Gills Of Common Carp Research Articles

Organochlorine pesticide, antibiotic and heavy metal residues in mussel, crayfish and fish species from a reservoir on the Euphrates River, Turkey

This study investigated the residues of 19 organochlorine pesticides, 37 antibiotics and 5 heavy metals in biota samples (one mussel species, one crayfish species, six wild fish species and one farmed fish species) from the Keban Dam Reservoir on the Euphrates River, Turkey. Among monitored OCPs, only p,p′-DDE was detected in biota samples. It was found only in mussel, fish muscle and fish gill samples. The highest concentration of p,p′-DDE (0.032 mg/kg ww) was determined in the gill of common carp, which was found to be below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Only sulfadimethoxine was detected among antibiotics in biota samples. Its maximum concentration (0.0044 mg/kg ww) did not exceed the MRL of 0.1 mg/kg. Sulfadimethoxine was found only in muscle and gill of common carp collected from site S6, where there are many rainbow trout cage farms. However, no detectable residue of sulfadimethoxine was found in farmed rainbow trout. The highest concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were detected in mussels, while the highest concentrations Cu and Zn were determined in crayfish. Metal concentrations in biota samples did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. According to these results, the consumption of biota samples from the Keban Dam Reservoir is safe for human health.

Histopathological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the gill and intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

ABSTRACTIn current research, the combined effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the histopathological anomalies of gill and intestine tissues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. Common carp were exposed to TiO2 NPs (10.0 mg L−1), CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0 mg L−1), and mixture of TiO2 NPs (10.0 mg L−1) + CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0 mg L−1) for two periods of exposure (10 and 20 days) and recovery (30 and 40 days). The most common histopathological anomalies in the gill of common carp such as hyperplasia, oedema, curvature, fusion, aneurism, and necrosis were observed. The synergistic effect of co-existing TiO2 NPs and CuO NPs reduced the length of secondary lamella and increased the diameters of the gill filaments and secondary lamellae. Moreover, the presence of TiO2 NPs increased the CuO NPs effects on the histopathological anomalies of intestine tissue and the synergistic effect of TiO2 NPs and CuO mixture leads to an increase in the severity of histopathological lesions such as degeneration, swelling of goblet cells, and necrosis - erosion in the intestine tissue. In conclusion, the presence of TiO2 NPs increased the toxicity of CuO NPs.

Molecular characterization of a fish-specific toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) gene from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Evolutionary relationship and induced expression upon immune stimulants

In the host innate immune system, various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved pathogens-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and represent an efficient first line of defense against invading pathogens. TLR22 is one of the fish-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs), identified in a variety of fish species. In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a TLR22 cDNA from the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The full-length CcTLR22 cDNA was 3301 bp long, including a 32 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame (ORF) of 2838 bp and a 432 bp 3′-UTR.The CcTLR22 protein was found to comprise a signal peptide, 16 LRR domains, a LRRCT domain in the extracellular region and a TIR domain in the cytoplasmic region, which fits with the characteristic TLR domain architecture. The genomic organization of CcTLR22 was identified, which was encoded by an uninterrupted exon. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that all known teleost TLR22 members were clustered into an independent clade of the TLR22 family, and showed high amino acid identities with other fish TLRs. Real-time PCR assay showed that CcTLR22 mRNA was expressed in almost all tissues examined, while the levels obviously varied among different tissues. When challenged with poly(I:C) (a viral model) or A. hydrophila bacteria, the expression level of CcTLR22 was up-regulated in a variety of common carp tissues. These results indicate that CcTLR22 plays a significant role in systemic as well as mucosal defence after viral or bacterial stimulation or infection.

