Ginsenosides In Ginseng Research Articles

Effects of Ginsenoside Total Saponins on Experimental Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Rats

In the previous study, we reported that the in viかo inhibitory effect of ginsenosides, active ingredient of Panax ginseng, on <TEX>$5-HT_{3A}$</TEX> receptor channel activity is coupled to in vivo anti-vomiting and anti-nausea effect. In the present study, we further investigated that the inhibitory effect of ginsenosides, active ingredient of Panax ginseng, on 5-HT3A receptor channel activity is also coupled to attenuation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is induced by colorectal distention (CRD) and <TEX>$0.6\%$</TEX> acetic acid treatment. The CRD-induced visceral pains induced by CRD and acetic acid treatment are measured by frequency of contractions of the external oblique muscle in conscious rats. Treatment of GTS significantly inhibited CRD-induced visceral pain with dose-dependent manner. The <TEX>$EC_{50}$</TEX> was <TEX>$5.5{\pm}4.7$</TEX> mg/kg (<TEX>$95\%$</TEX> confidence intervals: 1.2-15.7) and the antinociceptive effect of GTS on visceral pain was persistent for 4 h. We also compared the effects of protopanaxadiol (PD) ginsenosides and protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides with saline on acetic acid-and CRD-induced visceral pain, and found that protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides was much more potent than PD ginsenosides in attenuating CRD-induced visceral pain. These results indicate that U ginsenosides of Panax ginseng are components far attenuation of experimentally CRD-induced visceral pains.

Effect of Ginseng Saponins on a Rat Visceral Hypersensitivity Model

The 5-hydroxytryptamine3A (5-HT3) receptor is closely related with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in enteric nervous systems. We previously demonstrated that ginseng total saponins (GTS, also called ginsenosides), the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, inhibit the activity of 5-HT3A receptor channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here, we further investigated whether the in vitro inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on 5-HT3A receptor channel activity is coupled to in vivo attenuation of IBS. A rat model of IBS was induced by colorectal distention (CRD) and intracolonic infusion of 0.6% acetic acid (CRD-acetic acid), and visceral hypersensitivity was assessed by counting the contractions in the external oblique muscles of conscious rats during the 10 min distention period. We found that oral administration of GTS significantly and dose-dependently inhibited CRD-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity. The EC50 was 5.5+/-4.7 mg/kg (95% confidence intervals: 1.2-15.7) and the inhibitory effect of GTS against visceral hypersensitivity persisted for 4 h. When we compared the effects of protopanaxadiol (PD) ginsenosides and protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides against CRD-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity, we found that PT but not PD ginsenosides significantly attenuated the CRD-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These results indicate that PT ginsenosides of Panax ginseng might be the main active components for the attenuation of experimentally CRD-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity, and may be clinically relevant for the future treatment of IBS.

Phytochemical Assays of Commercial Botanical Dietary Supplements.

The growing popularity of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been accompanied by concerns regarding the quality of commercial products. Health care providers, in particular, have an interest in knowing about product quality, in view of the issues related to herb-drug interactions and potential side effects. This study assessed whether commercial formulations of saw palmetto, kava kava, echinacea, ginseng and St. John's wort had consistent labeling and whether quantities of marker compounds agreed with the amounts stated on the label. We purchased six bottles each of two lots of supplements from nine manufacturers and analyzed the contents using established commercial methodologies at an independent laboratory. Product labels were found to vary in the information provided, such as serving recommendations and information about the herb itself (species, part of the plant, marker compound, etc.) With regard to marker compound content, little variability was observed between different lots of the same brand, while the content did vary widely between brands (e.g. total phenolic compounds in Echinacea ranged from 3.9–15.3 mg per serving; total ginsenosides in ginseng ranged from 5.3–18.2 mg per serving). Further, the amounts recommended for daily use also differed between brands, increasing the potential range of a consumer's daily dose. Echinacea and ginseng were the most variable, while St. John's wort and saw palmetto were the least variable. This study highlights some of the key issues in the botanical supplement market, including the importance of standardized manufacturing practices and reliable labeling information. In addition, health care providers should keep themselves informed regarding product quality in order to be able to appropriately advise patients utilizing both conventional and herbal medicines.

