 years (6.5%). In all, 75.6% were married and 22.8% were single; majority of them were in a monogamous relationship (65.9%). Those with primary education topped the list (42.3%) followed by those with secondary education (37.4%) while the least had tertiary education (1.6%). Forty eight percent of them were unemployed, followed by 46.3% who were petty traders and only 5.7% were civil servants. Almost all of them were Christians (83.7%) and 45.5% of their partners were artisans. Majority of them (60.2%) were para 3 or above and 64.2% were delivered at gestational ages of between 37 to 40 weeks whereas 32.8% were above 40 weeks. Fifty two percent were verbally referred to the centre and 1.6% had a written referral. Most of them 73.2% were referred from a Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA). They were all labouring outside of the facility and 69.9% were referred from a TBA homes. One hundred and seventeen (95.1%) had severe pain, 95.1% were dehydrated, 81% had edematous vulva, 24.4% presented in shock and 18.7% had vaginal bleeding. It also showed that 98.4% had significant moulding and caput, 84.6% fetal distress and 13.8% intrauterine fetal death. Many presented with a combination of these features. Almost all the parturients (98.4%) were rehydrated with intravenous fluids, 94.3% had analgesia, 92.7% had emergency caesarean delivery, 86.2% were transfused, 4.9% had destructive procedures, 5.7% were delivered vaginally, and 6.5% had hysterectomy. Majority of them (61.8%) had surgical site infections, 33.3% had PPH and 72.4% of the babies had birth asphyxia. In all, marital status, conjugal relationship and educational level had a significant relationship with obstructed labour with p-values less than 0.05. Conclusion: Obstructed labour was an important occurrence in the centre and all of them were referred cases. Marital status, type of conjugal relationship and educational qualification had significant influence on the condition and majority of the babies were asphyxiated at birth. Therefore, we recommend registration, training and retraining of TBAs in rural areas to recognize early signs of obstruction and make timely referrals. Secondly, policies to enhance girl child education and women empowerment should be encouraged. Finally, provision of health facilities to make Essential Obstetric Care available and affordable to the rural populace should be a priority of all regional governments

Gender-Based Violence: Implications for Girl-Child Education in Some Selected Displaced Persons Camps in Maiduguri

Factors other than economic development account for disparities between rich and poor countries’ levels of educational achievement. Gender-based violence includes brittleness and hostility that have widened the achievement gap between boys and girls. The intersectionality of violence against women and girls made it to be a multifaceted and multidimensional phenomenon that affects almost every aspect of individual life, including personal and intellectual development which education as society’s basic social institution served. Though, there is no gain in saying that gender violence has no implications on education at all levels. This paper examines gender-related violence and its implications on girl-child education in some selected displaced person camps in Maiduguri. A total of 403 respondents were conveniently selected across displaced persons camps in Maiduguri. However, interviews and questionnaires were used as instruments for data collection and both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. It was revealed that the majority of respondents thought that the magnitude of gender-related violence in displaced person camps in Maiduguri was very immense with detrimental consequences on displaced person’s well-being and the school being among the danger zone for gender violence. The result of the correlation analysis revealed that there is a moderate positive relationship between forceful reiteration, blackmail, degrading, and blame games from/by parents/guardians and gender-based violence indicating that an increase in these factors is found to be associated with gender-based violence. This paper suggested community education on the negative gender stereotypes through community workshops, educational and empowerment programs, and localized campaigns to dismantle harmful gender stereotypes that exacerbate violence against women.

