Gill Development Research Articles

Osmoregulation in Salmon and Sea Trout Alevins

ABSTRACT Changes in survival, body-water content, body electrolyte concentration and Na+ turnover rates were studied in alevins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) at different developmental stages following exposure to various dilutions of sea water. In 100% sea water, salmon alevins at 9 days post-hatch survived approximately 6 h, and sea trout alevins 13 days post-hatch survived approximately 4 h. In both species, survival in hyperosmotic media decreased and rates of dehydration and Na+ turnover increased with age and development. The progressive change in resistance to osmotic stress is associated with a decrease in body surface area occupied by the relatively impermeable vitelline membrane and to the development of functional gills, leading to an increase in permeability to water and salt.

Experimental studies on two mutant genes, r and x, in the Mexican axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum)

Mutant genes r and x, discovered in two unrelated axolotl stocks, are simple recessives determining autonomous cell lethal traits. These traits become recognizable by their characteristic gill and limb patterns which appear in each at about the same period of development. The life spans of the two mutants are approximately the same. Larvae homozygous for both mutants are easily recognized by their smaller size, reduced gill development, and unusually small eyes. None of the three mutant phenotypes ( r/ r, x/ x, rr/ xx) is benefited by parabiosis with a normal larva. Transplants of the forelimb area from all three usually were soon invaded by tissues of host origin, resulting in limbs ranging from those almost normal to those reduced to functionless stumps. Those from r/ r donors produced the highest percentage of useful limbs. Transplants of the gill-forming area produced gills of the mutant type which, in all cases, regressed. Distention and rupture of gill vessels led to death of some animals. In others the gills became reduced to mere stubs or even disappeared. The failure of replacement of pharyngeal structures of mutant graft origin resulted in the death of all grafted animals from vascular accidents or by prevention of normal feeding or respiration.

Changes in respiration and soluble carbohydrates during the post‐harvest storage of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

AbstractThe CO2 production and soluble carbohydrate content were studied in the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during storage at 18 °C. The pattern of postharvest respiration was seen to be dependent on the maturity of the sporophore at harvest. A post‐harvest respiratory peak was observed and this appeared to correspond with the phase of rapid gill development which occurs after harvest of immature, fruit bodies. The disappearance of significant quantities of mannitol from the sporophore during storage seemed to indicate that this was one of the main respiratory substrates during storage, although it was evident that other substrates were utilised. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the postharvest development of the sporophore and the function of its tissues.

Phototropic and Geotropic Responses During the Development of Normal and Mutant Fruit Bodies of the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

SUMMARY: Tropic responses occur during the development of fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. The stipe (stage II) formed from the masses of aggregated cells (stage I), was positively phototropic to light of wavelengths 420 and 540 nm but not 600 or 660 nm. The apical pit (stage III) was positively geotropic and the development of gills (stage IV) occurred in response to gravity so that the gilled surface faced downwards. The expansion of the pileus (stage V) was negatively geotropic.

The development of gill arches and gill blood vessels of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10° C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.

Meiosis in Coprinus. V. The role of light on basidiocarp initiation, mitosis, and hymenium differentiation in Coprinus lagopus

Primordial bud formation in Coprinus lagopus is strictly light dependent, but only [Formula: see text]exposure to light is required. However, continued exposure to light is mandatory for further development and hymenium differentiation into a mature basidiocarp. Without light, the stipe of the primordial bud elongates as if the basidiocarp is maturing and the primordial bud eventually aborts. The optimum light intensity is less than 1 ft-c at a wavelength of 410–450 nm. It is possible that cap and stipe are initiated by the same stimulus, but further development of each is under different controls. The former is light dependent whereas the latter is not.The primordial bud development was studied at daily intervals for 3 days until meiosis started and their structural differentiations were studied by paraffin section and squash preparations. The cap of the primordial bud has three zones: the veil, the hymenium, and the stipe. The veil cells are large and multinucleate and lack clamp connections. The stipe includes a central column of dikaryotic hyphae and a cortex of giant multinucleate cells. The hymenium contains only dikaryotic hyphae, which later develop into basidia, cystidia, and medullar cells. The gill development is started by structural organization of dikaryotic hyphae into dome-shaped ridges, which is followed by disintegration of cells surrounding these ridges to form gills. The gill expansion is also light dependent.When the primordial buds were exposed to light, there was a thrust of mitotic activity. Mitotic metaphase, anaphase, and telophase configurations were clearly demonstrated.

THE STRUCTURE OF FISH GILLS IN RELATION TO THEIR RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

Summary1. The general structure of the gills of different fishes is compared and it is concluded that, though essentially the same, there are certain differences by which they can be recognized. Possible ways in which they may have evolved from one another are considered.2. A detailed account is given of the structure of the secondary lamellae, where gaseous exchange takes place, and it is shown that two epithelial sheets are separated by a vascular axis mainly composed of pillar cells overlain by a basement membrane on each side. Blood pathways through the gills are discussed in relation to their respiratory function.3. The embryonic development of gills is described and evidence regarding homo‐logies of different structures, particularly the pillar cells, is reviewed.4. The gills of fish having different modes of life show variations in (a) the number of arches, (b) the number and length of the gill filaments, and (c) the size and frequency of the secondary lamellae. Ways in which measurements of gill area may be carried out and some of the complications involved are reviewed and a summary given of measurements made for a wide variety of species. Measurements of the thickness of the water‐blood barrier are also discussed; the more active fish generally have thinner water‐blood barriers and larger gill areas.5. The different mechanisms of gill ventilation are summarized and characteristics of gill resistance in elasmobranchs and teleosts are compared. Gas exchange is discussed in relation to available techniques and the current terminology and symbols, and to indicate the value of analogies between gill exchangers and systems studied by engineers.6. It is outlined how studies of the functioning of gills during coughing, parasitic infection, and in polluted waters add to knowledge of their role in respiration.