Copper Bioaccumulation and Depuration in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Following Co-exposure to TiO2 and CuO Nanoparticles.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as TiO2 and CuO, are widely applied in an increasing number of products and applications, and therefore their release to the aquatic ecosystems is unavoidable. However, little is known about joint toxicity of different NPs on tissues of aquatic organisms, such as fish. This study was conducted to assess the uptake and depuration of Cu following exposure to CuO NPs in the presence of TiO2 NPs in the liver, intestine, muscle, and gill of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Carps with a mean total length of 23±1.5cm and mean weight of 13±1.3g were divided into 6 groups of 15 each (1 control group) and exposed to TiO2 NPs, CuO NPs, and a mixture of TiO2 and CuO NPs for periods of 20days for uptake and 10days for depuration. The determination of total Cu concentration was carried out by an ICP-OES. The order of Cu uptake in different tissues of the carps was liver>gill>muscle>intestine in both levels of CuO NPs alone; results showed that the total Cu concentrations in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles were increased and were in the sequence of liver>gill>intestine>muscle. In depuration period, Cu concentrations were decreased in all treatments in the sequence of gill>intestine>muscle>liver. Uptake of Cu in different tissues of common carp increased with increasing concentration and time and was tissues- and time-dependent. In conclusion, this study suggested that the uptake of Cu in the tissues of common carp increased in the joint presence of TiO2 NPs.

PENENTUAN TINGKAT TOLERANSI IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L) TERHADAP LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI SASIRANGAN

Objective of this research were to know the tolerance rate of common carp to liquid waste of sasirangan industries, effect of liquid waste of sasirangan industries to common carp mortality , water quality media, and common carp gills under exposures in 96 hours. Method in this research was Static Bioassay. Tolerance Limit Media (TLM) or Lethal Concentration 50 % (LC 50 ) in 96 hours used to determine of common carp tolerance rate with toxicity test. Before toxicity test, preliminary test be done for determination of upper and lower limit concentration. Completely randomize design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates was used in this research. Application of liquid waste concentration as the treatment was K without liquid waste (0%), A (4,5%), B (5,5%), C (6,5%), and D (7,5%). The data analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (Anova), and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Result of the research showed that tolerance rate of common carp to liquid waste (LC 50 -96 hours) was in concentration 4,9%. Mortality rate was 0%; 33,33% and 76,66% for treatment K, A, and B respectively, but for treatment C and D reaches 100 %. Anova and DMRT result indicated that liquid waste of sasirangan industries had significant effect (P< 0,05) to mortality rate of common carp. Liquid waste also affect water quality media such as temperature, pH, BOD, COD, NH 3 , Zn, and fenol, all of the parameters increasingly, except DO get decrease. Based of histological analyze, liquid waste had impact to the gills. The higher the liquid waste concentration makes the higher the damage rate.

Histological Alterations in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Gills as Potential Biomarkers for Fungicide Contamination

The present study aimed to investigate the histological alterations in common carp gills caused by a fosetyl-Al and fenamidone based fungicide tested in laboratory conditions at 30, 38 and 50 mg/L concentration. In general, all the tested concentrations activated compensatory-adaptive mechanisms, which caused pathological changes in the fish gills. Results showed different histological alterations in the gill structure, which included lamellar lifting, edema, proliferation of the glandular cells and epithelium, covering the gill filament, fusion and degenerative alterations. Blood circulatory system showed vasodilatation of the secondary lamellae and aneurysms. Overall, there was enhancement of the gill histological changes, which was dose-dependent, i.e., proportional to the increasing fungicide concentrations. Thus, based on the results, it was concluded that the histological alterations in common carp gills could be applied as possible biomarkers in risk assessment and monitoring programs for pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems.

Enzymatic and biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings exposed to crude leaf extract of Cannabis sativa (L.)

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different concentrations of leaf extract of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) on the biochemical changes and level of alterations in the enzymatic activities in serum, liver and gill of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. MethodsThe fish specimens were exposed to sublethal concentrations (1.88, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00 and 30.00 mg/L) of crude leaf extract of C. sativa over a period of 56 d in a static renewable bioassay. The biomarkers studied were alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total protein in the gill, liver and serum while aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, urea acid and cholesterol were determined in the serum only. ResultsStatistical significant differences (P<0.05) were found in all the biochemical parameters of the gills, liver and serum in all the experimental fish exposed to C. sativa compared with the controls. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of C. sativa revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, resins, terpins and steroids. ConclusionsThe investigation revealed that prolonged exposure of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings to crude leaf extract of C. sativa cumulated to stressful conditions in the fish. Further investigation should be conducted on the molecular mechanisms of these parameters on the biochemical and enzymatic activities as their mode operations are not well studied in fish.