Bayesian spatial modelling of intimate partner violence and associated factors among adult women and men: evidence from 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) remains a global public health concern for both men and women. Spatial mapping and clustering analysis can reveal subtle patterns in IPV occurrences but are yet to be explored in Rwanda, especially at a lower small-area scale. This study seeks to examine the spatial distribution, patterns, and associated factors of IPV among men and women in Rwanda.MethodsThis was a secondary data analysis of the 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) individual-level data set for 1947 women aged 15–49 years and 1371 men aged 15–59 years. A spatially structured additive logistic regression model was used to assess risk factors for IPV while adjusting for spatial effects. The district-level spatial model was adjusted for fixed covariate effects and was implemented using a fully Bayesian inference within the generalized additive mixed effects framework.ResultsIPV prevalence amongst women was 45.9% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 43.4–48.5%) while that for men was 18.4% (95% CI: 16.2–20.9%). Using a bivariate choropleth, IPV perpetrated against women was higher in the North-Western districts of Rwanda whereas for men it was shown to be more prevalent in the Southern districts. A few districts presented high IPV for both men and women. The spatial structured additive logistic model revealed higher odds for IPV against women mainly in the North-western districts and the spatial effects were dominated by spatially structured effects contributing 64%. Higher odds of IPV were observed for men in the Southern districts of Rwanda and spatial effects were dominated by district heterogeneity accounting for 62%. There were no statistically significant district clusters for IPV in both men or women. Women with partners who consume alcohol, and with controlling partners were at significantly higher odds of IPV while those in rich households and making financial decisions together with partners were at lower odds of experiencing IPV.ConclusionCampaigns against IPV should be strengthened, especially in the North-Western and Southern parts of Rwanda. In addition, the promotion of girl-child education and empowerment of women can potentially reduce IPV against women and girls. Furthermore, couples should be trained on making financial decisions together. In conclusion, the implementation of policies and interventions that discourage alcohol consumption and control behaviour, especially among men, should be rolled out.

Covid-19 Pandemic and Protection of Right to Education of Girl Child in India: Some Legal Remedies

Like other individuals, girl child is entitled to enjoy the same human rights and fundamental freedoms. Particularly for girls from low-income families and girls living in rural regions, the epidemic has posed a hurdle to their education. Lack of digital access has stopped girl child from learning at home during quarantine. Most of the girl child don't have mobile phones or any form of digital access. If there is one smartphone in family, it won't be for the girl child. Most of the time it would typically for the father or the brother. Threats to girls have increased rates of teen or early pregnancy, gender-based violence, and child marriage. The economic impact of the epidemic on families led to many girls being married off in return for money. The pandemic has threatened decades of progress on gender equality. Girl child is on the front line of the pandemic threat in third wave of covid 19. The Malala Fund estimates that 20 million children in developing countries may never return to the classroom after pandemic-related school shutdowns. International human rights treaties prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender and also require States to ensure the protection and realization of educational rights of girl child Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Convention on the Political Rights of Women, 1953, The 1979, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and many more international human rights instruments specifically address girl child’s right to education. In India there is Indian Constitution and certain other specific legislation which specifically guarantees the right to education to girl. In spite of all these international convention, national laws and policies, during the present covid 19, status of education of girl child is deteriorating day by day. That’s why the present laws need to be revised so that it can secure the right to education of girl child more efficiently. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the educational status of girl child in India during covid 19 with an analytical perspective.

The Sway of Early Marriage on the Girl Child Education among Some Ethnic Groups in Lagos State, Nigeria

The research braces that education is necessary for everyone, regardless of gender. The study aimed to ascertain the impact of child marriage on girl-child education among the ethnic groups, determine the relative contribution of religious belief as a determinant of child marriage on girl-child education among the ethnic groups, and determine the relative contribution of cultural values as determinants of child marriage on the girl-child education among the ethnic groups in Lagos state, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design while the population comprised all the girls within the Agege area, Lagos State, Nigeria. A sample of 141 married girls was purposively selected based on those who married as teenagers. A questionnaire titled “Impact of Child Marriage on Girl-child Education’’ was deployed to gather the data. The data were analysed using Chi-square and ANOVA with the mean (x ̅ = 2.48) and standard deviation (SD = 0.69) values of the participants. The result revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the religious belief (F (2, 138) = 7.80, p < 0.05) of child marriage on girl-child education. Lastly, the findings showed a statistically significant relative contribution of cultural value (χ2 = 24.07; df = 4; p < 0.05) as a determinant of child marriage in the girl-child education among ethnic groups in Lagos State. The study recommends, among other things, that the Lagos State Government, via health education practitioners should constantly enlighten the public about the jeopardies of encouraging early marriage among girl-child.

