Gill Lesions Research Articles

Histology of cultured channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Dissolved oxygen and un‐ionized ammonia concentrations were monitored in 12 0.04 ha earthen ponds stocked with 10 000 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus,/ha. Gill, liver and trunk kidney tissue samples were removed periodically for histological examination. Total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels were in the ranges reported for catfish culture at this level of intensity. Average un‐ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranged from 20 to 67 μgh−1 and average daily maxima ranged from 63 to 183 μgh−1. Gill lesions characteristic of un‐ionized ammonia exposure were common in fish from all ponds.

Dietary Pantothenic Acid Requirement of Fingerling Channel Catfish

Two experiments were conducted to reevaluate the dietary pantothenic acid requirement for fingerling channel catfish. Purified diets supplemented with calcium d-pantothenate were used in both experiments. The results indicate that the previously reported requirement value was underestimated. The minimum dietary calcium d-pantothenate level that produced maximum growth, feed efficiency and prevented the characteristic deficiency sign of gill lesions was 15 mg/kg of diet. The gill lesions were detected in 2 weeks in fish fed deficient diets. A reduction in the gill lesions was evident within 2 weeks after fish fed the deficient diet were converted to a diet containing 40 mg calcium d-pantothenate per kilogram of diet. In one experiment there appeared to be a high correlation between disease susceptibility and dietary calcium d-pantothenate level. Based on these observations and since the requirement may vary depending on fish size, age, water temperature, water ionic strength, fish density, oxygen availability, etc., we recommend a value of 30 mg calcium d-pantothenate per kilogram of diet be used in formulating catfish feeds.

Gill lesions in bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, infested with Cleidodiscus robustus Mueller, 1934 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae)

Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 4, Issue 3 p. 277-280 Gill lesions in bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, infested with Cleidodiscus robustus Mueller, 1934 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) R. L. THUNE, Corresponding Author R. L. THUNE Department of Fisheries and Allied Aqua-cultures, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.ADr R. L. Thune, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this authorW. A. ROGERS, W. A. ROGERS Department of Fisheries and Allied Aqua-cultures, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this author R. L. THUNE, Corresponding Author R. L. THUNE Department of Fisheries and Allied Aqua-cultures, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.ADr R. L. Thune, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this authorW. A. ROGERS, W. A. ROGERS Department of Fisheries and Allied Aqua-cultures, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1981.tb01135.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume4, Issue3May 1981Pages 277-280 RelatedInformation

Accumulation and Sublethal Effects of a Wyoming Crude Oil in Cutthroat Trout

Abstract Cutthroat trout Salmo clarki were exposed for 90 days to four concentrations of a Wyoming crude oil in water, ranging from 100 to 520 μg/liter. Survival was reduced to 52% among fish held in the 520-μg/liter concentration, but was not affected by three lower concentrations. The growth of cutthroat trout in all four concentrations was significantly slower than that of the control fish. Exposure concentrations of 520 and 450 μg/liter induced gill lesions and development of lesions on the retina and lens of the eye of cutthroat trout. Accumulation of total hydrocarbons in fish tissue was directly related to water concentration, except for fish in the 520-μg/liter concentration. Alkylated mono- and dicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were accumulated most readily and naphthalenes were the dominant aromatic component in oil, water, and fish. Evidence from this research suggests that discharges of 10 mg/liter oil and grease allowed by several western states are too high.

Tuberculosis in marine tropical fishes in an aquarium.

Skin, gill and visceral tubercle lesions were detected in marine tropical fish in an aquarium. Ninety-seven fish of 17 different genera were affected. The tubercles consisted of a wall of densely packed epithelioid cells and necrotic center packed with acid-fast bacilli identified as Mycobacterium marinum.

Gill lesions in Cichlid fishes after intoxication with the insecticide Fenthion

The toxic effects of Fenthion on the gills of Cichlid fishes were investigated. In Herotilapia multispinosa hyperplasia and separation of the respiratory epithelium, lamellar telangiectasis and thrombosis occurred. The lamellar epithelium of surviving fish regenerated in all cases. In Tilapia leucosticta no telangiectasis was found, but all the secondary lamellae were fused due to the severe hyperplasia of the gill epithelium.