Effect of atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure on cytochrome P450 contents and enzyme activities in common carp gills

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and atrazine (ATR) are the most widely used organophosphate insecticides and triazine herbicides, respectively, worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the effects of ATR, CPF and mixture on common carp gills following 40-d exposure and 40-d recovery experiments. Cytochrome P450 content, activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND) and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) and the mRNA levels of the CYP1 family (CYP1A, CYP1B, and CYP1C) were determined. In total, 220 common carps were divided into eleven groups, and each group was treated with a specific concentration of ATR (4.28, 42.8 and 428μg/L), CPF (1.16, 11.6 and 116μg/L) or ATR–CPF mixture (1.13, 11.3 and 113μg/L). The results showed that P450 content and activities of APND and ERND in fish exposed to ATR and mixture were significantly higher than those in the control group. After the 40-d recovery treatment (i.e., depuration), the P450 content and the activities of APND and ERND in fish decreased to the background levels. A similar tendency was also found in the mRNA levels of the CYP1 family (CYP1A, CYP1B, and CYP1C) in common carp gills. The CPF-treated fish showed no significant difference from the control groups, except for a significant CYP1C induction. These results indicated that CYP enzyme levels are induced by ATR but were only slightly affected by CPF in common carp gills. In addition, the ATR and CPF exposure showed an antagonistic effect on P450 enzymes in common carp gills.

Alterations in activity and mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the liver, kidney and gill of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos

Insecticides and herbicides are widely used in modern agricultural production. The intensive use of insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and herbicide atrazine (ATR) has resulted in serious environmental problems. Herein, we investigated alteration in activity and mRNA levels of AChE in the liver, kidney and gill from common carp after 40d exposure to CPF and ATR alone or in combination and 20d recovery treatment. Results indicated that activity and mRNA levels of AChE at all high-dose groups have been significantly decreased after CPF and ATR alone or ATR/CPF mixture exposure, and the changes were improved in the end of recovery tests in varying degrees, the activity and gene expression of AChE in the joint toxicity of ATR and CPF groups were significantly lower than that in the single toxicant group. Our study suggests that the decrease of AChE activity observed at all high-dose groups (CPF and ATR alone or in combination) may be directly related to a lower AChE expression, and the joint toxicity of ATR and CPF is higher than ATR and CPF alone.

Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on the mRNA levels of HSP70 and HSC70 in the liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Although the chaperone role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) has been demonstrated in invertebrates, the function of HSPs in vertebrates, especially in fish, remains unclear. In this study, relative changes in the mRNA abundance of the HSP70 gene were examined by real-time PCR in the muscle, spleen, head kidney, heart, liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp. Results indicated that the highest and lowest levels of HSP70 expression were found in the heart and muscle, respectively, and the highest and lowest levels of HSC70 expression were found in the spleen and muscle, respectively. In addition, we investigated differential HSP70 gene expression in common carp after a 40-d exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) and atrazine (ATR), alone or in combination, and after a 20-d recovery. Results indicated that the expression of carp HSP70 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein (HSC70) with ATR and CPF treatment alone or in combination was significantly upregulated. The present results provide new insights into the mechanisms used by fish to adapt to stressful environments.