Antiallergic activity of ginseng and its ginsenosides.

In this study, we measured the antiallergic activities of ginsenosides isolated from the root of Panax ginseng ( Araliaceae), and of their metabolites, as produced by human intestinal bacteria. Compound K, which was identified as a main metabolite, had the most potent inhibitory activity on beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells and on the PCA reaction. The inhibitory activity of compound K was more potent than that of disodium cromoglycate, one of the commercial anti-allergic drugs. This compound demonstrated a membrane stabilizing action on differential scanning calorimetry. However, compound K did not inhibit the activation of hyaluronidase and did not scavenge active oxygen. These results suggest that the antiallergic action of compound K originates from its cell membrane stabilizing activity and that the ginsenosides of ginseng are prodrugs with extensive antiallergic properties. Abbreviations. compound K:20- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-20( S)-protopanaxadiol DNP:dinitrophenol DSCG:disodium cromoglycate DPPC:dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine DPPH:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HSA:human serum albumin IC 50 :50% inhibitory concentration EC 50 :50% effective concentration XOD:xanthine oxidase ICR:Institute of Cancer Research PBS:phosphate buffered saline PCA:passive cutaneous anaphylaxis RAW264.7:mouse monocyte leukemiaRBL-2H3: rat basophil leukemia SD:Sprague-Dawley

Determination of Polyacetylenes and Ginsenosides in Panax Species Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A new HPLC method was developed to separate and identify three polyacetylenes (panaxynol, panaxydol and 1,8-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,10-diol) found in Panax species. The mobile phase was a linear gradient of 2 : 1 : 3 to 2 : 1 : 1 (v/v/v) methanol/acetonitrile/water in 40 min. HPLC analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min with UV detection at 254 nm. The contents of the polyacetylenes and ginsenosides in Panax ginseng (white ginseng and red ginseng), P. quinquefolium, P. japonicus, and P. noteginseng were determined using these methods. The species containing the highest polyacetylene content (0.080%) was P. quinquefolium cultivated in Nagano, Japan. Meanwhile, the species with the highest ginsenoside content (9.176%) was P. noteginseng cultivated in Yunnan, China.

Determination of ginsenosides in medicinal plants and health supplements by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography

A method using dynamic pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was developed to extract ginsenosides in Panax ginseng, American ginseng, and health supplement products with methanol. The extraction efficiency of PLE was comparable to that obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The method precision (RSD) was found to vary from 1.5 to 13.0% for the various ginsenosides, higher RSD values were observed for lower level ginsenosides present in the medicinal plants or health supplement products. Separation of ginsenosides in the methanolic extracts was achieved with a water-acetonitrile gradient system using a C-18 reversed phase column.

High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of six major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

A densitometric determination of six major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng, separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), was optimized. Simple extraction and clean-up methods of the target constituents and the development of standardized conditions of chromatoplates with a quaternary-solvents system allowed an efficient saponins recovery from the plant material and their selective separation. After exposure of the chromatograms to thionyl chloride vapors and further heating, stable reaction products of ginsenosides, which showed absorption maxima at λ=275 nm as well as a fluorescence ( λ excitation=366 nm, λ emission=400 nm), allowed the application of a sensitive and reproducible method for their simultaneous determination. The method was validated by spiking the ginseng extracts with pure standards.

