Ginger Rhizome Research Articles

Scoring and hedonic tests on herbal drinks with a combination of horse whip leaves (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) vahl) and fresh white ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Functional drinks have a meaning when the drink is consumed it will have a positive effect on the health of the body because it contains nutritional and non-nutritional elements.In line with the condition of the world that has just been attacked by the covid 19 virus, many people are currently turning to consuming concocted herbal drinks to help increase body immunity. One type of plant that is often used is ginger rhizome and horse whip leaves. The purpose of this research is to formulate horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger rhizomes as herbal drinks to support functional food diversification. In this herbal drink making research using a one-factor Completely Randomised Design (CRD) method, namely a mixture of horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger whose treatment consists of P1 = Horse Whip Leaves 90%: Fresh White Ginger 10%, P2 = Horse Whip Leaf 70%: Fresh White Ginger 30%, P3 = Horse Whip Leaf 50%: Fresh White Ginger 50%, P4 = Horse Whip Leaf 30%: Fresh White Ginger 70% and P5 = Horse Whip Leaf 10%: Fresh White Ginger 90%. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 applications and if significantly different data are obtained, further tests will be carried out using Honest Real Differences (5%). It was found that the combination of horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger on the herbal drink produced did not have a significant effect on the organoleptic characteristics of aroma and taste scoring tests but had a significant effect on colour parameters. For the organoleptic quality parameters of herbal drinks, it is known that the treatment has been produced in the scoring test with the highest value of colour in treatment P1 (yellow), aroma in treatment P2 (ginger-scented) and taste in treatment P3 (slightly warm ginger). The best treatment was obtained in the hedonic test with colour, aroma and taste parameters by treatment P5 (Horse Whip Leaf 10%: Fresh White Ginger 90%) with the criteria of liking.

Chemical Components Analysis of Kencur (Kaempreria galanga L) Essential Oil Using GC-MS Method and Its Insecticide Tests on Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.)

The hydrodistillation method isolated the essential oils of Kencur (Kaempreria galanga L) using the Stahl apparatus. It was distilled for ± 5-6 hours to produce as much as 0.89% (w/w) essential oil. The chemical components of Kencur essential oil were analyzed using GC-MS, consisting of 7 compounds which seven compounds could be identified, name: Limonene (2.39%), Cineol (2.22%), and terpenes (0.80%). Hexane (1.51%), Borneol (13.23%), Methyl cinnamate (1.50%), ethyl ester (78.35%) and its insecticide test from Kencur essential oil showed Bactrocera sp. mortality. The highest was 96.7% in the 3% ginger rhizome essential oil concentration

Preventive Effects of Traditional Plant Concoction “Combo” on the Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents like cyclophosphamide (a drug for cancer treatment), leads to infertility due to its toxic effect on the ovaries. Combo, “a commonly used plant concoction in traditional medicine for the treatment of infertility” is composed of Clove (dried flower), garlic (bulb), ginger (rhizome), and turmeric (rhizome). The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible prophylactic effects of Combo therapy in cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity in female Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (A-F) of 6 animals each. Group A (normal control) received distilled water only. Group B (negative control) received 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide only, while group C (positive control) received only 29mg/kg of Combo. On the other hand, groups D, E and F were pretreated with Combo doses of (15, 29, and 290 mg/kg) and were later treated with 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide after 7 days. All administrations were done orally. The reproductive hormones assayed were oestrogen and progesterone, while the oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated include glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. Their levels were used as diagnostic markers for assessing the reproductive functions of the ovaries. Combo pre-treatment significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and significantly (p<0.05) increased glutathione, oestrogen and progesterone levels when compared with cyclophosphamide group. Histopathological investigation showed that Combo mitigated degenerative cells in follicles, stromal oedema, and atresia of the follicles when compared with cyclophosphamide group. In conclusion, Combo has fertility potentials and can protect against ovarian degeneration in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity.