Effects of lead acetate exposure on metabolic enzyme activities in selected tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of lead exposure on tissue enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in liver, kidney, brain, and gill of common carp. Lead acetate exposure (7.0 mg L−1, 10 days) caused a significant elevation of AST in the liver as compared to control group (P < 0.05). The activity of ALT was increased significantly in the liver, kidney, and brain homogenates following lead acetate exposure. Treatment with lead acetate caused significant increase in ALP values in the kidney and gill as compared to control group. Moreover, LDH activity was increased following lead acetate exposure in all examined tissues, although the increase was only significant in the liver. The results suggested that lead acetate exposure in common carp leads to interactions between this metal and biological systems, which could affect metabolic enzyme activities in some tissues. However, much more extensive biochemical and toxicological research are needed for better understanding of the molecular basis of lead-induced tissue enzyme alterations.

Oxidative stress response and histopathological changes due to atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure in common carp

Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common pesticides found in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. Herein, we investigated the oxidative stress responses and histopathological changes in the liver and gill of common carp after a 40-d exposure to CPF and ATR, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery treatment. We found that exposure to ATR, CPF or their mixture for 40d could induce decrease in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) activities and increase in MDA content in a dose-dependent manner in the liver and gill of common carp. Especially with regard to the pathological changes, the tissue damage increased in severity in a dose-dependent manner. The liver tissue of common carp revealed different degree of hydropic degeneration, vacuolisation, pyknotic nuclei, and fatty infiltration. The gills of common carp displayed varied degrees of epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis, oedema with epithelial separation from basement membranes, general necrosis, and epithelial desquamation. After a 20-d recovery treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content were significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the corresponding exposure groups in all of the highest doses, but not in the lower doses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subchronic oxidative stress and histopathological effects caused by ATR, CPF and their mixture in the common carp. Thus, the information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of ATR-, CPF- and ATR/CPF-mixture-induced oxidative stress in fish.

Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on activity and transcription of glutathione S-transferase in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes (GSTs) play a critical role in detoxification pathways. Here we report the tissue distribution of four antioxidant GSTs gene in common carp, and their expression profiles. We also investigated the GSTs activity in different tissues after exposure to the agricultural chemicals atrazine (ATR), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and their mixture. Relative changes in the mRNA abundance of the GST isoforms were examined by real time PCR in liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp. After exposure and recovery, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the GSTs activity in animals exposed to high concentrations of ATR (428μg/L), CPF (116μg/L), and their mixture (113μg/L). At basal levels of tissue expression, four GSTs transcript were detected in liver, brain, kidney, and gill. High expression levels were found in all examined tissues. Transcription of some GST isoforms, GST kappa (GSTK), GST theta (GSTT) and GST rho (GSTR), decreased after exposure to CPF and ATR for the entire experimental period in both the kidney and gill. However, increased transcription of GST mu (GSTM) was observed in the kidney or gill 20d after exposure to ATR or CPF, respectively. Transcription of both GSTT and GSTR was inhibited for the entire experimental period in the brain, kidney and gill of animals exposed to the ATR/CPF mixture, but transcription of GSTM was induced in the liver after 40d of exposure. In summary, changes in the GSTs activity and their transcription varied within each organ and among organs of common carp after exposure to ATR, CPF, and their mixture.

Histological Adaptation to Thermal Changes in Gills of Common Carp Fishes Cyprinus carpio L.

Histological Adaptation to Thermal Changes in Gills of Common Carp Fishes Cyprinus carpio L.

DIFFERENCES IN HOST SELECTION OF ACTINOSPORES OF TWO MYXOSPOREANS, MYXOBOLUS ARCTICUS AND THELOHANELLUS HOVORKAI

We investigated the host selection mechanism of actinospore stages of 2 myxosporeans, Myxobolus arcticus and Thelohanellus hovorkai, infecting masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), respectively. Discharge of the polar filaments and sporoplasm release by M. arcticus actinospores occurred within the first 5 min of exposure to skin mucus of masu salmon. The actinospores also reacted to the mucus of nonsusceptible fish, i.e., sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and goldfish (Carassius auratus), although the reactivity was comparatively lower. After exposure of masu, and sockeye and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to M. arcticus actinospores, the penetration of sporoplasms was observed in the fins and gills of masu and sockeye salmon to a similar extent and to a lesser extent in chum salmon. Thelohanellus hovorkai actinospores exhibited a slow response of sporoplasm release to common carp mucus as well as penetration into the gills of common carp. Neither chemoresponse to mucus of nonsusceptible fish (goldfish and sockeye salmon) nor sporoplasm invasion in goldfish was observed for T. hovorkai actinospores. These results indicate notable differences in the host selection at the time of entry between M. arcticus and T. hovorkai; the former responds quickly to fish mucus with low host specificity, whereas the latter was highly host specific in a dilatory reaction.