Studies on the Pathogenic Fungus Associated with Black Gill Disease of Kuruma Prawn, Penaeus japonicus-II

Black gill disease of pond-cultured kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus was first reported by EGUSA and UEDA (1972). They demonstrated that a fungus belonged to the genus Fusarium was the causative agent and gave the fungus a temporary designation, BG-Fusarium. Since their report the disease has often broken out among pond cultured kuruma prawn in various districts.The present authors investigated a taxonomical position of the BG-Fusarium isolated from gill lesions of kuruma prawn with black gill disease. As the result, the BG-Fusarium was identified as Fusarium solani according to BOOTH (1971, 1977) from the characteristics of the fungus on Potato Sucrose Agar.The number of fungal elements (conidia, chlamydospore, mycelium, etc.) per g of wet sand in ponds in which black gill disease had broken out were 3.0×10-8.0×102, among which number of fungus as element of BG-Fusarium were 2.0×10-8.0×102. BG-Fusarium was not isolated from the sand of ponds in which the disease was not occurred. This fact may suggest that the sources of infection lie in the sand of culturing ponds.BG-Fusarium was also isolated from the bottom sand of ponds which were emptied for 2 months. This fact suggested that BG-Fusarium was capable of surviving for long time in wet sand.

Studies on the Pathogenic Fungus Associated with Black Gill Disease of Kuruma Prawn, Penaeus japonicus—I.

Black gill disease of pond-cultured kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus was first reported by EGUSA and UEDA (1972). They demonstrated that a fungus belonged to the genus Fusarium was the causative agent and gave the fungus a temporary designation, BG-Fusarium. Since their report the disease has often broken out among pond cultured kuruma prawn in various districts.The present authors investigated a taxonomical position of the BG-Fusarium isolated from gill lesions of kuruma prawn with black gill disease. As the result, the BG-Fusarium was identified as Fusarium solani according to BOOTH (1971, 1977) from the characteristics of the fungus on Potato Sucrose Agar.The number of fungal elements (conidia, chlamydospore, mycelium, etc.) per g of wet sand in ponds in which black gill disease had broken out were 3.0×10-8.0×102, among which number of fungus as element of BG-Fusarium were 2.0×10-8.0×102. BG-Fusarium was not isolated from the sand of ponds in which the disease was not occurred. This fact may suggest that the sources of infection lie in the sand of culturing ponds.BG-Fusarium was also isolated from the bottom sand of ponds which were emptied for 2 months. This fact suggested that BG-Fusarium was capable of surviving for long time in wet sand.

Ultrastructural study of lesions in gills of a marine shrimp exposed to cadmium 1

Pathologic black gills of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum , exposed to 763 μg/l of cadmium chloride for 15 days were studied with transmission electron microscopy and were compared with normal gills of control pink shrimp. Local as well as extensive areas of cell death and necrosis were found in the distal gill filaments of black gills from cadmium-exposed shrimp. It is proposed that necrosis of specialized epithelial cells and septum cells in black gill filaments and contiguous nonblack gill tissue could cause osmoregulatory, detoxifying, and respiratory dysfunction in crustacea, particularly in individuals undergoing environmental stress such as salinity fluctuation.

Oyster-MSX interactions: Alterations in hemolymph enzyme activities in Crassostrea virginica during the course of Minchinia nelsoni disease development

Hemolymph enzyme activities were investigated during the course of Minchinia nelsoni (MSX) disease development in Crassostrea virginica. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and phosphohexose isomerase activities increase significantly during the gill lesion stage of MSX disease. Enzyme activities are not significantly elevated during the general infection stage of MSX disease. The alteration of hemolymph enzyme activity is discussed with respect to host metabolism and possible humoral defense mechanisms.

Observations of an outbreak of branchionephritis in cultured eels, with reference to changes of blood characters and lesions in gills and kidoney

Observations of an outbreak of branchionephritis in cultured eels, with reference to changes of blood characters and lesions in gills and kidoney

クルマエビの鰓黒病病原菌<i>Fusarium</i> sp.について

A member of the imperfect fungi was isolated on a soytone-dextrose agar medium with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide from gill lesions of Penaeus japonicus BATE infected with black gill disease. Intramusculaly inoculation of conidia of the fungus caused invariably black gill disease in prawns, and the fungus could be isolated from gill lesions of artificially-infected prawns. The gills of healthy prawns were alway free of the fungus. Therefore the fungus was regarded as the pathogenic agent of black gill disease. The fungus produces mainly 4-celled, canoe-shaped macroconidia and 1-celled microconidia. Usually the mycelium is hyaline, but it characteristically produces a brown pigment when grown on the above-mentioned medium, salt Sabouraud's medium, and a salt potato-dextrose agar medium. On the basis of morphological criteria, this fungus fits best in the genus Fusarium.