Effectiveness of biofungicide formula on rhizome rot disease of red ginger and its plant growth

Abstract. Marwan H, Hayati I, Mulyati S. 2023. Effectiveness of biofungicide formula on rhizome rot disease of red ginger and its plant growth. Biodiversitas 24: 2143-2148. Rhizome rot disease is a serious problem in red ginger cultivation in Indonesia. The development of organic red ginger cultivation to meet the demand for phytopharmaca raw materials requires a method of controlling rhizome rot disease without synthetic pesticides. The application of microbial biopesticides is one of the disease control methods that can be used to control rhizome rot disease in red ginger plants caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biofungicide formula containing Trichoderma sp. TBP1 and Bacillus spp. (PBC25 and PBC32 isolates) on plant growth and disease incidence in red ginger. The results of in vitro testing showed that Trichoderma sp. (TBP1) isolate was able to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum by 83%. The inhibition of F. oxysporum by Bacillus spp. isolates, namely PBC25 and PBC32 were 53.3% and 50%. It was observed that application of several biofungicide formulas containing Trichoderma sp. and Bacillus spp. on ginger rhizome before planting and 30 days after planting enhanced the growth of ginger plants and suppressed the development of rhizome rot disease between 78.57 - 93.3%.

Effects of Storage Methods on Sprouting and Nutritional Quality of Ginger (ZingiberofficinaleRosc) Rhizomes in Different Storage Periods

Purpose: Harvested ginger rhizomes are highly vulnerable to damage during postharvest storage due to soil borne pathogens or pest attack. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of storage methods required for sprouting and maintaining the nutritional quality of ginger rhizomes under different storage periods in the laboratory. 
 Methods: The rhizomes were stored inside five different storage methods viz., refrigerator, clay pots, pit lined with sand, pit lined with sawdust and black polythene bag with twelve perforations at three different storage periods of one, two and three months. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design and randomized complete block design for laboratory and field experiment respectively, replicated three times. Data were collected on temperature, percentage weight loss of stored rhizomes, percentage sprouting, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and nutritional quality of ginger rhizomes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System Software (SAS, 2005). Differences among treatment means were compared using Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level.
 Results: The storage methods significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the percentage sprouting, weight loss, growth parameters and nutritional quality of ginger at various storage periods. The highest growth parameters were recorded from rhizomes stored for three months while the least value was recorded from rhizomes stored for one month. Highest percentage sprouting (94.90%) was recorded from rhizomes stored inside pit-sawdust followed by polythene (85.25%) while least percentage sprouting (66.28 %) was recorded from refrigerator. Rhizomes stored inside clay pots recorded least percentage weight loss of 27.89% closely followed by pit-sawdust (28.45%) and retained the nutritional quality of ginger at various storage periods while rhizomes stored inside refrigerator recorded highest percentage weight loss of 62.78.%.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, storage of rhizomes inside pit-sawdust as well as clay pots for a period of three months before planting produced better ginger growth on the field and maintain the quality of stored rhizomes.

Effect of postharvest drying on physicochemical properties, volatile yield, composition, and sensory attributes of Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) rhizome

Alpinia zerumbet or shell ginger, an essential oil-bearing rhizomatous native herb of Southeast Asia belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The rhizome has high culinary value and is profusely used as a spice, food additive, in cosmetics and others. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of six postharvest drying treatments (shade, sun, freeze, microwave, and oven drying at a temperature of 40 °C and 60 °C) on physicochemical properties, volatile yield and compositions, and sensory attributes of shell ginger. In contrast to other drying methods, freeze drying showed better water activity, rehydration capacity and retained the usual color and micro-structure of sliced rhizomes. FTIR analysis of dried rhizome powders revealed the corresponding banding for C-O-C stretching, CC stretching, CH2 asymmetric stretching and free phenolic OH stretching respectively. The maximum yield of essential oil was obtained in freeze drying (0.028%), followed by fresh rhizomes (0.02%), and the minimum yield was recorded in microwave drying (0.003%). The GC-MS analysis of rhizome oil reported 4-terpineol (31.89–46.85%), eucalyptol (14.28–23.74%), γ-terpinene (2.19–6.67%), fenchyl acetate (5.01–11.21%), o-cymene (2.99–14.92%), and β-pinene (2.18–5.05%) as the principal volatile constituents which were significantly affected by the six drying methods. Spicy and camphoraceous aroma were dominant in fresh and dried rhizome essential oil accessions with traces of pine and lemon odor. The fresh rhizome oil negatively affected the germination rate and inhibited the shoot and root length of wheatgrass seeds with IC50 values of 882.55, 87.79 and 72.2 µg/mL respectively showing its mild phytotoxic potential. These findings demonstrated the freeze drying as the most efficient postharvest technique to preserve the natural qualities of shell ginger and laid down a basic experimental framework for further value addition and industrial feasibility.