Nature of the air‐breathing organs of the Indian fishes Channa, Amphipnous, Clarias and Saccobranchus as shown by electron microscopy

The structure of the air‐breathing organs of the Indian fishes Channa punctatus, Channa Striatus, Amphipnous cuchia, Clarias batrachus and Saccobranchus fossilis has been investigated using electron microscopy. In all species the barrier separating the air from the blood consists of three main layers (epithelium, basal lamina and endothelium). The total thickness ranging from 0.78 μm in C. punctatus 1.6 μm in S. fossilis.In Clarias and Saccobranchus the presence of pillar cells characteristic of gill secondary lamellae confirms evidence for the origin of these organs by modification of a typical gill structure.In Amphipnous and two species of Channa, however, the evidence suggests that the accessory organs represent modified gills. The presence of valve‐like structures between the afferent and efferent blood spaces of the vascular papillae gave the appearance of pillar cells under the light microscope.The structure of these organs is correlated with physiological studies on the degree of their importance in the life of the animal and the degree of gill development

An electrophoretic study of four dehydrogenases during the respiratory development of Rana pipiens

1.1. Lactate (LDH), malate (MDH), isocitrate (IDH) and glutamate (GDH) dehydrogenases were studied by electrophoresis to investigate the possibility of isozymic differences between respiratory phases of Rana pipiens.2.2. No new isozymes appeared between gill development and lung development for any of the enzymes.3.3. Two new GDH bands appeared at the beginning of gill respiration. MDH, IDH and LDH retained the same bands during the entire development.4.4. Increases in activities for all the enzymes were observed near hatching.

Testosterone-induced development of limb gills of the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa

1. 1. Parenteral administration of testosterone enanthate in the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa, induces growth of pectoral and pelvic hindlimb vascular filaments. 2. 2. The filaments have the microstructure of primitive gills, and are comparable to the nuptial developments of the male in the Paraguayan Chaco described by nineteenth-century naturalists. 3. 3. Circumstantial evidence suggests the limb filaments aid in oxygenation of the blood, reduce the frequency of trips to the surface for air and increase the time on guard over the eggs in the nest. 4. 4. After prolonged androgen treatment, three finger-like digits including chemotactic organs develop on the tips of the forelimbs.

Systematics and Zoogeography of the Stomiatoid Fishes, Chauliodus pammelas and C. sloani, of the Indian Ocean

western Indian Ocean show Chauliodus pammelas north of 50 N and Chauliodus sloani from 10? N to the Subtropical Convergence. Compared to C. sloani, C. pammelas has fewer VAV and IC photophores, fewer vertebrae, and greater gill development, with little or no overlap in any of these characters. C. pammelas is restricted to the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and south of India and Ceylon to 5? N; smaller specimens occur in the upper 300 m, but adults seem most abundant between 500-750 m. The geographic and vertical ranges of C. pammelas are correlated with (1) an oxygen-poor layer, where the 1.0 ml/1 isopleth occurs at shallow depths, (2) high concentration of nutrients at shallow depths and resultant high productivity, and (3) the distribution of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf water masses. C. sloani has wider geographic and vertical ranges than C. pammelas, but apparently does not occur at very low oxygen concentrations. There appear to be at least two populations of C. sloani: a denser one north of the Frontal Zone (about 10? S) and a less-dense one, with higher photophore and vertebral counts, south of about 23? S, the two separated by a relatively sterile region.

The Development of Pandora inaequivalvis (Linné)

ABSTRACT Artificial fertilization of the eggs of P. inaequivalvis has been carried out and the development followed to the dissoconch stage. The development is very rapid and metamorphosis occurs in less than 4 days. The veliger spends less than one day in the plankton and this is the first record of a short-lived planktotrophic lamellibranch larva. The speed of development is related to the relatively large (105– 125 μ diameter) size of the egg and its contained food reserves. There is minimal dispersal of the young from the very localized habitat of the adult. No protonephridia or larval eyes are developed and the gut follows a simple course in comparison with other lamellibranch larvae. The gills do not develop until after metamorphosis and the large palps and foot produce the ciliary currents connected with respiration, feeding, and cleansing between the loss of the velum and the development of the functional gill.

Gill development in Amblystoma punctatum

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 56, Issue 1 p. 1-29 Article Gill development in Amblystoma punctatum† Aura Edward Severinghaus, Aura Edward Severinghaus Department of Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Aura Edward Severinghaus, Aura Edward Severinghaus Department of Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1930 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400560102Citations: 30 † The experiments described in this paper were carried out in the spring of 1928. Almost a year later, the writer learned from Professor Harrison that he had made a considerable number of experiments since his publication on gill development in 1921 which pointed to the importance of the endodermal layer, but that these findings had not been published. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume56, Issue1February 1930Pages 1-29 RelatedInformation

GILL DEVELOPMENT IN MYTILUS

Next article FreeJournal ArticlesGILL DEVELOPMENT IN MYTILUSEDWARD L. RICEEDWARD L. RICE Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 14, Number 2January 1908 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1535718 Views: 67Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © 1908 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Rozenn Cannuel, Peter G. Beninger, Helen McCombie, and Pierre Boudry Gill Development and Its Functional and Evolutionary Implications in the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), The Biological Bulletin 217, no.22 (Sep 2016): 173–188.https://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv217n2p173