養殖ウナギの<i>Chondrococcus columnaris</i>感染症に関する研究-I

Since 1966, gill disease has been associated with serious mortality of pond-cultured eels during the summer months in many eel farms in Shizuoka prefecture. The disease was characterized by partial or extended losses of gill filaments and the occurrence of yellowish colonies of Chondrococcus-like bacteria on the gill surface. The cultures isolated from gill lesions were long flexible Gram-negative rods, which showed the movements and columnar formation peculiar to Chondrococcus columnaris. The formation of fruiting bodies and the production of microcysts were observed in the cultures maintained by BORG's method. The organism was therefore identified as Chondrococcus columnaris (DAVIS) ORDAL and LUCKER (1944). The biochemical characteristics of the organism (Table 2) were in full accord with those of C. columnaris isolated from Japanese loaches. The organism was occasionally isolated from skin lesions and the kidney of diseased fish. Eels were experimentally exposed to five strains of C. columnasis by means of pouring the broth cultures on the gill surface. Two preliminary experiments suggested that the pathogenicity of the organism might differ markedly with strains (Table 3). The same was perceived in the following experiments using three other strains (Table 4). In these experiments use was made of well-fed, fat and starved, thin fish, in which the opercula were removed and the surface of the gills on one side was lightly brushed with a tooth-brush prior to the experimentation. In the three strains typical yellowish colonies appeared on the gill two to three days after the exposure, and parts of the gill filaments began to degenerate and finally gill lesions of the same type as those that naturally occur were produced (Plate). Occasionally colonies once developed on the gill disappeared in course of time. Mechanical injuries on the gill surface did not necessarily facilitate the infection of the organism. The fatality of the organism to the eel varied considerably with the strain. As compared with fat fish, starved, thin fish seemed to be much resistant to the attack of the organism.

A Disease Epidemic in Fish

AN epidemic has occurred in a fish culture of Tilapia mossambica in Southern Rhodesia during June 1954. The disease had a mortality of more than 90 per cent of the exposed population. Barbus species were also affected. Fungus was seen mostly on the extremity of the dorsal fin but frequently occurred on the caudal peduncle, the tail and on the interorbital region. Affected fish were seen lying in shallow water and gasping at the surface. The intestine was filled with a clear gelatinous fluid. No macroscopic gill lesions were noticed. Although cold (below 56° F.) seems a predisposing factor, the etiology is not clear. Helminth cercaria may be implicated as well as fungus. Histologically gill necrosis associated with an invasion of conidia-like bodies, and kidney and liver cloudy swellings are present.

PINNOTHERES OSTREUM, PARASITIC ON THE AMERICAN OYSTER, OSTREA (GRYPHAEA) VIRGINICA

1. All the parasitic stages of Pinnotheres ostreum are described, many for the first time. Besides the invasive first stage male and female crabs, one other male stage and four other female stages are reported.2. The first crab stage (male or female) is hard-shelled, relatively flat and hairy with a distinctive brown color and white markings.3. Subsequent stages are quite different with membranaceous, yielding carapace, slender legs, and more rounded body form.4. The later stages of the females are distinguished from one another by size, color, width and shape of abdomen with relation to the rest of the body and size and differentiation of the pleopods. Maturity is usually reached in the fifth stage female and ovigerous crabs have been seen.5. All stages of crabs have been found in oysters either singly or in various combinations except that no more than one specimen of a Stage III, IV, or V female has ever been observed within a single oyster.6. Multiple infestations have been observed which involve chiefly first stage crabs. One oyster contained 262 of these crabs.7. The oyster crab feeds chiefly on the particulate food material strained from the water by the oyster's food sorting mechanism.8. In so feeding the crab injures the demibranchs of the oyster causing erosions which interfere with normal feeding of the oyster. These erosions are sharply localized in oysters with first stage crabs.9. Damage to the oyster gills involves a reduction in the amount of area available for food collecting and in the efficiency of both the straining and the collecting mechanisms. The more serious lesions may also show leakages of the water pumping or conduction system which is such an important feature of food sorting.10. Rapid healing and regeneration of gill tissue almost keeps pace with destruction and probably saves many oysters from death.11. The hard shelled, almost tick-like, invasive first stage crabs are less adapted to life within the oyster than the modified later stages. The latter are more resistant to their host's exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions such as storage out of water.12. Experimental invasion of oysters by crabs has been accomplished but artificial duplication of typical, extensive gill lesions has not yet been obtained.13. The unprecedented invasion of oysters in 1941 was followed by a lesser invasion in 1942 and probably will follow the usual course of population cycles in future years.14. The parasitic nature of the crab's relations with the oyster is outlined and reasons suggested why this previously was not found out.