MLP (multi-layer perceptron) and RBF (radial basis function) neural network approach for estimating and optimizing 6-gingerol content in Zingiber officinale Rosc. in different agro-climatic conditions

The principal bioactive phenolic component of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome is 6-gingerol, which is known to have several sensory and therapeutic properties. Due to its antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, a sizable global market for ginger has been generated. The variation in yield of 6-gingerol is observed with changes in environmental, agronomic, and genetic conditions. The current study aims to examine how environmental and climatic factors affect 6-gingerol content using an artificial neural network (ANN) model and predict a new location to produce 6-gingerol. ANN-based models; MLP (multilayer perceptron) and RBF (radial basis function) with the desirable learning algorithms, transfer functions, number of neurons, and hidden layers were designed. The dataset of 60 unique Zingiber officinale rhizomes obtained from ten agro-climatic zones of Odisha was included in this study. The content of 6-gingerol was ascertained using a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. The experimental dataset was randomly divided into 70 % for training, 15 % for testing, and 15 % for validation to carry out the optimization. In 60 accessions from various locations of Odisha, the concentration of 6-gingerol in ginger rhizomes ranged from 0.203 % to 0.813 % on a wet weight basis. It was revealed that the ANN model with the MLP algorithm was superior to the RBF algorithm. The findings showed that an ANN-MLP architecture with a single hidden layer of 11 neurons and a 16–11–1 topology could accurately predict the content of 6-gingerol, with an R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.99. Altitude, pH, maximum temperature, and phosphorus were identified as the factors that influenced the model's prediction accuracy, which was 95 %. The content of 6-gingerol was enhanced from 0.363 % to 0.408 % by regulating the present model's sensitive parameters. The current study concluded that the developed ANN model efficiently predicts the best region for optimum 6-gingerol yield.

The Antibacterial Activity of Dayak Onion Ethanol Extract (Eleutherine Palmifolia (L.) Merr) and Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc Var. Rubrum) on Growth Gi Tract Pathogen Bacteria

Antibiotic resistance in gastrointestinal bacterial infections can be overcome by alternatives using medicinal plants such as Dayak bulbs (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) and red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum). This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of a combination of ethanol extracts of Dayak bulbs with red ginger rhizomes and the effectiveness of the extract combinations in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) of one factor, namely a combination of ethanol extract of Dayak onion tubers and red ginger rhizomes with 4 variations of concentration 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL at 2 ratios of the combination of 2:1 and 3:1 for 48 experimental units. Tests were carried out on bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. in vitro with agar diffusion technique (Kirby Bauer test), while the positive control was Chloramphenicol 30 μg / mL and the negative controls were sterile aquadest. Data analysis in this study used the ANOVA test. The results showed ethanol extract of dayak onion bulbs, red ginger rhizomes, and a combination of the two extracts have antibacterial activity so which can be inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. The combination of ethanol extract from dayak onion bulbs and has the greatest antibacterial activity at a 3:1 combination of 56.95% against the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and 109.72% against the growth of Bacillus sp.

Comparison between the Anti-Candida Activity of Fenugreek and Ginger rhizome Extracts and their Synergism with Fluconazole and Nystatin

Comparison between the Anti-Candida Activity of Fenugreek and Ginger rhizome Extracts and their Synergism with Fluconazole and Nystatin

Ginger rhizome priming with lipopeptide-producing endophytic Bacillus species to control ginger soft-rot disease caused by Pythium myriotylum

Ginger rhizome priming with lipopeptide-producing endophytic Bacillus species to control ginger soft-rot disease caused by Pythium myriotylum

Combination of Extraction and Distillation Red Ginger Rhizome on the Composition of Active Compounds and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity

In Indonesia, red Ginger is commonly used as traditional medicine and health drink. Its bioactive compounds are generally extracted separately in essential oils or oleoresin only. This study aims to maximize the extraction of red ginger rhizome bioactive compounds in the form of oleoresin and essential oil simultaneously and examine the effect of the different methods of extraction and distillation on the quality. The first method is essential oil extraction by water-steam distillation, continuing with oleoresin extraction of the ginger rhizome, while the second method is oleoresin extraction of fresh rhizome, continuing with distillation. The essential oil quality is determined based on the chemical composition and the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity. The results showed that the essential oil produced by the second method contains higher zingiberene content (28.5%) with clear pale-yellow color, while the first method is orange with 15.4% zingiberene. The 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 10-gingerol content of the oleoresin by the second method is higher than the first method. Furthermore, the inhibition test of two tyrosinase enzyme activities showed that the essential oil and extract from the two method is not significantly different. Thus, in addition to obtaining two extracts at once in the form of oleoresin and essential oil, this study also showed that the extraction process carried out before distillation of the rhizome could increase the yield of both extracts and increase the quality of red ginger essential oil.