LEADERSHIP INFLUENCE OF GIRL-CHILD ACCESS TO SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN BUNGOMA COUNTY: ACASE OF MOUNT ELGON DISTRICT, KENYA

The purpose of this study was to establish environmental influence ofgirl-child access to secondary school education in Mount Elgon District. Despite impressive development towards achieving gender parity on access to education, enrolment statistics in Mount Elgon District at secondary school level reveals a worrying experience due to unknown environmental factors. The objective of the study included: determine influence of community factors on girl-child enrolment, establish the influence of home environment on girl-child school attendance, Identify influence of school enrolment on girl-child access to secondary school and establish the influence of family factors on girl-child access to secondary schools in Mt. Elgon District Bungoma County. The researcher applied gender Schema theory bySandra Bern theory of 1981 that explains how as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture. The researcher employed descriptive design which involved gathering facts by obtaining precise information on the current status of phenomenon and drew conclusions from the facts. The target was 1611 on principals teachers and head girls from 31 schools. Simple random sampling and purposive population sampling techniques were applied on a sample of 102 respondents. The researcher administered the questionnaires and interview schedules in collection of the data. The findings were that parents prefer educating girls than boys though girls admire doing to schools, that the girls have no problem with the school environment and teachers and parental support and commitment was lacking towards girls education. The study concluded that the girl child loves education and would wish to continue with education to high level but is affected negatively with the family factors. The descriptive statistics were used to summarize the whole study and the interpretation accompanied. The study recommended that parents were to stop discrimination against the girl-child and sensitization of parents to take place on the importance of education to girl-child education .through the government policies on girl child education.

Rethinking The United Nations – Nigeria Partnership Towards Girl Child Education and Gender Equality Reforms: A Systematic Review

The study focused on the United Nations-Nigeria cooperation in correcting the skewed male-dominated educational system in the Northern states of Nigeria, characterized by extremist beliefs, inequitable education, and gender inequality. As a result, the report contends that the prevalence of sex discrimination exacerbates concerns about female child education and gender inequality. The paper investigated inequitable quality education (SDGs 4) and gender equality (SDGs 5). Furthermore, the study extracts the UN-Nigeria partnership in transforming the Northern states' male-dominated educational system. It also looked at the factors contributing to inequitable quality education and gender equality and the numerous UN-Nigeria partnerships for girl-child education and gender equality. The study collected data from secondary sources and analyzed the data using content analysis. The paper raised several questions and specifically examined issues such as: why parents in the Northern States believe that girl child education is irrelevant, why all adduction is aimed at girls and the role and challenges of the UN-Nigeria partnership in reforming the male-dominated educational system in the Northern states of Nigeria. Finally, the study concluded with policy recommendations.

Nigeria’s Female Educational Development Crises under Recessive Economy; The Way Forward

In any case, it is of relevance and worthy to note that for a proper understanding of the study entitled “Nigeria’s Female Educational Development Crises Under Recessive Economy; The way forward” it would be interesting to note that it is an intellectual attempt to highlight the meaning and examine the concept of “female education from gender point of view, purely for the liberation of women against the bondage of gender inequality. The subject matter of the write – up largely centers on the explored and examined obstacles militating against Girl-Child Education with reference to its situation in some Northern states in the 21stCentury.Both oral, published and unpublished sources were used in conducting the study. However, among the major causes of low level of enrolment and other impediments include, socio-economic, political and religious factors such as evolution of religious, economic and commercial ideologies of kidnapping, bargaining, ransom, activities of insurgencies, bandits, moral decadence, poverty, unemployment, failure of the parents and governments to reciprocate the gestures and unfortunate state of the parents and the Nigerian economies. The study found that it is very disheartening to highlight that fifteen Northern states are below average regarding the ratio of their girls in schools. The states are: Bauchi, Katsina, Benue, Jigawa, Adamawa, Niger, Sokoto and others, However, the study further shows that Katsina, Sokoto and Zamafara are as 23.6% of female enrolment. The international agencies, UK, Department for International Development in its commitment to support female education has as a result donated the sum of E25 million, Katsina, Sokoto, Benue, Borno, Niger and Jigawa are the beneficiaries, at the tail end, the study proffers the way forward