Simultaneous Analysis of Saponins in Ginseng Radix by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

The presence of about 25 ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix and their structures have already been elucidated. Although some important neutral- and acidic-saponins have been detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), other saponins have not yet been examined by HPLC. Our present improved method for the detection of ginsenosides by HPLC with a C 18 column and a CH 3 CN-H 2 O gradient system enabled the measurement of not only the representative ginsenosides in Red Ginseng [20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg 2 and -Rh 1 , 20(S,R)-ginsenosides-Rg 3 and -Rs 1 ] but also the minor ginsenosides [ginsenosides-Rb 3 , -Rg 2 , -Rh 1 and quinquenoside-R1]. Furthermore, the application of this method after a little modification of the eluent in particular to an extract of Ginseng Radix achieved separation of 22 neutral- and acidic-ginsenosides. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides using the present method offers an efficient means of evaluating Ginseng Radix and commercial products containing it

Simultaneous analysis of ginsenosides of various ginseng radix by HPLC

A simultaneous analysis of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng by high performance liquid chromatography recently established by us was applied to the analysis of various Ginseng Radix. The contents of ginsenosides in P. ginseng were examined according to the differences of the growth year, the used part of the plant, the method of processing and the cultivated location. In the case of P. ginseng cultivated in Nagano, Japan, the ratio (total ginsenosides content/total dry root weight) increases annually for three years. And it decreased at the fourth year and increases again at the fifth and the sixth years. Concerning the distribution of ginsenosides in the parts of the plant, they were contained at the highest level in a lateral root and in succession, in a rhizome > in a root hair > in a main root. They were also distributed much richer at periderm than at phloem or at xylem of a main root. The contents of panaxadiol- and panaxatriol-saponins gradually increase with the growth year, whereas an oleananesaponin, ginsenoside-Ro, drastically increases at the sixth year and goes to 15-fold, which suggests that the content of ginsenoside-Ro needs to be estimated much more when Ginseng Radix is evaluated. The fact that the processing for preparation of Red Ginseng increases the total content of saponins was clearly revealed by the present study. The highest contents of saponins among Red Ginsengs (all 6-year-old) were observed in ones prepared in Korea, and in Japan > in China, successively.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginsenosides inPanax ginseng extracts using glass-ODS column

Octadecyl-porous glass was prepared and used as the packing for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A mixture of ginsenosides, saponins of ginseng was analyzed with detection at 203 nm. Ginsenosides Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd were separated with acetonitrile-water (27.5:72.5) as the mobile phase. A well-resoluted chromatogram of ginsenosides Ro, Rg1 and Re was also obtained with acetonitrile-water (16.5:83.5). The whole separation was achieved in 12 min with a flowrate of 1 ml/min. Calibration curves of ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg1 and Re were linear up to 5 µg. It can be concluded that the rapid and accurate analysis of ginsenosides is possible by the described method.

Histochemistry II. Ginsenosides in Ginseng (Panax ginseng, Root)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHistochemistry II. Ginsenosides in Ginseng (Panax ginseng, Root)Tadato Tani, Michinori Kubo, Tadahisa Katsuki, Masayuki Higashino, Teruaki Hayashi, and Shigaru ArichiCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 44, 4, 401–407Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 July 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/np50016a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views283Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (342 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

The most important saponins contained in Panax ginseng were determined by gas-liquid chromatography after trimethylsilylation. Results are reported for the analysis of ginseng roots, leaves and flowers of different origin.

HPLC separation and quantitative determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and from ginseng drug preparations. 2nd communication.

A new HPLC-method for separation and quantitative determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and in pharmaceutical drug preparations is elaborated. A reversed-phase-system with (μBondapak C18 column (3.9 mm I. D. × 30 cm) using acetonitrile-water (30:70) 2 ml/min and acetonitrile-water (18:82) 4 ml/min is suitable for the baseline separation of Rb1; Rb2, Re, Rd, Rf, Rg2, respectively Re, Rg! in 30 minutes. The ginsenosides are directly detected at 203 nm (without derivatization) with the LC-55 or LC-75 spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer) at 100 % transmission. Detection limit is 300 ng at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1. The calibration curve of each ginsenoside has a correlation coefficient very near to

Histochemistry. I. Ginsenosides in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Root)

Histochemistry. I. Ginsenosides in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Root)