Formulation of Phytosomes with Extracts of Ginger Rhizomes and Rosehips with Improved Bioavailability, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo.

The poor water solubility of natural antioxidants restricts their bioavailability and therapeutic use. We aimed to develop a new phytosome formulation with active compounds from extracts of ginger (GINex) and rosehips (ROSAex) designed to increase their bioavailability, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The phytosomes (PHYTOGINROSA-PGR) were prepared from freeze-dried GINex, ROSAex and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in different mass ratios using the thin-layer hydration method. PGR was characterized for structure, size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Results showed that PGR comprises several different populations of particles, their size increasing with ROSAex concentration, having a zeta potential of ~-21mV. The encapsulation efficiency of 6-gingerol and β-carotene was >80%. 31P NMR spectra showed that the shielding effect of the phosphorus atom in PC is proportional to the amount of ROSAex in PGR. PGR with a mass ratio GINex:ROSAex:PC-0.5:0.5:1 had the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cultured human enterocytes. PGR-0.5:0.5:1 bioavailability and biodistribution were assessed in C57Bl/6J mice, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated after administration by gavage to C57Bl/6J mice prior to LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Compared to extracts, PGR induced a 2.6-fold increase in 6-gingerol levels in plasma and over 40% in the liver and kidneys, in parallel with a 65% decrease in the stomach. PGR treatment of mice with systemic inflammation increased the sera antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase-1 and superoxide dismutase-2 and decreased the proinflammatory TNFα and IL-1β levels in the liver and small intestine. No toxicity was induced by PGR either in vitro or in vivo. In conclusion, the phytosome formulation of GINex and ROSAex we developed resulted in stable complexes for oral administration with increased bioavailability, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of their active compounds.

Management of Fusarium wilt of tomato (Pusa Ruby) by plant extracts and fungicides

Fusarium wilt disease of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is one of the most important and widespread disease of the cultivated tomato.The yield loss in tomato in temperate region of India due to this disease is 10 to 90 percent. Investigation was undertaken to screen out the fungicides viz., Azoxystrobin(T1), Propineb(T2), Thiophanate Methyl (T3), Difenoconazole(T4), Mancozeb(T5), Mancozeb + Thiophanate Methyl(T6), Boscolid+Pyraclostrobin(T7) and control (T8) and plant extracts viz, onion bulb(T9), ,ginger rhizome(T10), garlic clove(T11), neem leaf (T12), ashwagandha leaf(T13), sarpgandha leaf(T14), ashok leaf(T15) and control (T16) , against wilt of tomato under in vivo and in vivo conditions. Ginger rhizome extract (T10) was found very promising as it produced 82.2 % growth inhibition of F. oxysporumf.sp. lycopersiciat @t 15 % concentration followed by garlic clove(T11) (76.1%). Two soil drenching withgarlic clove(T11), @ 15 percent showed minimum disease incidence of (16.6%) with maximum yield (435.3 q/ha) followed by ginger rhizome(T10) extract (18.4% and 428.2 q/ha). Mancozeb + Thiophanate Methyl(T6), Difenoconazole(T4) and Thiophanate Methyl(T6) completely inhibited the radial growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. lycopersici after 144 hrs of incubation. Two soil drenching of Mancozeb +Thiophanate Methyl(T6), @ 15 per cent was also found the best for managing the disease as minimum disease incidence (5.3%) and highest yield (470.9 q/ha) was recorded.