Assessment of Factors Influencing the Implementation of Immunization Programmes in Bauchi Metropolis

The study is an Assessment of the factors influencing the implementation of Immunization programmes in Bauchi Metropolis. The specific objective of the study were to find out the factors influencing the implementation of Immunization programmes in Bauchi Metropolis, and to determine the ways to improve implementing immunization programmes in Bauchi Metropolis. The design for this study was the descriptive survey. The population was 6427 mothers and caregivers of which 361 were sampled using simple random sampling technique. The instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire designed to elicit responses to answer the research questions that guided the study. The instrument was validated by three experts in terms of face validity while test re-test was use to establish the reliability coefficient of the instrument which yielded a coefficient of 0.84. Data for the study were personally collected by the researcher and 3 research assistants while mean statistics was employed to analyzed the data relating to research questions. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendation were made: Government should re-strategize methods of creating awareness to change bad perceptions and practices on RI among people of the state, Bauchi State Ministry of Education and Agency for Mass Education should collaborate to improve the literacy level of the people, State Ministry of Education should create convenient adult education classes to improve educational status of mothers and Bauchi State government should divert resources specially for girl-child education in the state.

A Comparative Study of India's Education Policy 1986 And The New Education Policy 2023: Assessing Continuities, Changes & Implications

Education has been around since man first walked the earth's surface. Education is more than just reading books and earning a degree from a university; it is the physical, mental, financial, and economic development of an individual. The goal of education is to bring about an individual's overall growth and to make him an efficient participant actively contributing to the advancement of the future nation. Every country designs its education system to reflect and support its distinct socio-cultural character, while also addressing the rising demand for employment and professional opportunities. The country has reached a point in its economic and technological development when measures must be taken to ensure that the rewards of change reach all segments of society. The National Education Policy of 1986 centred on a standardised curriculum structure comprising shared core and adaptable elements. The child-centric approach is emphasised in elementary education, followed by secondary education, which emphasises girl-child education as well as the education of minorities. The National Education Policy-2023, which was modified after 34 years, emphasises a more holistic approach with multidisciplinary courses, and students are aided with a bucket system to choose subjects that align with their interests. This research focuses on a comparison of the main characteristics of the NEPs of 1986 and 2023. A Comparative Study of India's Education Policy 1986 and the New Education Policy 2023 will be discussed in this paper.

The Aftermath Implications of Teenage Pregnancy on the Girl Child Education

The aim of the study is to investigate: i) impact of teenage pregnancy on the girl child attending government secondary schools ii) the level of academic accomplishment of the pregnant teenagers at the public secondary schools. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey. The study population made up of 800 teen mothers. A sample of 200 teen mothers in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, who had dropped out of secondary school as a result of teen pregnancies, was chosen through simple random sampling. The instrument utilized to collect the data was questionnaire which was administered to the participants, validated by three experts and its reliability was tested using Cronbach alpha which yielded 0.68. The participants were also interviewed. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentages. The results showed that young women who became pregnant while in school face a variety of difficulties, including early marriage, rejection by the family, disassociation from former classmates, social isolation, frequent absences following pregnancies, poor academic performance, and reasons for dropping out of school. The findings revealed that teen pregnancies affect the relationship of the girl child, family and peer group and also have an impact on young girls' academic performance in public secondary schools. We deduced from the literature review that adolescent pregnancy is a widespread problem that demands attention due to its effects on the education of girls. Some recommendations were also made.