Influence of water quality and temperature on adhesion of high and low virulence Flavobacterium columnare strains to isolated gill arches

The ability of Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter columnaris) to attach to the gills of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was evaluated using a gill perfusion model. A comparison between a high and a low virulence strain of F. columnare was made and evaluated in comparison to results obtained previously with an in vivo model. The ion composition of the water of the organ bath in which the gills were suspended was varied and the influence on adhesion processes assessed. Experiments were carried out to examine the influence of water quality (i.e. nitrite and organic matter) and temperature on the capacity of the bacteria to adhere. It was found that the high virulence strain adhered more readily than the low virulence strain, as was found during the in vivo experiments. Moreover, it was observed that adhesion of the high virulence strain was enhanced by a number of factors. These were immersion of the gill in bivalent, ion‐rich water, the presence of nitrite or organic matter, and high temperatures.

Fluorescent labelling of actinospores for determining the portals of entry into fish

DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 30:165-169 (1997) - doi:10.3354/dao030165 Fluorescent labelling of actinospores for determining the portals of entry into fish Hiroshi Yokoyama1,*, Shigehiko Urawa2 1Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan2Research Division, Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery, Fisheries Agency of Japan, Nakanoshima 2-2, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062, Japan *E-mail: ayokoh@hongo.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp A fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl-ester (CFSE), was used for pre-labelling of actinospores to determine their portals of entry into fishes. Three types of actinospores, triactinomyxon (Myxobolus arcticus), raabeia (Myxobolus cultus) and aurantiactinomyxon (Thelohanellus hovorkai), were freshly isolated from the oligochaete hosts, and incubated with CFSE for 15 min. Myxosporean-free salmonid or cyprinid fishes were exposed to the CFSE-labelled actinospores for 30 min, and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde. The fixed fins, skin and gills were examined for the presence of CFSE-labelled cells under a fluorescence microscope. Penetration of triactinomyxon and raabeia was mostly observed on the fins and skin. In contrast, aurantiactinomyxon penetrated mainly via the gills of common carp. Aurantiactinomyxon did not penetrate goldfish, which was non-susceptible to T. hovorkai. However, penetration of triactinomyxon was noted in the epithelium of sockeye salmon, which had a low susceptibility to M. arcticus in Japan. This is the first report of a CFSE-labelling technique used for tracking infectious organisms in transmission experiments. Myxosporean · Actinosporean · Fluorochrome stain · CFSE · Myxobolus arcticus · Myxobolus cultus · Thelohanellus hovorkai Full text in pdf format NextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 30, No. 3. Publication date: September 30, 1997 Print ISSN:0177-5103; Online ISSN:1616-1580 Copyright © 1997 Inter-Research.

Myxobolus koi(Myxozoa: Myxosporea) Forms Large- and Small-Type 'Cysts' in the Gills of Common Carp.

Myxobolus koi(Myxozoa: Myxosporea) Forms Large- and Small-Type 'Cysts' in the Gills of Common Carp.

Histopathological Changes in the Gills of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Infected with the Myxosporean Parasite Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920

Histopathological changes in the gill filaments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) infected. with the myx:osporean parasite Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920 were studied. Infections are confined to the gill lamellae and are characterized by intralamellar plasmodial development. Histological lesions in the gill filaments due to the unilocular "cysts" of the parasite infection were not prominent, but those resulting from multilocular infections were severe. The primary histopathological changes observed in the gill lamellae of infected carp were fusion, inflammation, congestion and necrosis.