Analysis of Seeds and Rhizomes of Spices for Metals, Amino Acids, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity for Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality

Eleven plant extracts from the seeds and rhizomes of spices cultivated in Transylvania were investigated. To evaluate seeds and rhizomes nutritional profiles, several parameters were analyzed including metals, amino acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity, polyphenols, and flavonoids were determined using UV-Vis analytical methods. From investigated seeds and rhizomes, the most pronounced antioxidant character and the highest concentration of polyphenols were achieved in nutmeg seeds, allspice seeds, and ginger rhizomes. The highest flavonoid content was identified in turmeric rhizome and dill seeds. For the free amino acids quantification, a GC-MS analytical method using the 15N-glycine as internal standard was used. 16 amino acids were determined in the analyzed samples, and ginger rhizome and oregano seeds proved to have the highest content of essential amino acids. The trace metals were detected using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Essential trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and toxic trace elements (As, Cd, and Pb) were determined in the samples. From essential trace elements, Mn and Zn were quantified in higher concentrations; for toxic elements As and Cd were found in the studied herbs. The findings indicate that the studied herbs parts may be valuable sources of compounds with bioactive properties.

Tonicum Activity of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var.Roscoe) Ethanol Extract in Vivo

The increase in side effects due to the use of chemical drugs encourages people to return to nature, utilize the plants around them in dealing with health problems. Red ginger (Z. officinale Var Rubrum) and elephant ginger (Z. officinale var Roscoe) have been used empirically in medicine especially to boost immunity. This study aims to determine the tonic activity of the ethanol extract of red ginger and elephant ginger in vivo using the natatary exhaustin method with white rats (Rattus norvegicus) as test animals. The natural fatigue method was based on the resistance of the test animals to swimming in water after being treated with ethanol extract of red ginger and elephant ginger rhizome at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight, using Na-CMC solution as a blank and caffeine solution as a positive comparison. Based on research data testing the tonic activity of red ginger and elephant ginger extracts in vivo showed that the tonic activity of red ginger ethanol extract with the swimming endurance of the test animals was for 27.72 seconds, longer than the swimming endurance of the treated animals. with elephant ginger ethanol extract which is only 16.46 seconds.

Assessment of the Effect of Ginger Flour Addition on the Chemical and Storage Stability of Soymilk

This study evaluated the effect of adding ginger flour on the storage stability of soymilk. Fresh ginger rhizome was processed to flour by oven drying (OD), sun drying (SD) and ambient drying (AD).The ginger flour were incorporated into processed soymilk at 1 g and 2 g levels, respectively to obtain ginger spiced soymilk, which was stored for 21 days. The chemical composition and microbiological load of the soymilk were determined. The pH ranged from 6.6 to 4.7. The values decreased as storage time progressed. Total titratable acidity (TTA) ranged from 0.0015 to 0.0698 % and increased with storage time. Total soluble solids (TSS) decreased from 26.60 to 3.99 oBrix as storage time increased. Total solids (TS) decreased from 7.76 to 0.31 % during storage. The total viable counts of the control sample increased from 4.0×103 to 71×103cfu/mL while those of the treated samples increased from 0 to 33×103 cfu/mL, Coliform was not detected. Yeast and mould growth did not occur from day 0 to day 7 but increased from 2.0×103 to 5.0×103 cfu/mL on day 14 and 21, respectively. The highest microbial load was obtained in the control soymilk sample. Two grams of ginger flour preserved the soymilk better than one gram. As conclusion, the incorporation of ginger flour affected the chemical composition and microbial load of soymilk during storage at refrigeration conditions.

Antibacterial Activity and Inhibition Mechanism of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Ethanol Extract Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria can interfere with the body health by producing toxic substances, damaging body tissues, multiplying and killing healthy body cells. Therefore, it is crucial to explore safe alternative treatment strategies, such as developing natural bactericidal agents to eradicate infections. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has potential as an antibacterial, so it is important to study its activity in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity and inhibition mechanism of red ginger extract as an inhibitor of pathogenic bacterial infection. Methods such as dilution, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion, and an inhibition test mechanism using a spectrophotometer and SEM were conducted in this study. Red ginger ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of Salmonela thypi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 500 µg/mL, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. Further observation of bacterial cell leakage showed that the higher the red ginger ethanol extract concentration, the higher the bacterial cell leakage. Based on SEM results, the quantity of S. thypi, S. epidermidis, and S. mutans after treatment with red ginger ethanol extract decreased, and the cell wall became wrinkled and destroyed. The ethanol extract of the red ginger rhizome can be recommended as a future antibacterial agent, especially for infections caused by pathogenic bacteria.

High-Quality Complete Genome Resource of Pectobacterium brasiliense Strain TS20HJ1 Causing Rhizome Rot on Ginger

Pectobacterium brasiliense is a worldwide distributed bacterial pathogen causing soft rot and blackleg of a wide range of economically important crops. Here, we present the complete, high-quality genome of P. brasiliense strain TS20HJ1, which was isolated from a ginger ( Zingiber officinale) rhizome showing soft rot symptoms. The genome assembly consists of a circular 4,766,353-bp chromosome with 52.1% GC content. The genome harbors 4,128 protein-coding genes, 22 rRNA genes, and 77 tRNA genes. We believe that the complete genome sequence of P. brasiliense TS20HJ1 will provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular basis of host adaptation and evolution of pathogenesis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

THE INHIBITION EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera L.) LEAVES AND RED GINGER RHIZOME (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) PT. "P" ETHANOL EXTRACT ON ENHANCEMENT SERUM CREATININE LEVELS OF MALE WISTAR RATS DYSLIPIDEMIA MODEL

The elevation of serum creatinine levels can be used as a biomarker of decreased kidney function. Dyslipidaemia is one of the causes of decreased kidney function. Long-term consuming statins has been shown to lower cholesterol levels but can increase serum creatinine levels. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera L.) and red ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) have antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect on increasing serum creatinine levels of the concoction Moringa Leaves and Red Ginger Rhizome extract (CML-RGRE). This True Laboratory Experimental Study with Completely Randomized Design was conducted on 30 male Wistar rat dyslipidemia models, induced by high-fat feeding (HFF) and Propylthiouracil (PTU) 0.01% for 21 days. The subjects were divided into 6 groups (n=5), during treatment all subjects were still given HFD and PTU. Groups I, II, III were treated with CML-RGRE dose 135, 202.5, 270 mg/kg BW, IV as dyslipidemia control no added any treatment, comparison control groups V treated with 1.8 mg/kg BW and VI with fenofibrate 5.4 mg/kg BW. Serum creatinine levels (mg/dL) of all subjects were measured after 7 days acclimatization, after creating dyslipidemia models, and after 21 days treatment by using a spectrophotometer with colorimetric kinetic methods. Data of decreased serum creatinine levels were analyzed using ANOVA test, followed by Fischer's LSD, ? = 0.05. All doses of CML-RGRE were very effectively inhibited the increase of serum creatinine levels (p < 0.01). The concoction Moringa leaves, and Red Ginger Rhizome ethanol extract has effectively inhibited the increase of serum creatinine levels of animal dyslipidemia models.

Comparative evaluation of the effects of pretreatments on the nutritional and chemical properties of ginger leaf-based herbal tea

There is increasing awareness and acceptance of herbal teas because of their contribution to nutrition and health. The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale) leaves as tea in some communities has been reported. While many research efforts have focused on ginger rhizomes, there is a limited report on ginger leaves’ nutritional, antioxidant properties and also what effect application of different heat pretreatments will have on the final product. The present study sought to develop a ginger leaf-based herbal tea and examine the effects of postharvest pretreatments such as steam blanching before drying, hot water blanching before drying and directly drying on the nutritional and chemical properties of the tea. Fresh green leaves were sorted, washed and drained. A batch of the leaves was evenly steam blanched at 1000C for 5 minutes before drying, another set was dipped in boiling water at 1000C for 3 minutes and the last batch was dried directly at 550C under standard conditions. The dried leaves were milled, packed in tea bags and a sample each was evaluated for its proximate, mineral, vitamin C, phytochemicals and antioxidant properties following standard procedures. The results showed that steam blanching significantly (p<0.05) increased the protein, fat, sodium, potassium, saponin and the antioxidant potential (ferric reducing antioxidant power) compared to those that were hot water-blanched before drying and those dried directly. However, vitamin C, tannin, phytate, oxalate and zinc contents decreased significantly when compared with the fresh leaves. The free radical scavenging activity examined using DPPH activity, phenols and flavonoids did not vary significantly between the steam blanched and fresh leaves. These findings showed that steam blanching of ginger leaves before drying for consumption as a functional beverage is beneficial in terms of nutrient and antinutrient properties compared to hot water blanching before drying and direct drying. Therefore, this method of processing could be adapted for improved nutrition. Key words: Tea, pretreatments, steam blanching, ginger leaves, nutritional, antioxidant potential